An

Industrial Training Report

On
Full Stack Development
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science & Technology

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Mr. Pradeep Jha Iti Tiwari

HOD-CSE/IT/AI&DS Dept. 21EGJAD015

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Global Institute of
Technology Jaipur
(Rajasthan)-302022 Session:
2023-24
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 Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my
coordinator Mr. Yadvendra Bedi , Assistant Professor Department of
Computer Science and Engineering, Global Institute of Technology,
Jaipur, for his valuable guidance and cooperation throughout the Practical
Training work. He provided constant encouragement and unceasing
enthusiasm at every stage of the Practical Training work.

We are grateful to our respected Dr. I. C. Sharma, Principal GIT for

guiding us during Practical Training period.

We express our indebtedness to Mr. Pradeep Jha , Head of Department

of Computer Science and Engineering, Global Institute of Technology,

Jaipur for providing me ample support during my Practical Training

period.

Without their support and timely guidance, the completion of our

Practical Training would have seemed a farfetched dream. In this respect
we find ourselves lucky to have mentors of such a great potential.

Place: GIT, Jaipur

Iti Tiwari
21EGJAD015
B.Tech. V semester, III -year, AD

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 Abstract
This Industrial Training Seminar (ITS) report provides an overview of the
extensive hands-on experience gained during the third year of the
Bachelor of Technology program in Computer Science and Engineering at
Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur. The report documents a
comprehensive exploration of web development, from front-end to
backend, and delves into the emerging realm of Web3 development on the
Internet Computer. Throughout the training, the student acquired
proficiency in a wide array of technologies, including HTML 5, CSS 3,
Flexbox, Grid, Bootstrap 5, JavaScript ES6, DOM
Manipulation, jQuery, Bash Command Line, Git, GitHub, Node.js, NPM,
Express.js, EJS, REST, and MongoDB. Additionally, the report highlights
the integration of authentication mechanisms, deployment strategies
using GitHub Pages, Heroku, and MongoDB Atlas, and a deep dive into
the
exciting world of full stack development.

The report outlines the practical applications of these technologies

through real world projects, emphasizing their role in web development
and the opportunities they create in building next-generation applications.
It concludes by reflecting on the potential for further growth
and exploration in the field of technology and its impact on the student's future

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 .

Table of Contents

Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

List of Contents 5

List of Figures 6

1. Introduction 7

1.1 Definition of ui/ux Design

1.2 Objective

1.3 Scope

2. Historical Evolution of UI/UX Design 10

2.1 Overview of the Evolution

2.2 Key Milestones and Influences

3. Fundamentals of UI/UX Design 15

3.1 User Interface (UI) Design

1. Visual Design Principles

2. Typography and Color Schemes

3. Grid Systems and Layouts

3.2 User Experience (UX) Design

1. Understanding User Behavior iv

 2. Information Architecture

3. Interaction Design Principles

4. Design Thinking and Process 18

4.1 Introduction to Design Thinking

4.2 The UI/UX Design Process

1.Research

2.Ideation

3.Prototyping

4.Testing

5.Implementation

5. Tools and Technologies in UI/UX Design

5.1 Overview of Design Tools
5.2 Prototyping and Wireframing Tool

5.3 Collaboration and Version Control Tools 23

6. Mobile UI/UX Design 25

6.1 Challenges and Considerations 25

6.2 Responsive Design Principles 26

6.3 Mobile Interaction Patterns 26

7. Accessibility in UI/UX Design

7.1 Importance of Accessibility

7.2 Inclusive Design Practices

7.3 Legal and Ethical Considerations v

8. Usability Testing and User Feedback 31

8.1 Methods of Usability Testing 31

8.2 Gathering and Analyzing User Feedback

8.3 Iterative Design Process 31

9. Emerging Trends in UI/UX Design 33

9.1 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) 33

9.2 Voice User Interfaces (VUI) 33

9.3 AI and Machine Learning in Design

10. Case Study

10.1 Showcase of Successful UI/UXDesign Projects

10.2 Analysis of Design Decisions and Outcomes

11. Challenges and Future Directions

11.1 Common Challenges in UI/UX Design

11.1 Predictions for the Future of UI/UX

12. Conclusion

12.1 Summary of Key Findings

12.2 Encouragement for Ongoing Learning and Adaptation

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 List of Figures

Fig2.1 File Paths 13

Fig4.1 Git Flow 20

Fig5.1 Backend Development 21

Fig5.2 Embedded JavaScript 24

Fig8.1 Web Design Essentials 32

Fig9.1 MERN
35

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 Chapter – 1

Introduction

1.1 Background
The journey outlined in this report represents the culmination of my academic
pursuit in the Bachelor of Technology program with a major in Computer
Science and Engineering at the Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur. As a
final-year student, I embarked on a comprehensive Industrial Training
Seminar (ITS) that provided me with an opportunity to bridge the gap between
theoretical knowledge and practical application. The training, spanning several
months, was conducted in collaboration with a reputable organization, and it
involved a hands-on exploration of a wide array of topics and technologies in
the field of web development and emerging technologies.

