Web Semantics: Cutting Edge and Future Directions in Healthcare 1st Edition Sarika Jain
Web Semantics: Cutting Edge and Future Directions in Healthcare 1st Edition Sarika Jain
Web Semantics: Cutting Edge and Future Directions in Healthcare 1st Edition Sarika Jain
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Edited by
SARIKA JAIN
Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
VISHAL JAIN
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University,
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any
injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-822468-7
v
vi Contents
7. Probabilistic, syntactic, and semantic 10. Health care cube integrator for health
reasoning using MEBN, OWL, and PCFG care databases
in healthcare Shivani A Trivedi, Monika Patel and Sikandar Patel
Shrinivasan Patnaikuni and Sachin R. Gengaje
10.1 Introduction: state-of-the-art health care
7.1 Introduction 87 system 129
7.2 Multientity Bayesian networks 89 10.2 Research methods and literature findings of
7.3 Semantic web and uncertainty 90 research publications 131
7.4 MEBN and ontology web language 91 10.3 HCI conceptual framework and designing
7.5 MEBN and probabilistic context-free framework 136
grammar 92 10.4 Implementation framework and experimental
7.6 Summary 93 setup 140
References 93 10.5 Result analysis, conclusion, and future
enhancement of work 148
Acknowledgment 149
References 149
Section II
Reasoning 11. Smart mental healthcare systems
Sumit Dalal and Sarika Jain
ix
x List of contributors
Over the last decade, we have witnessed • Reasoning: When “Semantic Web” will
an increasing use of Web Semantics as a finally happen, machine will be able to
vital and ever-growing field. It incorporates talk to machines materializing the so-
various subject areas contributing to the called “intelligent agents.” The services
development of a knowledge-intensive data offered will be useful for web as well as
web. In parallel to the movement of con- for the management of knowledge
cept from data to knowledge, we are now within an organization.
also experiencing the movement of web • Security: In this new setting, traditional
from document model to data model where security measures will not be
the main focus is on data compared to the suitable anymore; and the focus will
process. The underlying idea is making the move to trust and provenance. The
data machine understandable and process- semantic security issues are required to
able. In light of these trends, conciliation of be addressed by the security
Semantic and the Web is of paramount professionals and the semantic
importance for further progress in the area. technologists.
The 17 chapters in this volume, authored
This book will help the instructors and
by key scientists in the field are preceded
students taking courses of Semantic Web
by an introduction written by one of the
getting abreast of cutting edge and future
volume editors, making a total of 18 chap-
directions of semantic web, hence provid-
ters. Chapter 1, Introduction, by Sarika Jain
ing a synergy between healthcare processes
provides an overview of technological
and semantic web technologies. Many
trends and perspectives in Web Semantics,
books are available in this field with two
defines Semantic Intelligence, and discusses
major problems. Either they are very
the technologies encompassing the same in
advanced and lack providing a sufficiently
view of their application within enterprises
detailed explanation of the approaches, or
as well as in web. In all, 76 chapter propo-
they are based on a specific theme with
sals were submitted for this volume mak-
limited scope, hence not providing details
ing a 22% acceptance rate. The chapters
on crosscutting areas applied in the web
have been divided into three sections as
semantic. This book covers the research
Representation, Reasoning, and Security.
and practical issues and challenges, and
• Representation: The semantics have to be Semantic Web applications in specific con-
encoded with data by virtue of texts (in this case, healthcare). This book
technologies that formally represent has varied audience and spans industrial
metadata. When semantics are professionals, researchers, and academi-
embedded in data, it offers significant cians working in the field of Web
advantages for reasoning and Semantics. Researchers and academicians
interoperability. will find a comprehensive study of the state
xi
xii Preface
of the art and an outlook into research chal- the future of healthcare Burse et al. have
lenges and future perspectives. The industry beautifully elaborated the syntactic and
professionals and software developers will semantic interoperability issues in healthcare.
