COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is represented by an expression 2 49 2

x= i
of the form a+ b i where a and b are real numbers 4
and i is a symbol with a property i 2=−1.

i=√ −1 was introduced by a Swiss mathematician

Euler. Traditionally the letters Z and W are used to
x=
4√
49 2

7
i

x=± i
stand for complex numbers. 2

Given a complex numbers z=a+b i. (b) x 2+ 2 x +6=0

The real part of a complex number z is ℜ ( z )=a

From,
and the imaginary part of z is ℑ ( z )=b.
(−2 ± √ (2 )2−4 (1 )( 6 ))
x=
Both ℜ(z) and ℑ ( z ) real numbers. 2× 1
−2 ± √−20
Thus the real part of Z ¿ 4−3 i is ℜ ( w )=4 and x=
2
imaginary part of Z is ℑ ( Z )=−3
−2 ± √ 4 i2 ×5
x=
By identifying the real number a with a complex 2
number a+ oi we consider ℝ (real numbers) to be −2 ±2 i √ 5
x=
subset of C (complex numbers). 2
x=−1+i √ 5
Consider the equation x 2+ 9=0 , this can be x=−1−i √ 5
written as x 2=−9 and we can see that the equation With this new concept we are in position to find
has no real roots since we cannot find the real root the roots of any quadratic equation.
of a negative number, But with i 2=−1 (Euler) we
When the imaginary part of a complex number is
are able to find the square root of complex
zero, the complex number becomes a real number.
numbers.
2 Thus, all real numbers are complex numbers.
x =−9
2 2
x =9 i Definition
√ x 2=√ 9 i2 Given a complex number z=x +i y , the complex
¿
x=± 3 i conjugate of Z denoted by z∨z is a complex
x=3 i x=−3i number given by z = x – iy. Therefore if z=4+3 i ,
w=−2+ 4 i
Example
Solve the following equations Then z = 4 – 3i, w -2 – 4i
(a) 4 x 2+ 49=0
Algebra of complex numbers
(b) x 2+ 2 x +6=0
1. Addition
Solution Given that two complex numbers
2
4 x + 49=0 z 1=x 1+ i y 1 , z 2=x 2 +i y 2 .Then
2
4 x =−49 z 1+ z2 =x1 +i y 1+ x 2 +i y 2¿ x 1+ x2 +i ( y 1+ y 2 )
2 −49
x= Therefore if z 1=3+5 i and z 2=2−7 i
4

1
 z 1+ z2 =3+5 i+2−7 i¿ ( 3+2 ) +5 i−7 i¿ 5−2i Example I
Example
2+6 i
Simplify z=
1. Subtraction: 3−i
2+6 i 2+6 i ( 3+i )
z= =
3−i (3−i) ( 3+i )
2 ( 3+i ) +6 i ( 3+i )
¿ 2 2
3 −i
2
6+2 i+18 i+6 i
¿
10
z 1=4−3 iz 2=6−14 i
6+20 i−6
¿
10
Find ( z 1−z 2 )( z 1−z 2 )=( 4−3 i )−( 6−14 i )
0+20 i
¿ 4−6−3 i+14 i¿−2+11i ¿
10
¿2i
2. Multiplication
Example II
z 1=x 1+ i y 1 , z 2=x 2+i y 2 z 1 z 2=( x 1 +i y 1 ) ( x 2 +i y 2 ) −1+ 2i
Express in the form a + bi
2
¿ x 1 x 2 + x 1 y 2 i+ y 1 x 2 i+i y 1 y 2 1+ 3i
¿ x 1 x 2− y 1 y 2+ ( y 1 x 2 + x 1 y 2 ) i Solution
−1+ 2i −1+2i(1−3 i)
=
Example 1+ 3i 1+ 3i(1−3 i)
z 1=3+5 i, z 2=2−7 i −1+ 3i+2 i−6 i
2
¿
Find z 1 z 2 ¿¿
5i+5
Solution ¿
10
Find z 1 z 2=( 3+5 i ) ( 2−7 i )¿ 3 ( 2−7 i ) +5 i ( 2−7 i )
5+5i
¿ 6−21i+10 i−35 i ¿ 6+35+ ( 10−21 ) i
2 ¿
10
¿ 41−11i 1 1
¿ + i
3. Division 2 2
z 1=x 1+ i y 1∧z 2=x 2 +i y 2
z1 x 1+i y 1
=
z2 x 2+i y 2 The Argand Diagram
z1 x 1+i y 1 (x 2−i y 2 ) Complex numbers can be represented graphically
=
z2 x 2+i y 2 (x 2−i y 2 ) on a graph of Real (Re) and Imaginary (Im) axes
called a complex plane. The complex plane is
z1 x 1 x 2−x 1 y 2 i+ x 2 y 1 i−i 2 y 1 y 2 similar to the Cartesian plane where the imaginary
= 2
z2 ( x 2 ) −i2 y 22 axis corresponds to the y-axis and the real axis
corresponds to the x-axis. The diagram
x1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 + ( x 2 y 1−x 1 y 2 ) i representing the complex number in complex plane
¿ 2 2
x2 + y2 is called an argand diagram named after JR
argand 1806.
x1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 ( x 2 y 1−x 1 y 2 ) i
¿ 2 2
+ 2 2 On the argand diagram a complex number is
x2 + y 2 x2 + y2
represented by a line with an arrow on the head to
show direction

2
If z=x +iy we can represent z on argand diagram Represent the following complex numbers on the
as shown below. argand diagram.
z 1=3+ 4 i, z 2=−2+i , z 3=−5−4 i ,
Im Axis
y z 4 =2−3 i, z 5=−4−2i ,
Solution
Im
axis
4

3
z1
If z 1=x 1+ i y 1 and z 2=x 2+ iy 2 then 2

z2
z 1+ z2 =x1 + x 2 +i( y ¿ ¿ 1+ y 2)¿ 1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 Real axis
Im z5 −1
axis z4
z3 −2
y2
−3

−4

Real axis Modulus of a complex number

Given a complex number z=x +iy , the
z 1 , z 2∧z 1+ z 2is represented by vectors ⃗
OP 1 ,
magnitude or length of z is denoted be |z| is
⃗
OP 2∧⃗ OQ respectively. The diagram shows that defined by
⃗
P1 Q is equal ⃗
OP 2 in magnitude and direction |z|=√ x 2 + y 2
⃗
OQ=⃗
OP1 +⃗
P1 Q=⃗
OP 1 + ⃗
OP 2 Example I
Given z=1+ √ 3 i find |z|
Thus the sum of two complex numbers z 1and z 2 is Solution
represented in the argand diagram by the sum of z=1+ ( √ 3 ) i
the corresponding vectors ⃗
OP 1∧⃗OP 2
|z|=√( 1 )2 + ( √3 )
2

Representing z 1−z 2 on the argand diagram. ¿√4

¿2

Example II
−1 √3
Find |z|if z= − i
2 2
Solution
−1 √ 3
(z1 – z2) = OP1 – OP2 z= − i
2 2
¿⃗
P1 P 2
Since ⃗
OP 1−⃗
OP 2=⃗ P1 P2
z 1−z 2can be represented by P1 P 2 ¿
√
1 3
+
4 4
¿√1
Example