1.2 Objectives
The primary objectives of this ITS were:

(i) To gain practical experience and expertise in various aspects

of web development, including front-end and back-end technologies,
database management, and web design principles.

(ii) To understand the role of version control and collaboration

through Git and GitHub in real-world software development.

(iii) To explore the potential of blockchain technology and its

relevance in the rapidly evolving landscape of Web3 development.

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 (iv) To reflect on how the knowledge and skills acquired during this
training can shape my future career aspirations and contributions to
the technology industry.

1.3 Scope of Full Stack Development

Full-stack development is a dynamic and multifaceted field that combines
frontend and back-end web development expertise. These developers are
versatile professionals with the capability to create and maintain complete web
applications.

On the front-end, full-stack developers master HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

HTML provides the structural foundation of web content, while CSS ensures a
visually appealing and responsive design. JavaScript, a powerful scripting
language, adds interactivity and dynamic functionality. Proficiency in user
experience (UX) and user interface (UI) design principles is essential to
create user-friendly interfaces.

Front-end development extends to working with frameworks such as React,

Angular, or Vue.js, enabling the creation of dynamic and responsive user
interfaces. Responsive design is crucial to ensure that web applications adapt
seamlessly to various screen sizes.

On the back-end, full-stack developers write server-side code, manage requests,

and interact with databases. They are skilled in server-side programming
languages like Node.js, Python, Ruby, or others, and often use frameworks such
as Express.js or Django. They are well-versed in databases, both SQL for
relational databases (e.g., MySQL) and NoSQL for non-relational databases
(e.g., MongoDB). Understanding authentication and security is essential to
protect sensitive data and user information.
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Full-stack developers employ version control systems like Git for efficient
collaboration and code management. They create and consume RESTful APIs
and understand web service principles for data exchange. Deployment to
servers or cloud platforms like Heroku or AWS is a core competency, often
involving DevOps practices and automation.
As technology evolves, full-stack developers stay updated with emerging
trends, including progressive web apps (PWAs), Web3, blockchain, and
cloudnative development. Collaboration and communication skills are crucial as
they work in multidisciplinary teams, collaborating with designers and other
developers to ensure cohesive web applications.

In summary, full-stack development encompasses a wide range of skills,

from front-end technologies and design principles to back-end programming,
databases, security, and deployment. Full-stack developers are well-rounded
professionals capable of taking a web project from conception to deployment,
making them valuable assets in web application development.

Full-stack developers often wear multiple hats, serving as project

managers, architects, and problem solvers. They are responsible for the
entire software development life cycle, from project planning and
conceptualization to
implementation, testing, and maintenance. Their expertise extends to various
domains, such as e-commerce, social media, content management systems, and
more.

In addition to front-end and back-end development, full-stack developers often

delve into mobile application development, either for iOS or Android platforms.
This broadens their skill set and allows them to cater to a wider range of user
preferences. Understanding mobile development frameworks, such as React
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Native or Flutter, is a valuable asset in this context.

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 Chapter - 2

Front-End Web Development

Front-end web development constitutes the user-facing aspect of web
applications, where aesthetics and usability meet to create a rich user
experience. This chapter delves into the intricacies of this crucial discipline,
covering various technologies and practices essential for crafting visually
appealing and interactive web interfaces.

2.1 HTML 5
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) 5 is the cornerstone of web content,
defining the structure and semantics of web pages. During the industrial
training, I honed my skills in crafting well-structured HTML documents. This
encompassed:

(i) Semantic Markup: Creating content elements like headings,

paragraphs, lists, and forms with semantically meaningful HTML tags,
enhancing accessibility and SEO-friendliness.

(ii) Multimedia Integration: Employing HTML5 elements such as

<video> and <audio> to seamlessly embed multimedia content, fostering
a dynamic user experience.

(iii) Responsive Images: Implementing responsive image

solutions through the use of <img> and <picture> elements,
ensuring optimal display across a variety of devices.

The acquired proficiency in HTML5 laid the foundation for creating structured,
accessible, and engaging web content.

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2.2 CSS 3
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) 3 is the language of design and layout on the
web. The training deeply immersed me in the world of CSS, where I
gained mastery over the following aspects:

(i) Selectors, Properties, and Values: Understanding how to apply

styles to HTML elements using a wide array of selectors, properties,
and values, enabling precise control over the visual presentation of web
pages.

(ii) Responsive Layouts: Implementing responsive design principles

through CSS Grid and Flexbox, allowing for the creation of flexible and
adaptive layouts that gracefully adjust to different screen sizes and
orientations.

(iii) Transitions and Animations: Leveraging CSS transitions and

animations to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages,
enhancing the overall user experience.

The expertise in CSS3 empowered me to transform static web content into

visually captivating and responsive web interfaces, delivering an engaging user
experience.

