Solid Waste

-shall refer to all discarded household

-commercial waste

-non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste

-street sweepings

-construction debris

-agricultural waste

-and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

("Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.“)

What is solid waste management?

Solid Waste Management

shall refer to the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing and

disposal of solid wastes in a manner

that is in accord with the best principle of

public health, economics,

engineering, conservation, aesthetics and

other environmental considerations.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places,

such as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros and parks, and

establishment.

• The open burning of solid wastes

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• Causing or permitting the collection of non-segragated or unsorted waste.

• Squatting in open dumps and landfill.

• Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in flood

prone area.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• Unauthorized removal, recyclable material intended for collection by authorized

person.

• The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any

vehicle, box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal.

• Establishment or operation of open dumps.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• The manufacture distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable

packaging materials and importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally accepted

materials.

• Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as “recyclable” or with recyclable

Content

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• The construction of any establishment with the two hundred meters from open

dumps or controlled dumps or sanitary landfills;

• and the construction and operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on

any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area and or any portions thereof.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

• Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste.

• No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor any practice or disposal

of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open

dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the effectivity of this Act: Provided, That

within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall convert its
open dumps into controlled dumps, in accordance with the guidelines set in

Section 41 of this Act: Provided, further, That no controlled dumps shall be

allowed five (5) years following effectivity of this Act.

Waste Characterization

• -means finding out how much paper, glass, food waste,

etc. is discarded in your waste stream.

• -helps in planning how to reduce waste, set up

recycling programs, and conserve money and

resources.

Waste Audit

• waste audit - structured processed to quantify the amount and types of waste being

generated by an organization.

---identify current waste practices and how they can be improved.

Being waste-wise can mean:

• a more efficient and effective organization

• reduced waste management costs

• better use of limited natural resources.

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

• Refuse: Do not buy or accept anything you do really need. Say

‘No’ to plastic bags:. Refuse to accept one. Instead, carry a cloth

shopping bag with you.

• Reduce the amount of garbage generated.

4Rs - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

• Reuse: Reuse everything to its maximum after properly cleaning it.

• Recycle: Keep things which can be recycled to be given to rag pickers or waste pickers.
Reuse and Recycle

Re-use

• the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose

without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics

Recycling

• treatment of used or waste materials making them suitable for beneficial use

and for other purposes

Recycling

Benefits of Recycling

• Recycling creates jobs

• Recycling reduces the need for landfills

and incineration of

solid waste

• Recycling reduces the pollution caused

by making products

from new raw materials

• Recycling saves energy

•Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse

gases that contribute to climate change

•Recycling conserves the natural resources such

as timber, water and minerals

•By conserving resources today, recycling

ensures there will be plenty left for future

generations.
Collection

• Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage
point

Composting

• Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly
bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product;

Composting
• a biological activity

• The biological

stabilization of wastes

of biological origin

under controlled

condition

Operations of Composting

1. Sorting

2. Shredding and Pulverizing

3. Digestion

4. Product Upgrading

5. Market

Operations of Composting
Operational Parameters

– Temperature rise and fall

– Change in color and odor – good quality composts should have rich brown colour, be

visually homogeneous and emanate earthy odor.

– Oxygen supply

– Moisture content– 50 – 60% is suitable for organic wastes.

– pH level – ideal pH is 7

Design Description

• site of operation

• Climate

• solid waste characteristics

• Bulking materials –adjust moisture content, adjust

C/N ratio, provide porosity to the mass for oxygen

supply.

• Common bulking materials : woodchips, saw dust,

solid waste, shredded straw, leaves, bark.

• processing time

Incineration

An engineering process that uses thermal

decomposition via oxidation to convert a

less bulky, less toxic or noxious

materials.

• Waste destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at high temperatures.

• Incineration removes water from hazardous sludge, reduces its mass

and/or volume, and converts it to a non-burnable ash that can be safely

disposed of on land, in some waters, or in underground pits.

Factors Affecting Operation of Incineration:

• temperature

• time

• turbulence

• availability of oxygen

Advantages of Incineration

• volume reduction of waste

• requires only small space

• can also be located close to the area of service which makes it more cost

Effective

Advantages of Incineration

• can be in operation 24 hours a day which allows for

increased net garbage disposal per day

• odors and rodents that are present in other methods are

not a problem

• incinerator requires

• fewer employees
Disadvantages of Incineration

• large stacks that emit the excess heat and gases

from the waste contribute to the greenhouse effect

• emissions coming from the stacks of incineration

plants consist of other potentially harmful

substances that pollute the air

• ash ( bottom ash and fly ash) contains toxic

materials

Dioxins

Where do dioxins come from?

-Dioxins can be formed during

the burning of substances

containing chlorine.

-incomplete incineration can produce

carbon monoxide gas, gaseous dioxins,

and/or other harmful substances.

- automobile exhaust (leaded gas only),

and the burning of wood in the presence

of chlorine (for instance, burning of rain

forests).

REPUBLIC ACT No. 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act

Section 20. Ban on Incineration. - Incineration, hereby defined as the

burning of municipal, bio-medical and hazardous wastes, which process

emits poisonous and toxic fumes, is hereby prohibited: Provided,

however, That the prohibition shall not apply to traditional small-scale

method of community/neighborhood sanitation "siga", traditional,

agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria:

Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with bio-medical

wastes shall be phased out within three (3) years after the effectivity of

this Act: Provided, finally, That in the interim, such units shall be limited

to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to

close monitoring by the Department.

Disposal

• Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or

placing of any solid waste into or in a land;

Sanitary Landfill

• solid wastes are disposed of by spreading in thin layers,

compacting to the smallest practical volume, and covering

each day or periodically with soil or suitable materials in a

way to minimize environmental problems.

• landfill’s design life extends many years beyond the time

when it is closed.
Advantages of Sanitary Landfill

1. Landfill is usually the most economical method of

solid waste disposal.

2. Sanitary landfill is complete or final disposal method

as compared to incineration composting which require

additional treatment or disposal operations for their

residues.

3. Sanitary landfill can be put into operation within a

short period of time.

4. Sanitary landfill can receive all types of solid wastes,

eliminating the necessity of separate collections.

4. sanitary landfill is flexible , increased of solid wastes

can be disposed of with little additional personnel and

equipment.

5. Submarginal land may be reclaimed for use as parking

lots, playgrounds, golf courses, airports, etc.

Disadvantages of Sanitary Landfill

1. a highly populated area, suitable land may not be available within the

economical hauling distance.

2. proper sanitary landfill standards must be adhered to daily or the operation

may result in an open dump.

3. sanitary landfill located in residential areas can result to extreme public

opposition.
4. A completed landfill will settle and require periodic

maintenance.

5. methane, an explosive gas and other gases produced

from the decomposition of the wastes may become

hazard or nuisance problem and may interfere with the

use of the completed landfill.