3
 ||
z 1 |z 1| √ ( 5 )2+ (−12 )2
=1
= =
z 2 |z 2| √ ( 3 )2 + (−4 )2
⟹|z|=1
13
¿
Example III 5
z=−3+ 4 i find |z|
Solution
Alternatively,
z=−3+ 4 i
(5−12i)(3+4 i)
|z|=√(−3 ) + ( 4 )
2 2
(3−4 i)(3+ 4 i)
¿ √ 9+16 z1 15+20 i−36 i−48i 2
¿ √ 25 =
z2 ( 3 ) 2− ( 4 i ) 2
¿5
63−16 i
Properties of modulus ¿
9+16
If z 1∧z 2 are complex numbers then
( i )| z1 z 2|=|z 1||z 2| 63 16
¿ − i
25 25
( ii ) ||
z1
z1
| | √( ) ( )
z1
=
63 2 −16
+
2

z2 25 25
Example I
z 1=5−12i and z 2=3−4 i

||√
2
z1 (63)2 + ( 16 )
Find |z 1 z 2|∧
||
z1
z2
z2
=

65 13
25
2

Solution ¿ =
25 5
z 1=5−12i , z 2=3−4 i
Argument of a complex number Z (arg Z)
|z 1 z 2|=|z 1||z 2| The argument of a complex number z is defined to
|(5 – 12i)(3 – 4i)| be the angle (θ) which the complex number z
= |5 – 12i||3 – 4i| makes with the positive x-axis.
¿ √ ( 5 ) + (−12 ) √( 3 ) +(−4 )
2 2 2 2

¿ √ 169× √ 25
¿ 13 ×5
¿ 65
y
Alternatively
z 1 z 2=( 5−12i ) ( 3−4 i )
¿ 15−20i−36 i+ 48 i2 x
¿ 15−48−56 i
From the diagram above,
¿−33−56 i
|z 1 z 2|=√ (−33 )2+ (−56 )2
¿ 65 units
y
tanθ= ⟹ θ=tan−1
x
y
x ()
z 1=5−12i , z 2=3−4 i

4
Note: For a given complex number, there will be
π
infinitely many possible values of the ¿
4
argument, any two of which will differ by a
whole multiple of 360 ° .
( b ) Let z 2=−1−i √ 3
To avoid confusion we usually work with the value
of θ for which −π <θ< π or −180<θ< 180.
This is called the principle argument of z denoted
by arg z.
y -1
In practice the formula tanθ=
x
z2
θ=tan −1 ()
y
x

Which is often used to find the principal argument

of a complex number z, despite the fact that it
tends to two possible values for θ in the permitted
tanθ=
1 (1)
√3 θ=tan−1 √3 θ=60 °

range. The formula is necessary but not sufficient arg z 2=θ1

to help us obtain the arg z. The correct value of arg ⟹ arg z 2=−120 °
z is chosen with the aid of a sketch. −2
OR arg z 2= π
3
Example
Find the principal argument of the following
complex number
( a ) 1+i ( b )−1−i √ 3 ( c )−5
( d )− √3+i ( e ) √3−i −5

Solution
Consider z1 = 1 + i z 3=−5+ 0i
arg z 3=180 ° or arg z 3=π

(d) Let z 4 =−√ 3+ i

z1

θ=tan−1 ( 11 )=45 °
Since 180° ¿ π radians
45 π π
θ= =
180 4
⟹ arg z 1=45 °
θ=tan−1
( √13 )=30 °
z 4 =−√ 3+ i
arg z 4=150 ° , from the sketch above

5
(e) √ 3−i
z 5=√ 3−i 1

ℑ axis
𝜃
1
θ √3 ℜaxis
arg z 2=tan−1 ( 11 )=45°
−1 arg ( z 1 z 2 )=arg z 1 +arg z 2
1 ¿−120+45 °
tanθ= ¿−75 °
√3
θ=tan−1
1
√3( )
=30 ° arg
( )
z1
z2
=arg z 1−arg z 2

arg z 5=−30 ° ¿ theabove diagram ¿−120−45

¿−165
Properties of Arguments
Given the two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 then Modulus–argument form of a complex
arg(¿ z 1 z1 )=arg z 1 +arg z2 ¿ number
(Polar form of a complex number)
arg
( )
z1
z2
=arg z 1−arg z 2

Example I (x)

Given that z 1=−1−i √ 3and z 2=1+i. Find the

arg(z 1 z 2)∧arg
()
z1
z2
Solution
z 1=−1−i √ 3
Consider a complex number z=x +iy making an
angle θ with the positive x−axis
arg z=θ
x y
From the diagram above cos θ= sin θ=
r r
x=r cos θ r sin θ= y
z=x +iy
z=r cos θ+ ir sin θ
z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
= 60° (modulus argument form a complex number)
arg z 1=θ1=−120 ° Where r =|z|=√ x 2+ y 2

Z2 = 1 + i Example
Express the following complex numbers in
modulus –argument

6
 ()
a) 5+5 i √ 3 1
b) √ 2+i −1 2
θ=tan =30 °
−√ 3 1 √3
c) + i
2 2 2
d) −3 √ 2+ 3 √ 2 i
e) −5 i
f) −5−12i arg z 3=−150 °
Solutions
z 3=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
z 1=5+5 i √ 3 z 3=1 ( cos−150+i sin−150 )

√
r = ( 5 ) 2+ ( 5 √ 3 )
2
(d) z 4 =−3 √ 2+ ( 3 √ 2 ) i
¿ √ 25+75
|z 4|=√ (−3 √ 2 ) + ( 3 √2 )
2 2
¿ 10
¿ √ 36
arg z 1=tan−1 ( 55√3 )=60 ° ¿6
z 1=5+5 i √ 3=10 ( cos 60+i sin 60 )

(b) z 2=√ 2+i

|z 2|=r=√ ( √ 2 ) + ( 1 )2
2

¿√3
3 2
arg z 2=tan−1
( )1
√2
=35.3 °

( 33 √√ 22 )
z 2=r ¿
θ=tan−1
√ 3 [ cos 35.3+isin 35.3 ]
θ=45 °
−√ 3 1 arg ( z 4 ) =+135 °
(c) − i
2 2
z 4 =6 ( cos 135+i sin 135 )
z 3= √ − i
− 3 1
2 2 (e) z 5=−5 i=0+−5i

√(( ) ( )) |z 5|= √0 2+ (−5 )2

2
−√ 3 −1 2
|z 3|= 2
+
2
|z 5|=5
¿
√ 3 1 =1
+
4ℑ axis
4

−√ 3 θ
θ1 Real axis
2
-0.5
arg z 5=−90
z 5=5 ( cos−90+isin−90 )

7
z 6=3+ 4 i z 1 z 2=r 1 ( cos θ 1+i sin θ1 ) r 2 ( cos θ2 +i sinθ 2 )
r =|z 6|=√ ( 3 ) + ( 4 )
2 2
¿ r 1 r 2 [ ( cos θ 1 cos θ 2+ cos θ1 ( isin θ2 ) +i sin θ1 cos θ2 +i 2 sin θ1 sin θ2
¿ √ 25 ¿ r1 r2 ¿
¿5 ¿ r1 r2 ¿
θ=tan−1 ( 45 )=53.1
z6 = 5(cos 53.1° + i sin 53.1°)

(g) z 6=−5−12i
|z 6|=√ (−5 )2+ (−12 )2
¿ √ 169
¿ 13
θ=tan−1 ( 125 )
θ=67.4
z7 = -5 – 12i
(as required)
ℑ axis
Example III
Given that z 1=1+i
−5 θ Real axis
θ1 z 2=√ 3−i
z 2∧z 1
Find in polar form z 1
−12 z2
Solution
arg z 7=−112.6 ° z 1=1+i
|z 7|=√(−5 )2+ (−12 )2 |z 1|= √12 +12=√ 2
¿ √ 25+144
¿ √ 169
arg z 1=tan−1 ( 11 )= π4
¿ 13 z 1=r 1 ( cos θ1 +i sin θ1 )