find available tools and technologies to use, They have reviewed the various healthcare
algorithms, pseudocodes, and implementa- standards in an attempt to solve the interop-
tion solutions. The administrators will find a erability problem at a syntactic level and then
comprehensive spectrum of the latest view- moves on to examine medical ontologies
point in different areas of Web Semantics. developed to solve the problem at a semantic
Finally, lecturers and students require all of level. The chapter explains the features of
the above, so they will gain an interesting semantic web technology that can be lever-
insight into the field. They can benefit in aged at each level. A literature survey is car-
preparing their problem statements and ried out to gage the current contribution of
finding ways to tackle them. semantic web technologies in this area along
The book is structured into three sections with an analysis of how semantic web tech-
that group chapters into three otherwise nologies can be improved to better suit the
related disections: health-informatics domain and solve the
healthcare interoperability challenge. Haklae
Kim in his Chapter 5, A knowledge graph of
Representation medical institutions in Korea, has proposed a
knowledge model for representing medical
The first section on Representation com- institutions and their characteristics based on
prises six chapters that specifically focus on related laws. The author also constructs a
the problem of choosing a data model for knowledge graph that includes all medical
representing and storage of data for the Web. institutions in Korea with an aim to enable
Chapter 2, Convology: an ontology for con- users to identify appropriate hospitals or
versational agents in digital health by other institutions according to their require-
Dragoni et al. propose an ontology, namely, ments. Chapter 6, Resource description
Convology, aiming to describe conversational framework based semantic knowledge graph
scenarios with the scope of providing a tool for clinical decision support systems, by
that, once deployed into a real-world applica- Lourdusamy and Mattam advocates the use
tion, allows to ease the management and of Semantic Knowledge Graphs as the repre-
understanding of the entire dialog workflow sentation structure for Clinical Decision
between users, physicians, and systems. The Support Systems. Patnaikuni and Gengaje in
authors have integrated Convology into a liv- Chapter 7, Probabilistic, syntactic, and seman-
ing lab concerning the adoption of conversa- tic reasoning using MEBN, OWL, and PCFG
tional agents for supporting the self- in healthcare, exploit the key concepts and
management of patients affected by asthma. terminologies used for representing and rea-
Dubey et al. in Chapter 3, Conversion soning uncertainties structurally and semanti-
between semantic data models: the story so cally with a case study of COVID-19 Corona
far, and the road ahead, provide the trends in Virus. The key technologies are Bayesian net-
converting between various semantic data works, Multi-Entity Bayesian Networks,
models and reviews the state of the art of the Probabilistic Ontology Web Language, and
same. In Chapter 4, Semantic interoperability: probabilistic context-free grammars.
Preface xiii
1
Semantic intelligence: An overview
Sarika Jain
Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra,
Haryana, India
1.1 Overview
Due to many technological trends like IoT, Cloud Computing, Smart Devices, huge data
is generated daily and at unprecedented rates. Traditional data techniques and platforms
do not prove to be efficient because of issues concerning responsiveness, flexibility, perfor-
mance, scalability, accuracy, and more. To manage these huge datasets and to store the
archives for longer periods, we need granular access to massively evolving datasets.
Addressing this gap has been an important and well-recognized interdisciplinary area of
Computer Science.
A machine will behave intelligently if the underlying representation scheme exhibits
knowledge that can be achieved by representing semantics. Web Semantics strengthen
the description of web resources for exploiting them better and making them more
meaningful for both human and machine. As semantic web is highly interdisciplinary,
it is emerging as a mature field of research that facilitates information integration from
variegated sources. Semantic web converts data to meaningful information and is
therefore a web of meaningful, linked, and integrated data by virtue of metadata.
Current web is composed primarily of unstructured data, such as HTML pages and
search in current web is based on keyword search. These searches are not able to make
out the type of information on the HTML page, that is, it is not possible to extract dif-
ferent pieces of data from different web pages about a concept and then give integrated
information about the concept. The semantic web provides such a facility with lesser
human involvement.