2.3 Flexbox and Grid

Flexbox and Grid are modern CSS layout models that provide developers with
advanced tools for arranging and aligning elements on web pages. The
training covered these essential layout techniques, including:

(i) Flexbox: Understanding the core concepts of Flexbox, a

onedimensional layout model, for achieving flexible and efficient layouts,
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 especially beneficial for creating responsive designs with complex
arrangements of elements.

(ii) Grid: Delving into the world of Grid, a two-dimensional layout

model, allowing for precise control over both rows and columns,
facilitating the creation of grid-based designs that adapt gracefully to
various screen sizes.

(iii) Mastery of Flexbox and Grid techniques significantly enhanced

my ability to design and structure web interfaces with precision,
adaptability, and consistency, contributing to improved user experiences.

2.4 Multi Page Websites

File paths play a crucial role in the structure of webpages and, collectively, they
make up a website. Let us dive into how file paths are used and how webpages
come together to create a cohesive online experience.

In web development, file paths are used to specify the location of files,
including HTML documents, stylesheets, JavaScript files, images, and other
assets on a web server or within a project's directory structure. File paths
provide the browser with the information it needs to retrieve and display the
content of a webpage correctly.

There are two main types of file paths:

(i) Relative Paths: These paths are defined in relation to the current
location of the webpage. For example, you might use a relative
path to link to an image in the same directory as your HTML
file.
Relative paths are shorter and typically more flexible when it
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comes to moving or deploying your website.

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 Fig 2.1 File Paths

(ii) Absolute Paths: Absolute paths provide the full URL to the
resource, including the protocol (http or https) and the domain
(e.g., www.example.com). They are used when you want to
reference a resource on a different website or server. A website
is composed of multiple webpages, which are individual HTML
documents, each with its own content and structure. These
webpages are connected through hyperlinks and collectively form a
website. Here is how they come together:

(iii) Navigation: Webpages are interconnected through hyperlinks.

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 These links, coded in the HTML of your webpages, specify the file paths to other
pages on your site. Users can click on these links to
navigate to different sections or content.

2.5 Bootstrap
Bootstrap 5 is a popular front-end framework that simplifies and expedites web
development through pre-designed components and a responsive grid system.
During the training, I gained practical experience in utilizing Bootstrap 5,
including:

(i) Responsive Grid: Leveraging Bootstrap's responsive grid system to

create fluid and adaptive layouts for web pages, ensuring seamless
usability on different devices and screen sizes.

(ii) Component Utilization: Exploring Bootstrap's library of

components, such as navigation bars, modals, forms, and more, to
streamline the development process by integrating readily available
solutions.

(iii) Customization: Adapting Bootstrap themes and styles to align with

the unique visual identity and branding requirements of specific projects,
thereby maintaining a consistent and appealing design.

(iv) Cross-Browser Compatibility: Bootstrap's components and styles

are thoroughly tested to ensure cross-browser compatibility. This means
that web applications developed with Bootstrap are more likely to
render consistently across various browsers, reducing the need for
extensive browser-specific fixes and saving valuable development time.

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 (v) Mobile-First Approach: Bootstrap adopts a mobile-first
design philosophy, prioritizing the user experience on smaller
screens and progressively enhancing it for larger devices.

Chapter - 3

JavaScript and DOM Manipulation

JavaScript is the backbone of interactive web development, and in this chapter,
we will explore the role of JavaScript ES6 in enhancing user experiences. We
will also delve into the art of manipulating the Document Object Model (DOM)
to create dynamic and responsive web applications.

3.1 JavaScript ES6

JavaScript ES6 (ECMAScript 2015) is a modern iteration of JavaScript,
introducing enhanced features and syntax for more efficient and readable code.
Throughout the industrial training, I delved into the following key aspects of
JavaScript ES6:

(i) Arrow Functions: Utilizing arrow functions for more concise

and expressive code, particularly when working with callbacks and
event handlers.

(ii) Template Literals: Incorporating template literals to create

dynamic strings, facilitating the generation of complex HTML structures
and
content.

(iii) Let and Const Declarations: Embracing block-scoped variable

declarations using let and const, leading to more predictable and

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maintainable code.

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 (iv) De-structuring: Employing object and array de-structuring to
extract and assign values with elegance, reducing verbosity and
enhancing code clarity.

(v) Classes: Embracing class syntax for object-oriented programming

in JavaScript, promoting code organization and reuse.

(vi) Promises and Asynchronous Programming: Mastering promises

and asynchronous programming to manage and streamline tasks that
require waiting for data or events, a fundamental skill for modern
web development.

The proficiency in JavaScript ES6 empowered me to write more concise,

expressive, and readable code, facilitating the creation of dynamic and
responsive web applications.

3.2 Advanced JavaScript and DOM Manipulation

The Document Object Model (DOM) represents the structured hierarchy of
elements in an HTML document, and manipulating the DOM is fundamental to
creating dynamic web pages. During the training, I honed my skills in the
following areas of DOM manipulation:

(i) Selecting DOM Elements: Utilizing JavaScript to select and

target specific DOM elements using methods like getElementById,
querySelector, and getElementsByClassName. This skill forms the basis
for pinpointing and interacting with elements in a structured web page
hierarchy.