( )
13(cos−112 .6+i sin−122.6) π π
z 1=√ 2 cos +i sin
4 4
Example II
z 1=r 1 ( cos θ1 +i sin θ1 ) z 2=√ 3−i
|z 1|=r 2=√ ( √3 ) + (−1 )2
2
z 2=r 2 ( cos θ 2+i sin θ2 )
¿√4
Show that
¿2
z 1 z 2=r 1 r 2 ( cos ( θ 1+ θ2 ) +isin ( θ 1+θ 2 ) )
arg z 2=−30 °
z1 r 1 π
¿− radians
And = ( cos ( θ1−θ 2 ) +isin ( θ 1−θ2 ) ) 6
z2 r 2
−π
arg z 2=
Solution 6

8
 ( )
k +1
−π −π ⟹ ( cos θ+i sin θ ) =cos ( k+ 1 ) θ+ i sin ( k +1 ) θ
z 2=2 cos +isin
6 6
For the next integer , n=k +1=2
z 1 z 2=r 1 r 2 ¿
⟹ k =1
¿ 2 √2 ¿
( cos θ+ isin θ )2= ( cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ )
¿ 2 √ 2 cos ( π
12
+i sin
π
12 ) Since it’s true for n=1, n = 2 and so on it’s true for
all positive integral values of n.
z1 r 1
= ( cos ( θ1−θ 2 ) +isin ( θ 1−θ2 ) ) Example I
z2 r 2
( )
12
1 1
Find the value of cos π +i sin π

2 [ ( ) ( )]
¿ √ cos −
2 π −π
4 6
π −π
+i sin −
4 6 Solution
4 4

√2
2[ ( ) ( )]
cos
5π
12
+i sin
5π
12 ( 1
cos
4
1
π +i sin π =¿
4 )
12

Demoivre’s Theorem ( 1 1
cos π ×12+i sin π ×12
4 4 )
Demoivres theorem states that for real values of n
¿ cos 3 π +i sin3 π
( cos θ+ isin θ )n =( cos nθ+ isin nθ ) ¿−1
Proving Demoivre’s theorem by mathematical Example II
induction 4
Express ( 1−i √ 3 ) in the form a+ bi
( cos θ+ isin θ )n =( cos nθ+ i sin nθ ) Solution
4
1
For n =1, ( cos θ+ isin θ ) = ( cos θ+i sinθ )
( 1−i √ 3 )
Let z=1−i √ 3
It’s true for n =1
|z|=√( 1 )2 + (− √3 ) =2
2

Assume the results holds for the general value of

n=k arg z=−60
k
( cos θ+ isin θ ) =( cos kθ +isin kθ ) π
¿−
It must be true for the next integer n=k +1 3
−π
arg z=
3
z = r(cos θ + isinθ)
¿ ( cos kθ+i sin kθ ) ( cos θ+i sin θ )
(
−π −π
¿ cos kθ cos θ+i cos kθ sinθ+ isin kθ cos θ+i sin θ sin kθ z=2 cos 3 +i sin 3 ¿ ¿
2
)
( )
4
¿¿ 4 4 −π −π
z =2 cos +isin
3 3

¿ cos ( kθ+θ ) +i sin ( kθ+θ )

¿ cos ( k +1 ) θ +isin ( k + 1 ) θ
¿ 16 ( −12 + √23 i)
¿−8+8 √ 3 i

9
Example III ¿ 512−512 √ 3i
1
Evaluate 1 −7
( 1−i √3 )
3
7
= ( √3+ i )
( √3+ i )
Solution:

(( ))
−7
1 π π
=( 1−i √ 3 )
−3
¿ 2 cos +i sin
1−i √3 6 6
Let z=( 1−i √ 3 )
|z|=√12 + (− √3 )
2 ( π
¿ 2−7 cos−7 × +i sin−7 ×
6
π
6 )
¿2
−π
arg z=
3 ¿
128 2(
1 − √3 1
+ i
2 )
( 1−i √ 3 )=2 cos(−π
3
+i sin
−π
3 ) ¿− √ +
3 1
i
256 256
( 3 3 )
−3
( 1−i √ 3 ) =2−3 cos −π +i sin −π
−3

¿−
√3 + 1 i
256 256
¿ (cos ×−3)
1 −π −π
×−3+i sin
8 3 3 Example V
1 Express (-1+i) in modulus – argument form. Hence
¿ ( cos + π +i sin + π )
8 show that (−1+i )16 is real and that
1
¿− 1
8 is pure imaginary .
(−1+ i )6
Example IV Solution
Express √ 3+i in modulus –argument form. Hence z=−1+i
|z|=√(−1 ) +12
2
find
10
( √ 3+i) ∧1 ¿√2
∈the form of a+ bi
( √ 3+i )
7 arg z=135 °
Solution z=√ 2 ( cos 135+i sin 135 )
16
Let z=√ 3+i z 16=( √ 2 ) ( cos 135 ×16+i sin 135× 16 )
|z|=√( √3 ) +1=2
2
¿ 256 ( cos 2160+ isin 2160 )
π
arg z= ¿ 256 ( 1 )
6
¿ 256
π
6 (
z=2 cos +isin
π
6 ) As required
16
⟹ (−1+i ) =256 So it is purely real

10
( √ 3+i ) =2 10
( ( ) ( ))
cos
10 π
6
+ isin
10 π
6

¿ 210 ( 12 − √23 i ) −6
z−6= ( √ 2 ) ( cos 135 ×−6+i sin135 ×−6 )
1024 i ( 1024 ) √ 3 1 1
¿ − ¿ (0+i)= i⟹ z−6is purely imaginary.
2 2 8 8

10
Example VI

a) ( cos θ+ isin θ )2 ( cos θ+i sin θ )3

1
b)
( cos θ+i sin θ )2
cos θ+isin θ
c)
( cos θ+i sin θ )4

( )
8
π π (e)
cos +i sin
17 17
d)
(cos 17π −i sin 17π )
9

( cos θ+i sin θ ) ( cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ )

e) θ θ
(cos +isin )
2 2

( )
8
2π 2π
cos + isin
5 5
( )
8
f) 2π 2π
cos + isin
( )
3
3π 3π 5 5
cos −isin (f)
5 5
(cos 35π −isin 35π )
3

Solutions

(( cos π5 +isin π5 ) )
2 8
(a) ( cos θ+ isin θ )2 ( cos θ+i sin θ )3

(( cos π5 +i sin π5 ) )
5 −3 3
¿ ( cos θ+ isin θ )
¿ ( cos 5 θ+i sin 5 θ )

( )
16
1 π π
cos +isin
(b) 5 5
( cos θ+i sin θ )2
(cos π5 + isin π5 )
−9
−2
¿ ( cos θ+ isin θ )
¿ cos−2 θ+i sin−2θ
(cos π5 + isin π5 )
16−−9
¿ cos 2 θ−isin 2 θ

cos (25 × )+isin (25 × )

cos θ+isin θ π π
(c)
( cos θ+i sin θ )4 5 5
1
¿ ( cos θ+ isin θ ) ( cos θ+i sin θ )
−4
¿ ( cos 5 π +i sin5 π )
1±4
¿ ( cos θ+ isin θ )
−3 Example VII
¿ ( cos θ+ isin θ )
Use De-moivre’s theorem to show that
¿ cos−3 θ+ isin−3 θ 3
3 tan θ−3 tan θ
¿ ( cos 3 θ−isin 3 θ ) tan3 θ= 2
1−3 tan θ
Solution
( cos 3 θ+i sin 3 θ )=( cos θ+i sin θ )3
(d) 3
but ( cos θ+i sinθ ) =¿