As the web connects documents, in the same manner, semantic web connects pieces of
information. In addition to publishing data on the World Wide Web, the semantic web is
being utilized in enterprises for myriad of use cases. The Artificial Intelligence technolo-
gies, the Machine Intelligence technologies, and the semantic web technologies together
make up the Semantic Intelligence technologies (SITs). SITs have been found as the most
Web Semantics
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822468-7.00011-0 1 © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. Semantic intelligence: An overview
Web Semantics
1.1 Overview 3
1.2.1 Publishing and consuming data on the web
Publishing data on the web involves deciding upon the format and the schema to use.
Best practices exist to publish, disseminate, use, and perform reasoning on high-quality
data over the web. RDF data can be published in different ways including the linked data
(DBPedia), SPARQL endpoint, metadata in HTML (SlideShare, LinkedIn, YouTube,
Facebook), feeds, GRDDL, and more. Semantic interlinked data is being published on the
web in all the domains including e-commerce, social data, and scientific data. People are
consuming this data through search engines and specific applications. Publishing semantic
web data about the web pages, an organization ensures that the search results now also
include related information like reviews, ratings, and pricing for the products. This added
information in search results does not increase ranking of a web page but significantly
increases the number of clicks this web page can get. Here are some popular domains
where data is published and consumed on the semantic web.
• E-commerce: The Schema.org and the GoodRelations vocabulary are global schema for
commerce data on the web. They are industry-neutral, syntax-neutral, and valid across
different stages of value chain.
• Health care and life sciences: HealthCare is a novel application domain of semantic web
that is of prime importance to human civilization as a whole. It has been predicted as
the next big thing in personal health monitoring by the government. Big pharma
companies and various scientific projects have published a significant amount of life
sciences and health care data on the web.
• Media and publishing: The BBC, The FT, SpringerNature, and many other media and
publishing sector companies are benefitting their customers by providing an ecosystem
of connected content to provide more meaningful navigation paths across the web.
• Social data: A social network is a two-way social structure made up of individuals
(persons, products, or anything) and their relationships. The Facebook’s “social graph”
represents connections between people. Social networking data using friend-of-a-friend
as vocabulary make up a significant portion of all data on the web.
• Linked Open Data: A powerful data integration technology is the practical side of
semantic web. DBPedia is a very large-linked dataset making the content of Wikipedia
available to the public as RDF. It incorporates links to various other datasets as
Geonames; thus allowing applications to exploit the extra and more precise knowledge
from other datasets. In this manner, applications can provide a high user experience by
integrating data from multiple linked datasets.
• Government data: For the overall development of the society, the governments around
the world have taken initiatives for publishing nonpersonal data on the web making the
government services transparent to the public.
Web Semantics
4 1. Semantic intelligence: An overview
• Information classification: The knowledge bases as are used by the giants Facebook,
Google, and Amazon today are said to shape up and classify data and information in
the same manner as the human brain does. Along with data, a knowledge base also
contains expert knowledge in the form of rules transforming this data and information
into knowledge. Various organizations represent their information by combining the
expressivity of ontologies with the inference support.
• Content management and situation awareness: The organizations reuse the available
taxonomic structures to leverage their expressiveness to enable more scalable
approaches to achieve interoperability of content.
• Efficient data integration and knowledge discovery: The data is scaling up in size
giving rise to heterogeneous datasets as data silos. The semantic data integration allows
the data silos to be represented, stored, and accessed using the same data model; hence
all speaking the same universal language, that is, SITs. The value of data explodes
when it is linked with other data providing more flexibility compared to the traditional
data integration approaches.