(ii) Modifying Content: The dynamic alteration of text and attributes

within HTML elements was another core competency I developed.
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This

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 involves updating the content of a web page without necessitating a full
page refresh. The capability to modify content in real-time enhances user
experience by enabling seamless updates and responsiveness.

Dynamically changing text and attributes of HTML elements, updating

the content without requiring page refreshes.

(iii) Creating and Deleting Elements: Adding new elements to the

DOM and removing existing ones, enabling dynamic content generation
and user interface modifications.

(iv) Event Handling: Implementing event listeners and event

handling functions to respond to user interactions, such as clicks,
mouse
movements, and keyboard input.

(v) DOM Traversal: Navigating and traversing the DOM tree to

access and manipulate related elements, a critical skill for more complex
user interface interactions.

(vi) DOM Manipulation Libraries: Exploring the use of DOM

manipulation libraries, such as jQuery, to simplify and streamline the
process of modifying and interacting with the DOM.

Understanding and effectively utilizing DOM manipulation techniques is central

to creating dynamic, interactive, and user-friendly web applications.

In conclusion, Chapter 3 has shed light on JavaScript ES6 and DOM

manipulation, two fundamental aspects of front-end web development.
Proficiency in JavaScript ES6 equips developers with modern and efficient
tools to create interactive and dynamic web applications, while DOM

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manipulation empowers them to alter and update web content dynamically,

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resulting in a seamless and engaging user experience. These skills are
essential for any full-stack developer seeking to create rich, responsive, and
user-centric web applications

Chapter -

4 Unix Command Line and Version Control

In this chapter, we explore the vital skills of working with the Bash command
line and version control systems, specifically Git and GitHub. These tools are
the backbone of efficient collaboration, code management, and seamless
development workflows in the world of web development.

4.1 Unix Command Line

The Bash command line is a text-based interface that allows developers to
interact with their operating system, navigate directories, run scripts, and
perform a variety of system and file-related tasks. The training encompassed the
following key aspects of Bash:

(i) Navigating the File System: Mastering commands like cd for

changing directories, ls for listing files, and pwd for displaying the
current working directory.

(ii) File and Directory Manipulation: Learning how to create, copy,

move, and delete files and directories using commands like touch, cp, mv,
and rm.

(iii) Text File Processing: Utilizing text-processing tools like cat,

grep, and sed to search, filter, and manipulate text files efficiently.

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 (iv) Scripting and Automation: Writing and executing Bash scripts
to automate repetitive tasks and create custom command-line tools.

(v) File Permissions and Ownership: Understanding how to manage

file permissions and ownership using commands like chmod and chown.

A strong grasp of the Bash command line is crucial for efficient and productive
development, enabling developers to navigate their systems, manage files, and
automate repetitive tasks.

4.2 Git, GitHub, and Version Control

Git is a distributed version control system that allows developers to track
changes, collaborate with others, and manage code repositories. GitHub is a
popular platform for hosting and collaborating on Git repositories. The training
covered several key aspects of Git and GitHub:

(i) Git Basics: Understanding the fundamental concepts of

version control, including repositories, commits, branches, and
merges.

(ii) Repository Management: Creating Git repositories, tracking

changes, and pushing code to remote repositories on platforms like
GitHub.

(iii) Branching Strategies: Exploring branching strategies like feature

branches and release branches to facilitate collaborative development
and code management.

(iv) Merging and Conflict Resolution: Learning how to merge

changes and resolve conflicts when multiple developers work on the

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same
codebase.

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 (v) Collaborative Workflows: Implementing collaborative workflows
using Git and GitHub, enabling multiple developers to work on the same
project simultaneously.

(vi) Version Control Best Practices: Following version control

best practices, such as writing informative commit messages and
keeping repositories well-organized.

Fig 4.1 Git Flow

A strong command of Git and GitHub is indispensable for maintaining code

quality, enabling team collaboration, and ensuring code consistency across web
development projects.

Git and GitHub, the dynamic duo of version control, play an instrumental role
in the development process. Proficiency in Git allows developers to maintain a
version history of their code, collaborate seamlessly with team members, and
manage changes efficiently. GitHub, on the other hand, serves as a central hub
for project repositories, facilitating collaboration, code reviews, and issue
tracking. The combined use of Git and GitHub brings organization and clarity to

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code management, allowing developers to work cohesively in a synchronized
manner.

In conclusion, Chapter 4 has illuminated the significance of Bash command line

skills and the use of Git and GitHub for version control in the world of web .

Chapter - 5

Backend Web Development

Backend web development is the heart of web applications, responsible for
server-side logic, data management, and providing the core functionality
that
powers the user interface. This chapter explores the technologies and practices
that underpin the backend development process.

Fig 5.1 Backend Development

5.1 Node.js
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime that allows developers to execute JavaScript
code on the server-side. It facilitates building fast, scalable, and non-blocking
server applications. During the training, I delved into the following key aspects
of Node.js:
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 (i) Event-Driven Architecture: Understanding Node.js's event-driven,
asynchronous architecture, which is ideal for handling concurrent
connections and optimizing performance.