11
 3 2 2 3 3 3
¿ cos θ+ 3 ( i sin θ ) cos θ+3 ( i sin θ ) cos θ+ ( i sin θ ) 4 cos θ sin θ 4 cos θ sin θ
−
¿ ( cos 3 θ−3 sin2 θ cos θ ) + ¿ cos 4 θ cos 4 θ
tan 4 θ=
i ( 3 sinθ cos 2 θ−sin3 θ ) cos 4 θ 6 co s 2 θ si n2 θ sin 4 θ
− +
¿ cos 3 θ+i sin 3 θ cos 4 θ cos 4 θ cos 4 θ
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; 3
2 3 4 tan θ−4 tan θ
⇒ sin 3 θ=3 sinθ cos θ−sin θ … ..(1) tan 4 θ= 2 4
3 2 1−6 ta n θ+ tan θ
cos 3 θ=cos θ−3 sin θ cos θ … … … … .. …(2)
Example IX
Eqn (1) ÷ Eqn (2) Show that
2 3
3 sin θ cos θ−sin θ 1 1
⇒ tan 3θ= 3 2
n
z +
n
=2 cos nθ z − n =2i sin nθ
cos θ−3 sin θ cos θ z
n
z
2 3
3 sin θ co s θ sin θ
3
− 3
cos θ co s θ Hence show that
tan3 θ= 3 2
cos θ 3 sin θ cos θ Solution
3
− 3 z=cos θ+isin θ
cos θ cos θ n n
2
z =( cos θ+isin θ )
3 tan θ−tan θ ¿ ( cos nθ+isin nθ )
tan3 θ= 2
1−3 tan θ −n −n
z = ( cos θ+i sinθ )
Example VIII ¿ cos−nθ+isin−nθ
Use Demovre’s theorem to show that ¿ cos nθ−i sin nθ
3
4 tan θ−4 tan θ 1 n
tan 4 θ= 2 4 z +
=cos nθ+i sin nθ+cos nθ−i sin nθ
1−6 tan θ+ tan θ z
n

¿ 2 cos nθ
Solution
n 1
( cos θ+ isin θ ) 4=( cos θ +isin θ )4 z− n
4 3 2 2 3 4
z
¿ cos θ+4 cos θ ( isin θ )+ 6 cos θ(i sin θ) + 4 cos θ (isin θ)¿ (+(i sin θ)
cos nθ+isin nθ )−( cos nθ−i sin nθ )
¿ 2 isin nθ
¿ cos 4 θ+ ( 4 cos 3 θ sin θ ) i−6 co s 2 θ si n2 θ−¿
n 1
¿ z + n =2 cos nθ
¿ ( cos 4 θ+i sin 4 θ ) z
1
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary z + =2 cos θ
z
n 1
4 2 2
cos 4 θ=cos θ−6 co s θ sin θ+sin θ … .(i)
4
z − n =2i sin nθ
z
3 3
sin 4 θ=4 cos θ sin θ−4 cos θ sin θ … ..… (ii) 1
z− =2i sin θ
z
Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (i) 1
z + =2 cos θ
3 3
z
4 cos θ sin θ−4 cos θ sin θ
( )
4
tan 4 θ= 4 1 4
2 2
cos θ−6 co s θ sin θ +sin θ
4 z + =( 2cos θ )
z

But

12
 () () ()() ( )
2 3 4 5
4 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 5
z +4 z +6 z +4 z + =(2 isin θ)z−
z z z z z

( z) ( z)
z + + 4 z + +6=( z + )
4 5
4 1 1 1 2 2 isin 5 θ−5 ( 2 isin 3 θ )+10 ( 2 isin θ )=32 isin θ
4 2
z 5 1
sin θ= ( 2 sin 5 θ−10 sin 3 θ+20 sin θ )
2 cos 4 θ+4 ( 2cos 2θ )+ 6=¿ 32
16cos4θ = 2cos4θ + 4(2cos2θ) + 6 5 1
sin θ= ( sin 5θ−5 sin 3 θ+10 sin θ )
4 1 16
cos θ= ( 2cos 4 θ+ 8 cos 2 θ+6 )
16
Example XII
4 1
cos θ= ( cos 4 θ+4 cos 2 θ+3 ) 6 6 1
8 Prove that cos θ+ sin θ= ( 3cos 4 θ+ 5 )
8
Example XI Solution
Given that z=cos θ+isin θ show that n 1
z + n
=2 cos nθ
n 1 z
z− n
=2i sin nθHence or otherwise show that 1
z z + =2 cos θ
5 1 z
sin θ= ( sin 5θ−5 sin 3 θ+10 sin θ )
( )
6
16 1 6
z + =( 2 cos θ )
Solution z

( z + 1z ) =64 cos θ
6
n1
z− n
=2i sin θ 6

z
1 But
z− =2i sin θ
z
( ) () () () ()
6 2 3 4
1 6 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1
z+ =z +6 z +15 z + 20 z +15 z +6
( )
5
1 5 z z z z z
z− = ( 2i sinθ )
z

( z− 1z ) =i ( 32) sin θ
5
5 5 ( 6 1
z
4 6
)( 2 15
¿ z + 6 + 6 z + 4 + 15 z + 2 +20
z z )( )
¿ 2 cos 6 θ+6 (2 cos 4 θ )+15 ( 2 cos 2 θ ) +20
( z− 1z ) =( 32i ×i sin θ )
5
4 5
6
⇒ 64 cos θ=2cos 6 θ+12 cos 4 θ+30 cos 2 θ+20

( z− 1z ) =32 i sin θ
5 6
5 64 cos θ=2 cos 6 θ +12cos 4 θ+ 30 cos 2θ +20 … … … … … … …

but ( z− ) =z +5 z (
( ) 1
z− =2i sin θ
) +10 z (
z )
1
5
−1 5 −1 4 3
2
z

( z− 1z ) =64 i sin θ
z z 6
6 6

+10 z (
z )
+5z(
z ) ( z )
3 4 5
−1 2 −1 −1
+
( z− 1z ) =−64 sin θ
6
6

1
z
5
(
¿ z − −5 z − +10 ( z− )
1
5
z ) 1
z
3
3
But

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 2 3 4
1 6 5 −1 4 −1 3 −1 2 −1
z− =z +6 z +15 z +20 z +15 z +
z z z z z

(
¿ z+
6 1
z
6 ) ( 4 1 2 1
−6 z + 4 +15 z + 2 −20
z z ) ( )

13
 ¿ 2 cos 6 θ−6 ( 2 cos 4 θ ) +15 ( 2cos 2θ )−20 4x2 + 4 = 2xy + y2
For y = 0, 4x2 + 4 = 0
6
⇒ 2 cos 6 θ−12 cos 4 θ+30 cos 2 θ−20=−64 sin θ x2 + 1 = 0
x2 = -1
6 2 .(2 )
−64 sin θ=2 cos 6 θ−12cos 4 θ+ 30 cos 2θ−20 … … … … … … … x2 …
= i…
Eqn (2) – Eqn (1) x = ±i
6 6
⇒ 64 cos θ−−64 sin θ=24 cos 4 θ+ 40
6 6 8 For xy = 2,
cos θ+ sin θ= ( 3 cos 4 θ+5 )
64
6 6 1
cos θ+ sin θ= ( 3cos 4 θ+ 5 )
8

