Sumai

yaShan

CHAPTER–2
SUPPORTANDMOVEMENT
SupportandMov ement : Thebodyofhi gherpl
ant
scanbedi
videdinto
twomaj orparts,therootandt heshoot.Theybothhav
emanyt issues
whicharegr owingthroughoutt
heent i
reaxisandkeept
hei
rbodyer ect
.
Tissuemaybesi mpleorcomplex.
SIMPLETI SSUES:
Simpleti
ssuesar eoff
ollowi
ngtypes.

Parenchyma:Parenchymat ousCell
sareov al
, spheri
cal
,isal
sodiametr
icor
polygonalinshape.Theirwallsarethi
nandmadeupofcel lul
ose,t
heyare
usuallyl
iv
ing.Parenchy
mai sofuni
versaloccurrenceinallt
hesoftpar
tsof
pl
ant s. Mainly found in epidermis and pit
h.

Someparenchymatouscel
l
scont
ainchl
orophy
llcal
l
edchl
orenchy
ma
andsomehav eai
rcavi
ti
escal
l
ed,aer
enchyma.

Funct
ion:Processofphotosynt
hesi
s,stor
ageoffoodmateri
al.
Theymayal soserveasasuppor ti
ngt i
ssueduetot heiri
nter
nal
tur
gorpressure.Tur
gidi
tygiv
esrigi
dit
ytotheher
baceousplant
s.

Coll
enchyma:Thistissueconsistsofsomewhatel ongatedcellswiththe
cornersofi nt
ercell
ularspacesar emucht hi
ckenedwi t
hadeposi tof
cel
luloseandpecti
n.InT.S.ofthestem,thecel
lshowev erlookcircul
aror
oval.Coll
enchymaoccursinhy poder
misofherbaceousdi cot
yledons.I
tis
absentfrom therootandmonocotst em.Thecellsof t
encont ainsome

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chl
oroplast
.
Funct
ion:Bei
ngofflexi
blei
nnatur
eitgi
vestensi
lestr
engt
htot
he
pl
antbodysoitsf
uncti
onisbot
hmechani
cal
andv i
tal
.

3. Scl erenchyma: Sclerenchymaconsi st

sofv erylong,narrow,thi
ck
wall
edandl igni
fi
eddead,usuallypointedatbothends.Thehav esimple,
oft
en obli
que pi t
si ntheirwal ls.Scherenchy
mat ous cellaref ound
abundant
lyinpalntsandoccureinpatchesordefi
nitelay
ers.Theyaredead
cel
lsandser veapurelymechanicalfunct
ion.Scl
erenchymat i
ssuesareof

twotypes.
a)Fibr es b)Scl ereids
a) Fi br es: Theyar ef i
br eli
keinappearance, andhencet heyarealso
call
edscl erenchymatousf i
br es,orsimplyfi
bres.Theirav er
agel engt
his1
to3mm buti nf i
brey eildingpl ant
ssuchashempl engthr angi
ngf r
om
20mm t o550mm.SuchFi bresar eofcommer cialimportance.
b) Scl ereids:The cel lsv eryt hi
ck-wal
led,st ronglylignifi
ed,often
i
rregul
ari nshapecal ledscl erei
dsorst onecells.Stonecelloccuri nhard
seeds,nut sandst onyfruits.Theycont ri
butetot hefir
mnessandhar dness
ofthepar tconcerned.Thef leshofpearisgritt
ybecauseoft hepresenceof
stonecellsinit.

Secondar
yGrowth
Theincreaseinthicknessduet ot
headditi
onofsecondaryti
ssues
cutof
fbyv ascul
arcambi um andcorkcambium i
nstelerandextr
a-
stel
erregi
onrespecti
velyknownassecondar
ygrowth.