(ii) Express.js: Exploring the Express.js web application framework to

simplify the creation of robust, scalable, and RESTful APIs and web
services.

(iii) Middleware: Implementing middleware to handle requests and

responses, enabling the addition of custom logic to the request
processing pipeline.

Node.js has opened the door to server-side JavaScript, allowing for the creation
of highly responsive and scalable web applications.

5.2 NPM (Node Package Manager)

NPM is the default package manager for Node.js, providing a vast ecosystem
of open-source libraries and tools. The training covered essential aspects of
NPM, including:

(i) Package Management: Managing project dependencies,

installing and updating packages, and leveraging the power of the NPM
registry.

(ii) Script Execution: Creating and executing custom scripts defined

in the package.json file, streamlining common development tasks.

NPM plays a pivotal role in simplifying dependency management

and enhancing project organization in Node.js-based applications.

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5.3 Express.js with Node.js
Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that has
become a cornerstone of modern web development. The training included the
following key areas of Express.js:

(i) Routing: Creating and configuring routes to handle different

HTTP requests, allowing for structured and efficient request processing.

(ii) Middleware: Understanding middleware functions and their role

in request/response processing, authentication, and more.

(iii) Views and Templates: Integrating template engines like EJS

to generate dynamic HTML content for rendering web pages.

(iv) REST and APIs: Developing RESTful APIs using

Express.js, enabling data exchange between the client and the
server.

Express.js is instrumental in building robust, scalable, and feature-rich

serverside applications, serving as a critical component of the web development
stack.

5.4 EJS (Embedded JavaScript)

EJS (Embedded JavaScript) is a template engine that simplifies the creation of
dynamic HTML content. The training covered EJS, including:

(i) Template Structure: Understanding the structure and syntax of

EJS templates, which allow for the embedding of JavaScript within
HTML.

(ii) Dynamic Content: Leveraging EJS to dynamically generate

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HTML content, enabling the presentation of data retrieved from the
server.

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 (iii)Template Inheritance: Implementing template inheritance to
create reusable webpages.

(iv) Partial Views: EJS supports the use of partial views, allowing for
the modularization of templates. This means that common components
such as headers, footers, or sidebars can be defined once and reused
across
multiple pages. This approach streamlines development and
ensures design consistency.

In this example, the Express.js server sends the users array to the
users.ejs template, where it is dynamically rendered into an HTML list.

Fig 5.2 Embedded JavaScript

EJS is a powerful tool for generating dynamic HTML content, enabling the
creation of data-driven web pages and facilitating a rich user experience.

In conclusion, Chapter 5 has shed light on backend web development, focusing

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on the technologies and practices that power server-side logic, data

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management, and the core functionality of web applications. Proficiency in
Node.js, NPM, Express.js, and EJS equips developers to create scalable,
responsive, and data-driven server applications that serve as the backbone of
modern web development projects.

EJS's versatility in enabling these features, from conditional rendering to

performance optimization, empowers developers to create dynamic, responsive,
and user-centric web applications. By mastering these aspects of Ej.

Chapter - 6

Databases
Databases form the foundation of data storage and management in web
applications, providing a structured and efficient means of storing, retrieving,
and manipulating information. This chapter explores the core concepts and
technologies related to databases, including SQL and NoSQL solutions.

6.1 SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language for managing
and querying relational databases. During the industrial training, I acquired
proficiency in SQL, covering the following key aspects:

(i) Database Design: Understanding the principles of relational

database design, including tables, relationships, keys, and normalization.

(ii) Data Manipulation: Executing SQL queries to retrieve,

insert, update, and delete data in relational databases.

(iii) Data Retrieval: Mastering the art of crafting SQL

SELECT statements to retrieve specific data from database
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3
tables.

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 (iv) Joining Tables: Utilizing SQL JOIN operations to combine
data from multiple tables, enabling complex queries.

(v) Data Integrity and Transactions: Implementing data integrity

constraints and transaction management to ensure the consistency and
reliability of data.

SQL databases, such as MySQL and PostgreSQL, provide a robust and

structured means of storing and querying data in web applications.

6.2 MongoDB
MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database that stores data in a flexible,
document-oriented format. The training covered the following key areas of
MongoDB:

(i) Document Stores: Understanding the document-based structure of

MongoDB, which stores data in BSON format.

(ii) Data Modeling: Creating and managing collections of

documents, designing schemas that suit the application's requirements.

(iii) Query Language: Executing queries using MongoDB's

query language, which is designed to work with JSON-like
documents.

(iv) Indexes: Utilizing indexes to improve query performance and

data retrieval efficiency.

(v) Aggregation Framework: Leveraging the aggregation framework

to perform complex data transformations and calculations within the
database.

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MongoDB offers a schema-less and flexible approach to data storage, making it
suitable for scenarios where data structures are subject to frequent change or
are not well-defined in advance.