Solving Complex Equations Let x2 = m

Given that x and yare real numbers. Find the values
of x and y which satisfy the equation.
2 y+4i y 4m2 – 4 = 0
− =0
2 x+ y x−i m2 – 1 = 0
Solution (m + 1)(m – 1) = 0
2 y+4i y m = 1, m = -1
− =0
2 x+ y x−i When m = 1, x2 = 1 x = ±1
2 y+4i y 2
When m = -1, x = i 2
x = ±i
=
2 x+ y x−i xy = 2
2 y+4i y If x = 1, y = 2
= If x = -1, y = -2
2 x+ y x−i ×
If x = i, y = -2i
2 y + 4 i xy +iy
= 2 If x = -i , y = 2i
2 x+ y x +1
2y 4i xy yi Example II
+ = 2 + 2
2 x + y 2 x + y x +1 x + 1 Find the values of x and y in
x y 6 +2i
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary
− =
2+ 3i 3−2 i 1+ 8i
Solution
2y xy
⇒ = 2 … … … … … … ( 1) x y 6 +2i
2 x + y x +1 − =
2+ 3i 3−2 i 1+ 8i
4 y
= 2 … … … … … … .. (2 ) x (2−3 i ) y ( 3+2 i ) ( 6 +2i ) ( 1−8 i )
2 x + y x +1 − =
2+ 3i ( 2−3 i ) (3−2 i )( 3+2 i ) (1+ 8i ) ( 1−8 i )
From equation (1)
(2 x−3 xi) (3 y +2 yi) (6−48 i+2 i+16)
2 y ( x 2 +1 ) =xy ( 2 x + y ) − =
2 2 2
13 13 65
2 x y +2 y=2 x y + x y 2 x−3 y 3 x+ 2 y 22 46
2 − i= − i
2 y−x y =0 13 13 65 65
y (2−xy)=0 2 x −3 y 22
⇒ =
y=0∨xy=2 13 65
5 ( 2 x −3 y )=22
From Eqn (2), 10 x−15 y=22 … … … … … … … … … … (1 )

14
 3 x +2 y 46 ⇒ x y=3 x
2
Similarly, =
13 65 2
⇒ x y−3 x=0
5 ( 3 x+2 y )=46 x ( xy −3 )=0
15 x+ 10 y=46 … … … … … … … … … .. (2 ) x=0∨xy=3
Solving eqn (1) and eqn (2) simultaneously From eqn (2)
⟹ x=2.8 y=0.4 2 2
x + 3 xy =4 +4 y ………(3)
Example III
x y When x = 0, 0=4 +4 y 2
Find the values of x and y if + =2+4 i
1+ i 2−i −1= y
2

Solution y=±i
When xy = 3
x y
+ =2+4 i 3
1+ i 2−i y=
x
x (1−i ) y ( 2+i )
+ =2+4 i
( 1+ i )( 1−i ) ( 2−i )( 2+i ) Substituting y = and xy = 3 in Eqn (3);
x−xi 2 y+ yi
+ =2+ 4 i
2 5
5 ( x−xi ) +2 ( 2 y + yi ) =2+ 4 i
5 x−5 xi+ 4 y +2 yi=20+ 40 i
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; 2 36
5 x+ 4 y =20 …………… (1) x + 9=4+ 2
x
2 y−5 x=40 …………… (2) 2 36
Solving Eqn (1) and Eqn (2) simultaneously; x− 2
+ 5=0
x
y=10 2
let x =P
x=−4
36
Example IV P− +5=0
P
Find the values of x and y. given that 2
xi 3x+4i P −36+ 5 P=0
= 2
1+ iy x +3 y P +5 P−36=0
Solution ( P+9 )( P−4 )=0
xi ( 1−iy ) ( 3 x+ 4 i ) ( x 2 +9 ) ( x 2−4 ) =0
=
( 1+ iy ) ( 1−iy ) x+3 y 2
x −4=0⇒ x=± 2
xi+ xy 3 x+ 4 i x=2 , x=−2
=
1+ y
2
x+3 y 3
When x=2 , y=
xy xi 3x 4i 2
+ = +
1+ y 1+ y x +3 y x+ 3 y
2 2
−3
When x=−2 , y=
xy 3x 2
⇒ = … … … … … … … … … … .(1)
1+ y x +3 y
2 2
x + 9=0
2
x 4 x =−9
= … … … … … … … … … … … … ( 2)
1+ y x +3 y
2
x=± 3 i
From equation (1) when x=3 i
2 2 2
x y +3 x y =3 x+3 xy 3 1
y= =
3i i

15
 y=−i q=−4 ×5
when x=−3 i q=−20
y=+i Example VI
Example V Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 3 + 7i, find p∧q(a)
If z is a complex number such that When p and q are real
P q (b) When p and q are conjugate complex numbers
z= + . Where p and q are real. If |z| = 7,
2−i 1+3 i Solution
π (a) ( 1+5 i ) P−2 q=3+ 7 i
arg P = . Find the value of p and q.
2 P+5 Pi−2 q=3+ 7 i
Solution P−2 q +5 Pi=3+ 7 i
P q P−2 q=3 ……………………. (1)
z= +
2−i 1+3 i 5 P=7 ………………………… (2)
P ( 2+i ) q ( 1−3 i ) From Eqn (2),
z= +
( 2−i ) ( 2+ i ) ( 1+ 3i ) ( 1−3 i ) 7
P=
2 p+ Pi q−3 qi 5
z= + 7
5 10 −2 q=3
5
7
−3=2q
5
−8
=2 q
5
−8
=q

( )
2 P−3 q 10
10 −4
q=
4 P+ q π 5
arg z=tan−1 = 7 −4
10 2 ⇒ p= , q=
5 5
−1 2 p−3 q π
ta n ( )=
4 P+ q 2 (b) Let p=x +iy
q=x−iy
2 p−3 q ( 1+5 i )( x +iy ) −2 ( x−iy )=3+7 i
=∞
4 P+ q x +iy+5 xi−5 y−2 x +2 yi=3+7 i
4 P+q=0 ( x−5 y−2 x ) + ( y +5 x+ 2 y ) i=3+7 i
q=−4 P (−x−5 y ) + ( 3 y +5 x ) i=3+ 7i
|z|=7 −x−5 y=3

√(
x=−3−5 y ........................ (1)
10 )(
4 P+ q 2 2 P−3 q 2
+
10 )
=7 …………… (1) 3 y +5 x=7 .......................... (2)
Substituting Eqn (1) in Eqn (2)
Substituting q = -4p in Eqn (1)
3 y +5 (−3−5 y ) =7
3 y−15−25 y=7
−22 y=22
14 p y=−1
=7
10 x=−3−5 (−1 )
p=5 x=−3+5

16
 x=2 2
5−12i=x +2 xyi+ y i
2

p=x +iy 2 2
5−12i=x − y +2 xyi
p=2−i Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary;
q=2+i 2 2
⇒ x − y =5 …………………….(1)
2 xy=−12
xy=−6
Square root of Complex Numbers
Example I
−6
y= …………………….(2)
Find the square root of 35−12i x
Solution Substituting Eqn (2) in Eqn (1)
Let √ 35−12 i=x +iy 2 36
x− 2
=5
2 x
( √ 35−12 i ) =( x +iy )2 2
2 2 2 ( x 2 ) −36=5 x 2
35−12i=x +2 xyi+ i y 2
2 2
35−12i=x − y +2 xyi let m=x
2
2 2
⇒ x − y =35 m −36=5 m
2
2 xy=−12 m −5 m−36=0
xy=−6 ( m−9 )( m+ 4 ) =0
−6 ( x 2−9 )( x 2 + 4 ) =0
y=
x x =9
2

2 36 x=± 3
x − 2 =35
x when x=3 , y=−2
4 2
x −36=35 x when x=−3 , y=2
4 2
x −35 x −36=0 √ 5−12 i=3−2i
Let x 2=m ¿ √ 5−12 i=3+2 i
2
m −35 m−36=0
Example IX
( m−36 )( m+1 ) =0
Find the roots of z 2−( 1−i ) z+ 7 i−4=0
( x 2−36 )( x 2 +1 ) =0 Solution