(
A) Act
ivi
tyofv
ascul
arCambi
um

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1. Cambi um r ing: Medul l

ay r ays in bet ween v ascular
bundl ehasbecomemer i
stemat icandf orm ast ri
pofcambi um cal led
i
nt erfasicularcambi um.Thi sj oinsoncambi um properonei thersi de
formi ngar ingcal l
edcambi um r ing.Secondar ygr owt hbegi nswi th
theact i
vityoft hiscambi um r i
ng.
2. Secondar ytissue: Cambi um r i
ngs as a whol e becomes
mer i
stamat icandcut offcellsbot hext ernallyandi nternall
y.Thecel l
s
cut offout sidegr adual l
ymodi fiedi ntoel ementsofphl oem cal led
secondar yphl oem.Thecel l
scut offi nnsersi degr aduallymodi f
ied
i
nt oel ement sofxy l
em cal l
edsecondar yxy l
em.
3. Annual ringorGr owt hring: Theact i
vi
tyofcambi um i ncrease
ordecr easeaccor dingt of av our ableandunf avour abl
eseason.I n
spr i
ngt hecambi um becomesmor eact i
v eandf ormal argenumber
ofv essel swi thbi gcav i
ties( mat axy lem) .Inwintercambi um becomes
l
essact i
v eandf ormf ew v essel swi thsmal lcav it
ies( protoxy lem) .
Thewoodt husf ormedi nt hespr ingi scal l
edthespr ingwoodorear l
y
wood,and t hatf ormed i n wi nteri s cal l
ed the aut umn wood or
Lat ewood.Theset woki ndsofwoodappeart ogetheri nat ransv erse
sect ionoft hest em, asaconcent ricr i
ngknownast heannualr ingor
growt hring.Eachannualr ingcor respondst ooney ear’
sgr owt hand
ther eforebycount i
ngt het otalnumberofannualr ingst heageoft he
plant can be appr oxi mately determi ned.

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4. Hear twoodandsapwood: I nol dtreesgr eat ercent r

alpar tof
thesecondar ywoodi sf i
ll
edupwi t
ht annins,resins,gums,essent ial
oil
s, whi chmakei thar danddur able.Thisi sknownast hehear twood.
Itlooksdar kbr own.Thehear twoodnol ongerconductwat er,but
simpl ygi vesmechani calsuppor ttothest em.Theout err egionoft he
secondar ywoodwhi chi soflightercol orisknownast hesapwood,
andt hisal onei susedf orConduct i
onofwat erandsal tsolution.
(B) Or iginandAct ivityofCor kcambi um:
Soonerorl ateranot hermer i
stamat ict i
ssue,t he cor k–cambi um
(phellogen) ,makesi tsappear ancei nthecor ti
calr egion.I tbeginst o
divi
deandgi veof fnewcel lsonbot hsi des–cor kont heout erside
andsecondar yCor texont heinner .
1. Cork:Thenew cel lscut -offbyt hecor k–cambi um oni tsout ersidear e
roughlyrect angul ari nshapeandsoonbecomesubr i
nized.Theyf ormt he
corkofthepl ant.
2. Secondar yCor t
ex: The cel ls of t he secondar y cor tex ar e
parenchymat ousi nnat ureandof tencont ai
nchl oroplast.
3. Bark:Allthedeadt i
ssuel y
ingout si
det heact ivecor kcambi um const i
tutes
thebarkoft hepl ant .Ittheref oreincludest heepi dermisl ent i
celsandcor k,
andsomet imest hehy poder mi sandapor ti
onoft hecor tex.
4. Lenti
cels: Thesear eaer ati
ngpor esf ormedi nt hebar k,t hroughwhi ch
exchangeofgasest akepl ace.Thel enti
celsconsi stofl oosemassofsmal l
thi
n–wal ledcel lscal ledcompl ement arycel l
s.

Si
gni
fi
canceofSecondar ygrowt h
Bycount i
ngt het otalnumberofannualr ings,theageoft heplantcanbe
approximat el
ydet ermi ned.
Studyoft her ingsofv er
yol dtreecanal sogi vecluet ot hecl i
mateofan
area.
Tree-ri
ngdat inghav ebeenusedi narchaeologicalstudi
es.
Secondar y gr owt h meett he need ofmor e water,mi nerals and food
conductionf orgr owingpl ant.Italsopr ovidest hef i
rm suppor tt oitby
producingnew conduct ingandmechani calt i
ssue,inaddi tiont othese
cambi um f ormscal lusonorar oundt hewound.
The par enchy mat ous t i
ssues ar er apidlyfor med below t he damaged
surfaceofst em andr oot.
Call
usal sodev elopdur i
nggr af
ti
ngt ounitethegr aftwit
ht heplant .