6.3 Connection with Mongoose

Mongoose is an Object Data Modeling (ODM) library for MongoDB and
Node.js. The training included the following aspects of Mongoose:

(i) Schema Definition: Creating schemas to define the structure

of data stored in MongoDB collections.

(ii) Model Creation: Constructing models from schemas,

enabling seamless interaction with MongoDB.

(iii) Data Validation: Implementing data validation and integrity

checks using Mongoose schema definitions.

(iv) Query Building: Crafting queries using Mongoose functions to

interact with MongoDB collections in an organized and efficient
manner.

Mongoose simplifies the process of working with MongoDB, providing a

structured and user-friendly interface for Node.js developers.

In conclusion, Chapter 6 has provided insights into the world of databases,

covering both SQL and NoSQL solutions. Proficiency in SQL and relational
databases equips developers with structured and efficient data management
capabilities, while knowledge of MongoDB and Mongoose opens the doors to
flexible and document-based data storage. These database technologies play a
pivotal role in the development of web applications, enabling the secure and
efficient management of data.
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Proficiency in SQL and relational databases ensures structured and efficient
data storage and retrieval, while expertise in MongoDB and Mongoose opens
doors to flexible and document-based data management. These database
technologies form the bedrock of web applications, allowing developers to
create systems that securely and efficiently manage data, catering to the
everevolving needs of a digital world. Whether it's a transactional e-commerce
site or a data-intensive social platform, the proper choice of database
technology is pivotal in shaping the success and performance of web
applications.

Chapter - 7

Client-side Development with React.js

7.1 React.js
React.js, often referred to as React, is a widely adopted open-source JavaScript
library created by Facebook. It is specifically designed for developing user
interfaces (UIs) that are responsive, modular, and maintainable. React's core
principles include:

(i) Component-Based Architecture: React is built around the

concept of reusable components. These components encapsulate
specific UI
elements, making it easy to build complex interfaces by composing these
building blocks.

(ii) Virtual DOM: React employs a virtual representation of the

Document Object Model (DOM) to optimize rendering and
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improve

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 performance. It calculates the difference between the virtual DOM and
the actual DOM, reducing the number of updates and increasing
rendering efficiency.

(iii) State and Props: React components can have local state, and they
can also receive data through props (properties). State and props make
it possible to create dynamic and data-driven UIs.

(iv) Lifecycle Methods: React components have lifecycle methods

that allow developers to control what happens during component
creation, updates, and destruction. This is vital for handling events, side
effects,
and maintaining component integrity.

(v) Event Handling: React provides a straightforward way to handle

user interactions and events, allowing developers to create highly
interactive and dynamic user interfaces.

React.js has gained immense popularity in web development due to its

efficiency, flexibility, and vibrant community. It's used in single-page
applications, mobile applications, and other contexts where responsive and
engaging UIs are required.

7.2 React Hooks

React Hooks is a significant addition to React, introduced in version 16.8. It
allows functional components to manage state and side effects without the need
to use class components. React Hooks simplifies the code and promotes
functional programming practices. Here are the key aspects of React Hooks:

(i) ‘useState’ Hook: The ‘useState’ hook allows functional

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components to manage state. It's a replacement for the traditional

25
 ‘this.state’ and ‘this.setState’ used in class components. Developers can
declare and manipulate component-specific state variables using useState,
which simplifies the management of dynamic data within functional
components.

(ii) ‘useEffect’ Hook: The ‘useEffect hook’ is used to handle

side effects in functional components. It replaces lifecycle methods
like componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, and
componentWillUnmount. With useEffect, developers can perform
tasks such as data fetching, subscription handling, and DOM
manipulation. It enables precise control over component behavior.

(iii) Custom Hooks: React allows developers to create custom hooks,

which are functions that encapsulate reusable logic. Custom hooks
enable the sharing of stateful logic between components. This
encourages code reuse, separation of concerns, and a more modular code
structure.

(iv) Context API and ‘useContext’ Hook: The Context API in React is
a way to manage global state and share data between components. When
combined with the ‘useContext’ hook, it becomes even more
straightforward to access and manage shared state across different parts
of an application.

React Hooks has revolutionized the way developers work with React. It
promotes functional components as the preferred way to build UIs, simplifies
state management, and enhances code readability. It has been widely adopted
in the React ecosystem, enabling developers to create more efficient, concise,
and maintainable code.

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React.js and React Hooks are pivotal to modern web development, enabling the
creation of interactive and engaging user experiences. From e-commerce
platforms to social media applications, React has established itself as a versatile
and powerful library for building cutting-edge web applications. The
proficiency in React.js and the adoption of React Hooks are not just skills but
catalysts for innovation and excellence in web development.

In conclusion, Chapter 9 has provided an in-depth exploration of React.js and

its transformative feature, React Hooks. Proficiency in React.js empowers
developers to create dynamic, responsive, and modular user interfaces. The
adoption of React Hooks simplifies state management and side effect handling,
making React development more accessible and efficient.