But x is real
2
⇒ x −36=0
( 1−i ) ± √ ( 1−i ) −4 ( 1 ) ( 7 i−4 )
2
x=± 6 z=
−6 2× 1
When x=6 y=
6 1−i ± √ 1−2 i−1−28i+16
z=
y=−1 2
when x=−6 , y=1
⇒ √ 35−12i=6−i
¿ √ 35−12 i=−6+ i
But
16 – 30i = a2 + 2abi – b2
Example VIII
a2 – b2 = 16
Find the square root of 5−12i solution
2ab = -30
Let √ 5−12 i=x +iy ab = -15
2
5−12i=( x +iy )

17
 Since z=1+2 iis a root of the equation
3 2
2 z −z + 4 z +15=0
The complex conjugate z=1−2i must also be a
root of the above equation
⇒ 1−2i=z is also a root of the equation
3 2
2 z −z + 4 z +15=0
3 2
Let m = b2 2 z −z + 4 z +15=0
z=1+2 i
z=1−2i
m2 + 16m – 225 = 0 Sum of roots ¿ 1+2 i+1−2i
m = 9, m = -25 ¿2
b2 = 9 Product of roots = ( 1 ) −( 2 i )2
2

b = ±3 ¿ 1+4
ab = -15 ¿5
a=5
When b = -3, a = 5
When b = 3, a = -5
z 2−
(∑rootsof ) z + product =0
2
a + bi = 5 – 3i, -5 + 3i z −2 z+5=0
z −2 z+5 is a factor of 2 z −z + 4 z +15
2 3 2

1−i ± ( 5−3 i )
z=
2
z=3−2i
z=−2+i
Example X
Show that 1+2 i is a root of the equation
( 2 z+ 3 ) ( z 2−2 z +15 ) =0
3 2
2 z −z + 4 z +15=0
Solution −3
z=1+2 i z= z=1+2 i∧z=1−2i
2
2
z =( 1+2 i )2
2 Example XI
¿ 1+4 i+ 4 i
Given that 2+3 i is a root of the equation
¿−3+4 i 3 2
3 2 z −6 z +21 z −26=0. Find the other roots
z =z × z =( 1+2 i ) (−3+ 4 i )
Solution
¿−3+4 i−6 i−8
z=2+3 i is a root ⇒ z=2−3 i is also a root of
¿−11−2i
the equation z 3−6 z 2 +21 z −26=0
2z3 – z2 + 4z + 15
Sum of roots ¿ 2+3 i+ 2−3 i
2 (−11−2i )−(−3+ 4 i ) +¿
¿4
¿−22−4 i+ 3−4 i+ 4+ 8 i+15 Product of roots = (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i)
¿−22+22−8 i+8 i = 22 − ( 3 i ) 2
¿ 0+0 i =4+9
¿0 = 13
⇒ 1+2 iis a root of the equation. 2
⇒ z −4 z +13 is a factor of
3 2
z −6 z +21 z −26=0

18
 10

⇒ ( z−2 ) ( z 2−4 z +13 )=0

⇒ z=2 , z=2+3 i∧z=2−3 iare roots of equation
of z 3−6 z 2 +21 z −26=0 ( z 2−2 z+ 2 ) ( z 2+2 z +5 )=0
2
⇒ z +2 z+5=0
Example XII
z2 – 2z + 2 = 0
Show that 1+i is a root of the equation
4 2
z +3 z −6 z +10=0. Hence find other roots
Solution For z2 + 2z + 5 = 0,
z=1+i −2 ± √ 16 i 2
2 2 z=
z = 1 + 2i + i 2
2
z =1+2 i−1 −1 ± 4 i
z=
2
z =2 i 2
3
z =z . z
2 z=−1+2 i
¿ 2 i ( 1+i ) z=−1−2i
¿ 2 i−2 -1 + 2i, -1 – 2i, 1 + i, 1−i are roots of the
4 2 2 2 2
z =(z ) = ( 2i ) =4 i equation z 4 +3 z 2−6 z +10 = 0
¿−4
4 2
⇒ z +3 z −6 z +10 Example XIII
¿ (−4 ) +3 ( 2 i )−6 ( 1+i )+ 10 Show that 1−i is a root of the equation
4 3 2
¿−4 +6 i−6−6 i+ 10 4 z −8 z +9 z −2 z+2=0. Find the other roots.
¿−10+10+6 i−6 i Solution
¿ 0+0 i z=1−i
2 2
¿0 z =( 1−i )
z=1+i is a root of the equation ¿ 1−2 i+i
2

⇒ 1−i is also a root of the equation ¿−2i

Sum of the roots¿ 1+i+1−i 3 2
z =z . z
¿2 ¿−2i ( 1−i )
Product of roots = ( 1 ) −i 2 = 2
2
2
¿−2i+2 i
z −( ∑ of roots ) z + product=0
2
¿−2−2 i
2 2 2
z =( z ) =(−2 i )
4 2
z −2 z+ 2=0
2 4 2
¿−4
⇒ z −2 z +2is a factor of z +3 z −6 z +10 4 3 2
4 z −8 z +9 z −2 z+2=¿
4 (−4 )−8 (−2−2i ) +9 (−2 i )−2 ( 1−i ) +2
¿−16+16+16 i−18 i−2+ 2i+2
¿ 0+0 i=0

19
Since z=1−i is a of the equation and it implies 2 3 2
z −4 z+5=0 is a factor of z −3 z + z+5=0
that 1 + i is also a root.
Sum of roots¿ 1−i+1+i
¿2
Product of the roots = (1 + i)(1 – i)
2 2
1 −i = 2
2
⇒ z −( 2 z ) +2=0
2 ( z +1 ) ( z2 −4 z +5 ) =0
⇒ z −2 z +2is a factor of
4 3 2 ( z +1 )=0 z=−1
z −8 z + 9 z −2 z +2=0.
⇒ z=−1 , z=2+i , z =2−i are roots of the
equation z3 – 3z2 + z + k = 0 where k = 5

z2 – 2z + 2 Example XIV
z2 – 2z + 2 Solve for z 1∧z 2in the simultaneous equations
( z 2−2 z+ 1 )( 4 z 2 +1 )=0 below
2 −1 2 z 1+ ( 1−i ) z 2=0
4 z =−1 z =
4 3 z 2−3 z1 =2−5 i
2 1 2 1 Solution
⇒ z = i ,2=± i
4 2 z 1+ ( 1−i ) z 2=0 … … … … … … … … ( 1 )
Example XIV
3 z 2−3 z1 =2−5 i… … … … … … … … … . ( 2 )
Given that z = 2 – i is a root of the equation From eqn (1)
3 2
z −3 z + z+ k=0 , k is real. Find other roots. z 1=−( 1−i ) z 2
Solution substitute∈eqn ( 2 )
z=2−i 3 z 2−3[ (−1 ( 1−i ) z2 ) ]=2−5 i
2 2
z =( 2−i ) 3 z 2+3 ( 1−i ) z 2=2−5 i
2
¿ 4−4 i+i 3 z 2−3 i z 2+ 3 z 2=2−5 i
¿ 3−4 i
3 6 z 2−3 i z 2=2−5i
z =( 2−i ) ( 3−4 i )
¿ 6−8 i−3 i+ 4 i
2 z 2 ( 6−3 i )=2−5 i
¿ 2−11i 2−5 i
z 2=
⇒ ( 2−11i )−3 ( 3−4 i )+ 2−i+k =0 6−3 i
2−11i−9+12 i+2−i+ k=0 ( 2−5 i ) ( 6+3 i )
−11i+11i+ 4−9+ k=0 z 2=
( 6−3 i ) ( 6+3 i )
0−5+k =0
12+ 6 i−30 i+15
k =5 z 2=
3 2
36+ 9
⇒ z −3 z + z+ 5=0
27−24 i
z=2−i z 2=
45
z=2+i
z=2−i 9−8i
z 2=
z=2+i 15
Sum of roots = 4 9 8i
z 2= −
Product of roots = 5 15 15