Web Semantics
C H A P T E R
2
Convology: an ontology for
conversational agents in digital
health
Mauro Dragoni1, Giuseppe Rizzo2 and Matteo A. Senese2
1
Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy 2LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy
2.1 Introduction
The conversation paradigm has been implemented for the realization of conversational
agents overwhelmingly in the last years. Natural and seamless interactions with auto-
mated systems introduce a shift from using well-designed and sometimes complicated
interfaces made of buttons and paged procedures to textual or vocal dialogs. Asking ques-
tions naturally has many advantages with respect to traditional app interactions. The main
one is that the user does not need to know how the specific application works, everyone
knows how to communicate, and in this case, the system is coming toward the user
to make the interaction more natural. This paradigm has been integrated into mobile
applications for supporting users from different perspectives and into more well-known
systems built by big tech players like Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa. These kinds of
systems dramatically reduce the users’ effort for asking and communicating information
to systems that, by applying natural language understanding (NLU) algorithms, are able
to decode which are the actual users’ intentions and to reply properly. However, by per-
forming a deeper analysis of these systems, we can observe a strong limitation of their
usage into complex scenarios. The interactions among users and bots are often limited to a
single-turn communication where one of the actor sends an information request (e.g., a
question like “How is the weather today in London?” or a command like “Play the We
Are The Champions song”) and the other actor provides an answer containing the
required information or performs the requested action (e.g., “Today the weather in
London is cloudy.” or the execution of the requested song).
Web Semantics
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822468-7.00004-3 7 © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2.7 Resource sustainability and maintenance 19
and physical activity). The second scenario relates to support users affected by diabetes
concerning its self-management of the disease. One of the most common issue in self-
managing chronic disease is given by psychological barriers avoiding users in performing
self-monitoring actions (e.g., measuring glycemia value). Convology will be deployed into
an application used for knowing which are the barriers affecting each user. With respect
to the first scenario and to the PuffBot application, the main challenge that will be
addressed by the domain experts is the definition of all relevant Intent associated with
each barrier that has to be detected. This modeling task will require a strong interaction
between psychologists and linguistics in order to identify all natural language expressions
that can be linked with each barrier.
As mentioned in the previous section, the presented ontology is the result of a collabo-
rative work between several experts. While, on the one hand, this collaboration led to the
I. Representation
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amendments in a subsequent, to preclude those in a prior part, or e
converso.]
When the committee is through the whole, a member moves that
the committee may rise, and the chairman report the paper to the
House, with or without amendments, as the case may be. 2 Hats.,
289, 292; Scob., 53; 2 Hats., 290; 8 Scob., 50.
When a vote is once passed in a committee, it cannot be altered
but by the House, their votes being binding on themselves. 1607,
June 4.
The committee may not erase, interline, or blot the bill itself; but
must, in a paper by itself, set down the amendments, stating the
words which are to be inserted or omitted, Scob., 50, and where, by
references to page, line, and word of the bill. Scob., 50.
SEC. XXX.—QUASI-COMMITTEE.
In Parliament, after the bill has been read a second time, if on the
motion and question it be not committed, or if no proposition for
commitment be made, the Speaker reads it by paragraphs, pausing
between each, but putting no question but on amendments
proposed; and when through the whole, he puts the question
whether it shall be read a third time? if it came from the other
House; or, if originating with themselves, whether it shall be
engrossed and read a third time? The Speaker reads sitting, but rises
to put questions. The Clerk stands while he reads.
[[99]But the Senate of the United States is so much in the habit of
making many and material amendments at the third reading, that it
has become the practice not to engross a bill till it has passed—an
irregular and dangerous practice; because in this way the paper
which passes the Senate is not that which goes to the other House,
and that which goes to the other House as the act of the Senate, has
never been seen in Senate. In reducing numerous, difficult, and
illegible amendments into the text, the Secretary may, with the most
innocent intentions, commit errors which can never again be
corrected.]