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MOVEMENTI
NPLANTS
Plantmov ement :I
rr i
tabi li
tyexpr essi t
selfi nsomeki ndofmov ementandi s
deci dedadv ant ageoust othepl anti nmanyr espect s, ir
ri
tabi lit
yi spr oduced
byst i
mul i
:ast imul uscanbedi ffusedordi rectional ,itmayber epliedwi t
ha
promptordel ay edr esponse.
Ty pesofMov ement : On t he basi s ofst i
mul i
,t her e ar et wo t ypes of
mov ement sfoundi npl ant s.
1. Aut onomi corSpont aneousmov ement
2. I nducedorPar a-toni cmov ement
1. Aut onomi corspont aneousmov ement : Mov ement whi ch
occurduet oint ernal stimul i,f
act orsinher enti nsi det hepl antbodyi tselfare
knownasaut onomi corspont aneousmov ement s.
Ty pesofaut onomi cmov ement s: Autonomi cmov ement sar eoft hreet ypes
i
)Gr owthcur v at uremov ement ii)Tur gormov ement
Gr owt hCur vatur emov ement : Thosemov ement sar eduet ounequal
growt hont woopposi tesidesofpl antor gansl ikest em, root , t
endr il
s,buds.
Thi smov ementi sal way si nfav orofpl ant s.Ther ear et wot y pesofgr owt h
mov ement .
i
)Nut ati
oni i)Nast icmov ement
i
) Nut ation: Thegr owt hi nt heapexofy oungst em t akespl acei nZi gZag
mannerduet oanal ter natechangei ngr owt hr at eonopposi tesi deoft he
apex, Thi stypeofmov ementi scal l
ednut ation.
Forexampl e:Mov ementofcl imberar oundanyr opeasf oundi n
Rai l
way_ Cr eeper .
i
i
) Nast icmov ement : Mov ementoccur sduet odi fferencesi nt her ateof
growt hont woopposi tesidesofapl antor gan.
Exampl e:Openi ngofpet alsandci rci
nat elycoi ledl eav esof
TYPES:Whenmov ementoccur sduet of astergr owt hont heupper
sideoft heor gani sknownasepi nast icmov ementand wheni t
occur sduet of ast ergr owt honl owersur faceofgr owi ngor gan,i tis
knownashy ponast i
cmov ement .
II
.Tur gormov ement : Mov ementoccur sduet ochangei nt het urgidityand
sizeofcel lscal ledt ur gormov ement .Leafoft ouch- me- notdr oopsand
l
eaf letsgetcl oseduet ochangei nt urgidityofcor ti
calcel lsoft hePul vinus.
Int elegr aphpl antupanddownmov ementoft wol aterall eaf l
etsi sduet o
samer eason.

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Par
atonicorI
nducedMov ement
Movementinli
vi
ngplantswhichareinducedbyext
ernalst
imul
iar
ecalled
par
atomi
cmov ement.
TYPESOFPARATONI C MOVEMENTS:Ther ear et
wot ypesofparat
onic
movement.
i)Tr
opicmov ement i i
)Nasticmovement