20
z 1=−( 1−i ) z 2
arg P=ta n−1 ( 01 )=0
( (
z 1=− ( 1−i ) )) 9−8i
15 P=r ¿
P=1 ( cos 0+isin 0 )
z =−( )
9−8 i−9 i−8
1
15 1
z=1 ( cos ( 0+360 n )+ isin ( 0+360 n ) )
3

z =−(
15 )
1−17 i
1 For n=0 , 1 ,2 …
−1+ 17 i (Depending on the number of roots you want)
z 1=
15 1 1
For n = 0, z=1 3 ( cos ( 0+360 ) +isin ( 0+360 ) ) 3
−1 17 i
z 1= + 1
15 15 z=1 3 ( cos 120+i sin120 )
Example XV
Solve the equation z 3 – 1
z=1 ( −12 + √23 i )
Solution −1 √ 3 i
z= +
3 3 3 2 2
z −1= ( z ) − ( 1 )
For n = 1,
¿ ( z−1 ) ( z 2+ z +1 )
Since a 3−b3 =( a−b ) ( a2 + ab+b2 )
z 3−1= ( z −1 ) ( z 2 + z +1 )=0 z=1 ( cos 120+i sin 120 )
z=1 −1 √ 3
z= + i
2 2 2
z + z+1=0
For n = 2,
(−1 ) ± √ ( 1 ) −4 ( 1 ) (1 )
2
z=
2 ×1
−1 ± √ 3 i 2 z=1 ( cos 240+i sin 240 )
z=
2 −1 √ 3
z= − i
−1 ( √ 3 ) i 2 2
z= +
2 2 −1 √ 3 −1 √3
⇒ z=1 , z= + i , z= − i
−1 √3 2 2 2 2
z= − i
2 2
Example XVI
−1 √ 3 i −1 √ 3 i
z=1 , z= + , z= − Solve: z 3 +27=0
2 2 2 2
Solution
Alternatively we can use Demovre’s theorem z 3 +33=( z +3 ) ( z 2+ 3 z +9 )
3
z −1=0 From a 3+ b3=( a+b ) ( a 2+ ab+b 2 )
3
z =1 ⇒ z 3 +33= ( z +3 ) ( z 2 +3 z+ 9 )
3
z =1+0 i z=−3
1
2
3
z=( 1+0 i ) z + 3 z +9=0
let P=1+0 i −3 ± √ 32 −4 ( 1 ) ( 9 )
z=
|P|=√ 1=1 2

21
 −3 ± √ 27 i 2
4
z =−1+ 0 i
z= 1
2 4 4
z =(−1+ 0 i )
−3 3 √ 3 i
z=−3 , z= + let P=−1+0 i
2 2
|P|=1
arg P=180
z=
P=1 ( cos 180+ isin 180 )
Alternatively, we can use Demovre’s theorem 1 1 1
z=P =1 [ ( cos (180+ 360 n ) +isin ( 180+360 n ) ) ]
4 4 4
3
z +27=0
3 1
z =−27 For n=0 , z=1 4 ( cos 45+i sin 45 )
1
z=(−27 +0 i )
3
√2 √2
z= + i
let P=−27+ 0 i 2 2
For n = 1
|P|=√ (−27 ) +oi ¿ ¿
2
1 1
¿ 27 z=1 ( cos 540+ isin 540 )
4 4

arg P=180 z=1 ( cos 135+i sin 135 )

P=27 ( cos 180+i sin180 ) −√ 2 i √ 2
1 1 1 z= +
3 2 2
z=P =27 ( cos 180+isin 180 )
3 3
1 1
1 1 For n = 2, z=1 4 ( cos 900+isin 900 ) 4
z=27 ( cos ( 180+360 n ) +isin ( 180+ 360 n ) )
3 3

1 1
z=1 ( cos 225+i sin 225 )
When n = 0, z=27 [ ( cos 180+isin 180 ) ]
3 3
−√ 2 √ 2
z= + i
z=3 ( cos 60+ isin 60 ) 2 2
For n = 3
¿3
2 2 (
1 i √3
+ ) 1
z=1 4 ( cos 1260+ isin 1260 )
1
4

¿ + √ i
3 3 3 z=1 ( cos 315+i sin 315 )
2 2
For n = 1, z=27 ¿
1
3
z= ( √22 − √22 i)
4
z=3 ( cos 180+ isin 180 ) For z + 1=0
z= √ + √ i,
z = -3 2 2
For n = 2, z=27 ¿
1
3
2 2
√2 − √ 2 i ,− √2 + √2 i ,− √ 2 − √2 i
z=3 ( cos 300+ isin 300 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 −3 √ 3
¿ + i
2 2 Example XVIII
3 3 Find the fourth roots of -16
¿ − √ 3i
2 2 Solution

z=−3 , z= + √ i and z= − √ i
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 Let P=−16+0 i
1 1
4
Example XVII z=P 4 =(−16+01 )
Solve the equation |P|=16
4
z +1=0

22
 arg P=180 3 √3 3 i
1 1 1 ¿− +
2 2
z=P =16 [ ( cos ( 180+360 n ) +i sin ( 180+360 n ) ) ]
4 4 4
for n=2
For n=0 z=3 ( cos 270+ isin 270 )
z=2 ( cos 45+isin 45 ) ¿−3 i
z=√ 2+ √ 2i
for n=1 Loci in the complex plane
z=2 ( cos 540+i sin 540 ) What is a locus
z=2 ( cos 135+i sin 135 ) A locus is a path possible position of a variable
¿−√ 2+ i √ 2 point, that obeys a given condition. It can be given
as Cartesian equation or it can be described in
For n = 2, z=2 ( cos 225+i sin 225 ) words.
¿−√ 2−i √ 2
Example I
For n = 3, z=2 ( cos 315+i sin 315 )
z=√ 2− √ 2 i The complex number z is represented by the point
1 P on the Argand diagram.
4
⇒ For z=(−16+0 i ) Given that|z−1−i|=|z−2| find in the simplest
z=√ 2−( √ 2 ) i ,−√ 2+ ( √ 2 ) i form the Cartesian equation of the locus
√ 2+ ( √ 2 ) i ,− √2−( √ 2 ) i Solution
Example XIX
|z−1−i|=|z−2|
Find the cube roots of 27i let z=x +iy
1
z=( 0+ 27 i )
3 |x +iy−1−i|=| x+iy−2|
let P=0+ 27 i |x−1+ ( y −1 ) i|=|x−2+iy|
|P|=√ 02 +272 √ ( x−1 ) +( y−1 ) = √( x−2 ) + y
2 2 2 2

¿ 27 ( x−1 )2 + ( y−1 )2 =( x−2 )2+ y 2

( )
27 2 2 2 2
arg ¿ ta n−1 =90 x −2 x+1+ y −2 y+1=x −4 x + 4+ y
0 −2 x−2 y+ 2=−4 x+ 4
P=27 ( cos 90+i sin 90 ) 2 x−2=2 y
1 1
3 y=x −1
z=27 3 ( cos 90+isin 90 ) The locus is a straight line with a positive gradient
1 1
z=27 ( cos ( 90+360 n ) +i sin ( 90+360 n ) )
3 3 y=x −1¿ which can be represented on the
complex plane.
For n=0
z=3 ( cos 30+ isin 30 )

z= √ + i
3 3 3
−1 2 2
n=1
z=3 ( cos 150+ isin 150 )
xis
¿3 ( −2√ 3 + 12 i )

23
 2
r= √5
3
Example II
Given that |z−2|=2∨z +i∨¿ . Show that the
locus of P is a circle.