Chapter - 8

Web Design and Development

8.1 Web Design Principles
Web design principles are the foundation of creating visually appealing,
userfriendly, and effective websites. These principles include:

Responsive Design: Designing websites that adapt to different screen sizes

and devices, ensuring a consistent user experience across platforms.

(i) User-Centered Design: Focusing on the needs and preferences of

the target audience to create a user-friendly interface.

(ii)Consistency: Maintaining a consistent layout, color scheme, and

(iii)Accessibility: Ensuring the website is accessible to individuals

with disabilities by adhering to web accessibility standards.
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8.2 Deployment with GitHub Pages, Heroku, and MongoDB Atlas
Deployment is the process of making your web application accessible to users
on the internet. Here are the platforms mentioned:

GitHub Pages: It is a free hosting service for static websites, particularly

useful for showcasing personal or project portfolios. It leverages your
GitHub repository to automatically deploy and serve web content.

(i) Heroku: Heroku is a platform as a service (PaaS) that allows you to

deploy web applications quickly. It supports various programming
languages and provides scaling options.

(ii)MongoDB Atlas: MongoDB Atlas is a cloud-based database service that

offers scalable and secure MongoDB database hosting. It is often used
to store data for web applications.

Fig 8.1 Web Design Essentials

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Web design is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses the planning, creation,
and maintenance of websites. It's a crucial element of web development and
plays a pivotal role in shaping the user experience. Effective web design
combines both aesthetic and functional considerations to ensure that a website
not only looks appealing but also functions seamlessly to achieve its intended
goals. It requires a deep understanding of design principles, user behavior,
and technology to craft web experiences that captivate and engage users while
achieving the website's objectives.

Chapter – 9

Integration and Security

9.1 Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of users. In web
development, it typically involves:

(i) User Registration: Allowing users to create accounts with

unique usernames and passwords.

(ii)Login: Verifying a user's credentials and granting access to their account.

• Token-Based Authentication: Using tokens, such as JSON

Web Tokens (JWT), to authenticate and maintain user
sessions.

• OAuth: Integrating third-party authentication providers like

Google or Facebook.

29
9.2 Authorization
Authorization complements authentication and involves defining what
actions or resources users are allowed to access based on their roles or
permissions. It includes:

(i) Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Assigning specific roles

(e.g., admin, user) and defining what each role can or cannot do.

(ii)Access Control Lists (ACLs): Creating lists that specify which users
or roles have access to certain resources.

(iii)Middleware: Implementing middleware in web frameworks to check

if users have the necessary permissions for particular actions.

9.3 Putting Everything Together

Putting everything together in web development means integrating design,
deployment, authentication, and authorization to create a functional and secure
web application. It involves:

(i) Ensuring a seamless and intuitive user experience by following

web design principles.

(ii) Deploying the application using the chosen hosting platforms, such as
GitHub Pages, Heroku, and MongoDB Atlas.

(iii) Implementing authentication and authorization to protect user

data and control access to various parts of the application.

(iv) Maintaining security and continuously testing and updating

the application to address potential vulnerabilities.

(v) Version Control and DevOps: A robust version control system, such as
21
0
 Git, is fundamental for managing changes to your codebase. Embracing
DevOps practices can streamline development, testing, deployment,
and monitoring processes, ensuring a more efficient and collaborative
development workflow.

Incorporating these aspects into your web development process not only
enhances the functionality and security of your application but also ensures
that it remains adaptable to changing requirements and user expectations.
Successful web development is a continuous journey that requires a
commitment to improvement, user satisfaction, and technological evolution.
This scalability is vital to prevent performance bottlenecks and ensure a
smooth experience for users, even during peak usage.

Fig 9.1 MERN

This combination of design, deployment, authentication, and authorization

results in a robust and user-friendly web application that can serve a variety of
21
1
purposes. Furthermore, this combination of design, deployment, authentication,
and authorization results in a web application that transcends mere
functionality. It embodies the spirit of modern web development, where the user
experience is at the forefront of every decision. A seamless and intuitive
interface is not a luxury but an expectation, and web design principles serve as
the compass that guides aesthetics and usability. In this era of information
abundance, users are quick to judge, and a well-designed application can be the
difference between
engagement and abandonment.

In the world of web development, putting everything together means

orchestrating a harmonious blend of design, deployment, authentication,
authorization, and more. First and foremost, it's essential to ensure that the user
experience is seamless and intuitive, adhering to web design principles for
aesthetics and usability. The next step involves deploying the application using
suitable hosting platforms like GitHub Pages, Heroku, and MongoDB Atlas.
Once the design is refined, the next critical phase is deployment. The choice of
hosting platforms like GitHub Pages, Heroku, or MongoDB Atlas is not just a
technical decision but a strategic one. It impacts accessibility, scalability, and
the reliability of the application. An astute developer must consider the specific
needs of the project and the expectations of the user base. The successful
deployment of a web application involves not only technical expertise but also
an understanding of cloud technologies, server management, and DevOps
practices. Beyond the initial launch, it's crucial to implement robust
authentication and authorization mechanisms to safeguard user data and manage
access effectively. Maintaining the security of the application is an ongoing
process, necessitating continuous testing and updates to address potential
vulnerabilities. This holistic approach ensures that your web application not
30
only functions well but also thrives in a dynamic digital landscape, providing a
secure, optimized, and satisfying user experience.