The bill being now as perfect as its friends can make it, this is the
proper stage for those fundamentally opposed to make their first
attack. All attempts at earlier periods are with disjointed efforts,
because many who do not expect to be in favor of the bill ultimately,
are willing to let it go on to its perfect state, to take time to examine it
themselves and to hear what can be said for it, knowing that after all
they will have sufficient opportunities of giving it their veto. Its two
last stages, therefore, are reserved for this—that is to say, on the
question whether it shall be engrossed and read a third time? and,
lastly, whether it shall pass? The first of these is usually the most
interesting contest; because then the whole subject is new and
engaging, and the minds of the members having not yet been
declared by any trying vote the issue is the more doubtful. In this
stage, therefore, is the main trial of strength between its friends and
opponents, and it behooves every one to make up his mind decisively
for this question, or he loses the main battle; and accident and
management may, and often do, prevent a successful rallying on the
next and last question, whether it shall pass?
When the bill is engrossed, the title is to be indorsed on the back,
and not within the bill.—Hakew., 250.
Postponement indefinite.
Lying on the table.
Lying on the table.
In their eighth rule, therefore, which declares that while a question
is before the Senate no motion shall be received, unless it be for the
previous question, or to postpone, commit, or amend the main
question, the term postponement must be understood according to
their broad use of it, and not in its parliamentary sense. Their rule,
then establishes as privileged questions, the previous question,
postponement, commitment, and amendment.
But it may be asked: Have these questions any privilege among
themselves? or are they so equal that the common principle of the
“first moved first put” takes place among them? This will need
explanation. Their competitions may be as follows:
1. Previous question
and postpone
commit amend
2. Postpone and
previous question
In the first, second, and the third classes, and the first
commit amend
member of the fourth class, the rule “first moved first
3. Commit and put” takes place.
previous question
postpone amend
4. Amend and
previous question
postpone commit
In the first class, where the previous question is first moved, the
effect is peculiar; for it not only prevents the after motion to
postpone or commit from being put to question before it, but also
from being put after it; for if the previous question be decided
affirmatively, to wit, that the main question shall now be put, it
would of course be against the decision to postpone, or commit; and
if it be decided negatively, to wit, that the main question shall not
now be put, this puts the House out of possession of the main
question, and consequently there is nothing before them to postpone
or commit. So that neither voting for nor against the previous
question will enable the advocates for postponing or committing to
get at their object. Whether it may be amended shall be examined
hereafter.
Second class. If postponement be decided affirmatively, the
proposition is removed from before the House, and consequently
there is no ground for the previous question, commitment, or
amendment; but if decided negatively, (that it shall not be
postponed,) the main question may then be suppressed by the
previous question, or may be committed, or amended.
The third class is subject to the same observations as the second.
The fourth class. Amendment of the main question first moved,
and afterwards the previous question, the question of amendment
shall be first put.
Amendment and postponement competing, postponement is first
put, as the equivalent proposition to adjourn the main question
would be in Parliament. The reason is that the question for
amendment is not suppressed by postponing or adjourning the main
question, but remains before the House whenever the main question
is resumed; and it might be that the occasion for other urgent
business might go by, and be lost by length of debate on the
amendment, if the House had it not in their power to postpone the
whole subject.
Amendment and commitment. The question for committing,
though last moved shall be first put; because, in truth, it facilitates
and befriends the motion to amend. Scobell is express: “On motion
to amend a bill, any one may notwithstanding move to commit it,
and the question for commitment shall be first put.” Scob., 46.
We have hitherto considered the case of two or more of the
privileged questions contending for privilege between themselves,
when both are moved on the original or main question; but now let
us suppose one of them to be moved, not on the original primary
question, but on the secondary one, e. g.:
Suppose a motion to postpone, commit, or amend the main
question, and that it be moved to suppress that motion by putting a
previous question on it. This is not allowed: because it would
embarrass questions too much to allow them to be piled on one
another several stories high; and the same result may be had in a
more simple way—by deciding against the postponement,
commitment, or amendment. 2 Hats., 81, 2, 3, 4.