Tropi cMov ement

Thisi st hemov ementofcur vaturei nducedi ngr owi ngr egionsofpl antsby
unilateralef fectsofext ernalst i
mul iorbyunequalst i
mul ationont wosi des
ofpl antor gans.Tr opicmov ementi salway sdi rect i
onal .Dependi ngupon
sour ceofst imul i
, t
ropicmov ementi soff oll
owi ngt ypes.
1. Phot ot r
opi sm: Thisi sthemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset o
sour ceofl ight .Shootmov est owar dsthesour ceofl ightshowi ngposi tive
phot otropi sm.Rootmov esawayf r
om t hesour ceofl ightshowi ngnegat ive
phot otropi sm.
Phot otropi ccur vatureisduet ol ighteffectont hedi stribut i
onofauxi n.
2. Geot ropism: Thi sist hemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset ofor ce
ofgr av it
y .Pr i
mar yr ootmov est owar dst hef orceofgr av i
tycal ledposi tive
geot ropism,shoot s grow agai nstt he f orce ofgr av itycal l
ed negat ive
geot ropism.
3. Hy drot r
opi sm: Thi si st hemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset o
moi stur eorwat er.Hy drot ropism i sexhi bitedbypr i
mar yandsecondar y
rootsofhi gherpl ants.Root sar eal way sposi tiv
ehy drot ropi c.Hy drotropism
i
sst r
ongert hangeot ropism i ncaseofr oot .
4. Chemot r
opi sm:Thi si st hemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset o
chemi cal subst ances.Cer t
ainchemi calsubst ancesst imul at ethegr owthof
pollen-gr ainsi nt opol l
ent ube.
5. Thigmot ropi sm:Thi si st hemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset o
touchst imul us.I tcanbeobser vedi nt winnerandcl imber s.Whent hey
toucht hesol i
dobj ectthegr owt hont heopposi tesi deofcont acti ncreases
andt het endr i
lscoi l
edar oundt hesuppor t
.
6. Ther mot r opi sm:Thi si st hemov ementofpl antor gansi nr esponset o
temper atur e.I tdet erminest hedi r
ect i
onofmov ement .i fsomeseedl i
ngs
aret akeni nacont ainer,war medatonecor nert heseedwi l
lmov et owar ds
thesour ceofheat .

Nasti
cmov ement
Thi
sisal
sot
hemov
ementofcurv
aturebutdi
ff
erf
rom t
ropi
cmov
ementby

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t
hefactthatthi
smov ementisnotdi r
ectionalbutdiff
used.Actual
lyt
his
movementoccur
si ndor
siv
entr
alorganslikeleavesandpetals.I
tisoft
wo
t
ypes
i
) Sei smonasticorHapt
onasti
c i
i)Ny ct
inast
ic

1. Sei smonast icorHapt onast i

cmov ement : This mov ement i s
caused due t o st imulioft ouch and t hi
s can be obser ved i n many
i
nsect ivor ousplantsi nwhicht ouchcausesmov ement .
2. Ny ctinasti
cmov ement :
Thismov ementoccur sduet o alterationof
dayandni ght.Itisot herwisecal l
edsl eepingmov ementwhi chdepends
uponchangei ni ntensit
yofl ightandt emper atureandaccor di nglyt hese
mov ement sarecal l
eda)Phot onasti
c b)Ther monast ic
a)Phot onastic: Thismov ementisduet ov ari
ationinthei ntensityof
l
ight.Thef lowersofOxal i
sandPor tul
acaopeni ndayandcl oseatni ght
whil
ef l
ower sofNi cotiasp.closeindayandopenatni ght.
b)Ther monast y:Thismov ementi sduet ov ar
iationinthedegr eeof
temper at ure.Thef lowersofTul ipandSaf fronopenandcl osewi tht her i
se
andf alloft emper ature.

RoleofGr owt hSubstancesi nPlantmov ement

Plantassessi l
eor ganism showsi t
smov ementmai nl
yi nt hef orm of
growth.Thi smov ementi smai nl
ycont rolledbyphy tohormones( Auxin,
Gibberell
in,andCy tokinin).Itisfoundt hatt hephot otr
opiccur v
at ureisdue
tolightef f
ectont hedi stri
but i
onofauxi n.Asci enti
stWentobser vedin
1928t hatinoatpl ants,t hegr owthofcol eopt i
leinl i
ghtis27t o57%mor e
rapidt han normalgr owt h.The di stribution ofauxi on i
s due t ol i
ght
response.Ther egionr i
chi nauxi ngr owsr apidl
ywhi chresultsi ngrowth
curvaturetowardst helight.
Auxinal soplayr oleingeot ropicresponses.I tsiresponsiblef orpositi
ve
geotropism ofrootsandnegat iv
egeot ropism ofst em.
Theepi nastyinfoundduet oauxinwhi l
egi bber el
l
incauseshy ponast i
c
mov ement

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