In conclusion, putting everything together in web development is more than just

a technical process; it's an orchestration of various elements that result in a web
application that excels in form and function. It's a dedication to providing users
with an intuitive, secure, and engaging experience. It's a commitment to staying
vigilant and adaptable in the ever-changing landscape of web technology. In this
pursuit, the modern web developer becomes a creator of digital worlds.

Chapter - 10
Conclusion
The culmination of this Industrial Training Seminar (ITS) represents a
comprehensive journey through the diverse realms of web development, from
the intricacies of front-end design to the inner workings of back-end logic. Each
chapter has been a stepping stone towards a holistic understanding of web
development, and this conclusion seeks to encapsulate the key takeaways and
broader implications of the knowledge acquired.

Over the course of this ITS, we navigated through the following pivotal topics:

(i) Front-End Web Development: We embarked on the journey with a

deep dive into the front-end technologies, including HTML5, CSS3,
Flexbox, Grid, Bootstrap 5, JavaScript ES6, DOM Manipulation,
jQuery, and command-line proficiency with Bash. These skills form the

31
foundation of the user-facing side of web applications, enabling the
creation of captivating and responsive interfaces.

(ii) Version Control and Hosting: Our journey ventured into the
realm of version control using Git and GitHub, allowing for the
collaborative
management of code repositories. We explored deployment strategies that
enable the smooth transition of web applications from development
environments to hosting platforms like GitHub Pages, Heroku, and
MongoDB Atlas.

(iii) Backend Web Development: The next leg of the journey delved
into the world of backend development. We acquired the skills to
build server-side applications with Node.js, leveraged NPM for
package
management, harnessed the power of Express.js for creating robust APIs,
and incorporated EJS for dynamic rendering. MongoDB and Mongoose
empowered us to work with databases efficiently.

(iv) Authentication and Security: The importance of user

authentication and web security measures became apparent. We explored
techniques to protect user data and the integrity of web applications,
implementing
secure practices, including password hashing, OAuth, tokens, and best
practices for secure development.

(v) Web3 Development on the Internet Computer: In an era of

emerging technologies, we ventured into the exciting world of Web3
development on the Internet Computer. Our exploration encompassed
32
blockchain technology, token contract development, and the intricacies of
NFT minting, buying, and selling logic.

33
 (vi) React.js and React Hooks: Our journey then transitioned into
the domain of modern front-end development, where React.js reigned
supreme. We uncovered the power of component-based architecture,
virtual DOM, state management, and event handling. React Hooks
transformed our approach to functional components, enabling
streamlined state management and side effect handling.

(vii) Deployment and Hosting: With the foundational knowledge in

place, we explored deployment strategies and hosting solutions.
CI/CD pipelines, staging environments, version control, and diverse
hosting platforms were explored to ensure web applications reach
users with minimal downtime and optimal performance.

This industrial training seminar has equipped me with not just technical skills,
but a profound understanding of the entire web development ecosystem. It
bridges the gap between the client-facing interface and the server-side logic,
empowering me as a full-stack developer. Beyond the technical aspects, this
training has emphasized the significance of collaboration, version control, and
adhering to best practices—a combination that is indispensable when working
within a development team.
Furthermore, the emphasis on security and authentication underscores the
importance of safeguarding user data and ensuring that web applications are
resilient against potential vulnerabilities.

The training has also introduced us to the realm of emerging technologies. As

we delve into Web3 development and the blockchain landscape, we open up
opportunities in the evolving world of decentralized applications and digital
assets.

34
In conclusion, this Industrial Training Seminar serves as a solid foundation for
continued growth and exploration in the domain of web development. It is not
merely about mastering technologies; it is about harnessing them to create
innovative and impactful web applications. The knowledge gained here is a
springboard into the ever-evolving field of web development, where
creativity, problem-solving, and the pursuit of excellence are the driving
forces.

The integration of design, deployment, and security measures has equipped us

to build web applications that not only meet the demands of today's digital
landscape but also thrive in it. Whether it is designing beautiful user interfaces,
building powerful backends, or securing web applications, we now possess the
tools and understanding to excel. From the foundational principles of front-end
web design to the intricacies of backend web development, this training has
equipped us with a versatile skill set that is essential for thriving in the digital
age.
References
1. https://iopscience.iop.org/ [Online].

2. https://www.ugc.edu.hk/ [Online].

3. https://www.ugc.edu.hk/ [Online].

4. https://www.sciencegate.app/keyword/265080[Online]

5. https://www.rfwireless-world.com/ [Online]

6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228742449_New_technologies_for_web_develop
ment[Online]

7. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ [Online]

8. https://www.researchgate.net/ [Online
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