Suppose a motion for the previous question, or commitment or
amendment of the main question, and that it be then moved to
postpone the motion for the previous question, or for commitment or
amendment of the main question. 1. It would be absurd to postpone
the previous question, commitment, or amendment, alone, and thus
separate the appendage from its principal; yet it must be postponed
separately from its original, if at all; because the eighth rule of Senate
says that when a main question is before the House no motion shall
be received but to commit, amend, or pre-question the original
question, which is the parliamentary doctrine also. Therefore the
motion to postpone the secondary motion for the previous question,
or for committing or amending, cannot be received. 2. This is a piling
of questions one on another; which, to avoid embarrassment, is not
allowed. 3. The same result may be had more simply by voting
against the previous question, commitment, or amendment.
Suppose a commitment moved of a motion for the previous
question, or to postpone or amend. The first, second, and third
reasons, before stated, all hold good against this.
Suppose an amendment moved to a motion for the previous
question. Answer: The previous question cannot be amended.
Parliamentary usage, as well as the ninth rule of the Senate, has fixed
its form to be, “Shall the main question be now put?”—i. e., at this
instant; and as the present instant is but one, it can admit of no
modification. To change it to to-morrow, or any other moment, is
without example and without utility. But suppose a motion to amend
a motion for postponement, as to one day instead of another, or to a
special instead of an indefinite time. The useful character of
amendment gives it a privilege of attaching itself to a secondary and
privileged motion: that is, we may amend a postponement of a main
question. So, we may amend a commitment of a main question, as by
adding, for example, “with instructions to inquire,” &c. In like
manner, if an amendment be moved to an amendment, it is
admitted; but it would not be admitted in another degree, to wit, to
amend an amendment to an amendment of a main question. This
would lead to too much embarrassment. The line must be drawn
somewhere, and usage has drawn it after the amendment to the
amendment. The same result must be sought by deciding against the
amendment to the amendment, and then moving it again as it was
wished to be amended. In this form it becomes only an amendment
to an amendment.
[When motions are made for reference of the same subject to a
select committee and to a standing committee, the question on
reference to the standing committee shall be first put. Rule 48.]
[In filling a blank with a sum, the largest sum shall be first put to
the question, by the thirteenth rule of the Senate,[101]] contrary to the
rule of Parliament, which privileges the smallest sum and longest
time. [5 Grey, 179; 2 Hats., 8, 83; 3 Hats., 132, 133.] And this is
considered to be not in the form of an amendment to the question,
but as alternative or successive originals. In all cases of time or
number, we must consider whether the larger comprehends the
lesser, as in a question to what day a postponement shall be, the
number of a committee, amount of a fine, term of an imprisonment,
term of irredeemability of a loan, or the terminus in quem in any
other case; then the question must begin a maximo. Or whether the
lesser includes the greater, as in questions on the limitation of the
rate of interest, on what day the session shall be closed by
adjournment, on what day the next shall commence, when an act
shall commence, or the terminus a quo in any other case where the
question must begin a minimo; the object being not to begin at that
extreme which, and more, being within every man’s wish, no one
could negative it, and yet, if he should vote in the affirmative, every
question for more would be precluded; but at that extreme which
would unite few, and then to advance or recede till you get to a
number which will unite a bare majority. 3 Grey, 376, 384, 385. “The
fair question in this case is not that to which, and more, all will agree,
but whether there shall be addition to the question.” 1 Grey, 365.
Another exception to the rule of priority is when a motion has been
made to strike out, or agree to, a paragraph. Motions to amend it are
to be put to the question before a vote is taken on striking out or
agreeing to the whole paragraph.
But there are several questions which, being incidental to every
one, will take place of every one, privileged or not; to wit, a question
of order arising out of any other question must be decided before
that question. 2 Hats., 88.
A matter of privilege arising out of any question, or from a quarrel
between two members, or any other cause, supersedes the
consideration of the original question, and must be first disposed of.
2 Hats., 88.
Reading papers relative to the question before the House. This
question must be put before the principal one. 2 Hats., 88.
Leave asked to withdraw a motion. The rule of Parliament being
that a motion made and seconded is in the possession of the House,
and cannot be withdrawn without leave, the very terms of the rule
imply that leave may be given, and, consequently, may be asked and
put to the question.
SEC. XXXV.—AMENDMENTS.