Solution

|z−2|=2|z +i|
Let z=x +iy

|x +iy−2|=2|x +iy+i|

|( x−2 )+iy|=2|x + ( y +1 ) i|

√ ( x−2 ) + y =2 √ x +( y +1 )
2 2 2 2
Example III
Show the region represented by |z−2+i|<1
( x−2 )2 + y 2=4 ( x 2 + ( y +1 )2 )
Solution
2 2 2 2 Let z=x +iy
x −4 x+ 4+ y =4 x +4 y + 8 y+ 4
|x +iy−2+i|
2
0=3 x +3 y +4 x+8 y
2
|x−2+ ( y+1 ) i|<1
2 2 4 8y
x + y + x+ =0
3 3 √ ( x−2 ) +( y +1 ) <1
2

This is sufficient to justify that locus is a circle.

2 4 8y 2 ( x−2 )2 + ( y +1 )2 <1
Comparing x + y + x + =0 With
3 3
2 2 It’s a circle with centre (2, -1) and radius less than
x + y + 2 gx +2 fy+ c=0 1.
4 It can be illustrated on the argand diagram
2 g=
3
2
g=
3

centre (−g ,−f )

centre
−2 4
3
,−
3( )
r =√ g 2+ f 2−c

r=
√4 16
+ −0
9 9

r=
20
9 √
24
In order to represent ( x−2 )2 + ( y +1 )2 <1on the 2 2 10
x +y + x +1=0
diagram, we can either take a point inside the circle 3
or outside the circle as our test point. The locus is a circle comparing
2 2 10
Taking (2,-1) as the test point. x +y + x +1=0 with x 2+ y 2+ 2 gx +2 fy+ c=0
3
2 2
⇒ ( 2−2 ) + (−1+ 1 ) < 1 10 5
2 g= , g= ,2 f =0∧f =0
3 3
0+ 0<1
Center
0<1 r =√ g 2+ f 2−c
( 2 ,−1 ) (the point inside the circle satisfies our
locus). It implies that (2,-1) lies in the wanted
r=
√ 25
9
+0−1=
4
3
region. Therefore, we shade the region outside the
circle.
For | |
z−1
z +1
>2

2 2 10
Example IV ⇒x +y + x+1> 0
3
Given that

| z−1
z +1 |
=2 find the Cartesian equation of the locus

of z and represent the locus by the sketch on the

argand diagram. Shade the region for which the
inequalities.

| z−1
z +1 |
>2

Solution

z=x +iy | x+x +iy+1

iy−1
|=2 Example V
Shade the region represented by |z−1−i|<3
| ( x−1+iy )
( x +1 ) +iy |
=2 Solution
Note: Shade the region represented by |z – 1 – i| <
3. Implies that we shade the wanted region.
|x−1+iy|
=2 Let x +iy
|( x +1 ) +iy| |x +iy−1−i|<3
|( x−1 )+iy|=2|( x +1 ) +iy| |x−1+i ( y−1 )|<3
√ ( x−1 ) +( y−1 ) <3
2 2

√ ( x−1 ) + y =2 √ ( x +1 ) + y
2 2 2 2
( x−1 )2 + ( y−1 )2 < 9
It is a circle with centre (1, 1) and radius less than
( x−1 )2 + y 2=4 ( ( x +1 )2 + y 2 ) 9

x 2−2 x+1+ y 2=4 ( x 2 +2 x+ 1+ y 2)

2 2
3 x +3 y +10 x +3=0

25
 2fy = y
1
f=
2

(
centre −1 ,−
1
2 )
radius=√ g + f −c
2 2

√ 1
¿ 1+ −0
4
¿√
5
Taking (1, 1) as our test point 2
( 1−1 )2 + ( 1−1 )2 1
¿ √5
( 0+ 0 ) < 9 2
⇒The region inside the circle is the wanted region. Example VII
Given that z=x +iy .where x and y are real.

( z+z +i2 )=0is equation of a straight

Example VI
Show that when Show that Im

ℜ
( z +i
( z +2 ) )
=0 ,the point P(x, y) lies on a circle line
Solution
1
with centre −1 ,− ¿ and radius √ 5
2
1
2
Im ( x+x +iy+
iy+2 )
i
=0
Solution

ℜ ( xx+iy+2
+iy+i
)=0 Im =0

ℜ ( x +2+iy )
x + ( y +1 ) i
=0 ℑ
( x ( x +2 )−xyi+ ( y +1 ) ( x+ 2 ) i+ y ( y +1 )
( x+ 2 )2+ y 2 )
=0

−xy + ( y +1 ) ( x+2 )
¿0 ⇒ =0
( x +2 )2 + y 2
Re
−xy + xy+ 2 y + x +2
( )
x ( x+ 2 )−xyi+ ( y +1 ) ( x+2 ) i+ y ( y+1 ) =0
ℜ ( x+2 )2+ y 2
( x+2 )2+ y 2
2 y + x+ 2=0
−x
y= +1
2
Which is a straight line with a negative gradient.

Loci in and diagram for arguments of complex

2
x +2 x + y + y
2 numbers
⇒ =0
( x+2 )2 + y 2 If arg ( z− A )=α is the equation of half line with
2 2
x + y + 2 x + y=0 end point A inclined at an angle α to the real axis
Comparing with
x2 + y2 + 2x + y = 0 with
2 2
x + y + 2 gx +2 fy+ c=0
2 g=2, g = 1

26
 −2
arg(z −−2)= π represents a half line with
3
2
end point (-2, 0) inclined at angle π measured
3
clockwise from the positive axis.
A

Example I
Sketch the loci defined by the equation
1
arg ( z−1−2i )= π
4
Solution
z−1−2i=z− ( 1+ 2i ) Example III
Thus if A is a point representing 1+2 i Show by shading the region represented by
arg ( z−( 1+2 i ) )is the angle AP makes with the 1
π ≤ arg ( z−2 ) ≤ π
positive real axis. Hence the equation arg
3
Solution
1
( z−1−2i )= π represents the half line with end 1
4 The equations arg ( z−2 )= π ∧arg ( z−2 )=π
3
1
point (1, 2) inclined at angle π to the real axis. represent half lines with end point (2, 0). Hence the
4
1
inequality π ≤ arg ( z−2 ) ≤ π
3
Represent the two lines and region between them

Example II
Sketch the locus of the equation.
−2 Example IV
arg ( z +2 )= π
3 Sketch the separate argand diagram the loci defined
Solution by
−2 π −1
arg ( z +2 )= ( i ) arg ( z +1−3i )= π
3 6
z +2=( z−−2 ) 1
( ii ) arg ( z+ 2+ i )= π
Thus A is a point (-2, 0). Arg(z-2) is the angle AP 2
makes with the real axis. Hence Solution
¿

27
z−(−1+3 i )=
−1
6
π Equation involving arg ( z−a
z−b )
are more difficult
Thus A is a point (-1, 3) to interprete. If arg ( z−a )=α ,
Arg(z – (-1 + 3i) is the angle AP makes with the real

axis Hence arg ( z +1−3 i )=

−1
6
π
arg ( z−b )=β , arg ( zz −a
−b )
=γ ,

is equation of the half line with end point (-1, 3) arg ( z−a )−arg ( z−b )=γ
1 α −β=γ . γ =( α −β ) ±2 π if necessary
inclined at an angle of π measured clockwise
6
Thus γ is the angle which the vector AP makes
from the real axis
with the vector BP.
P
If the turn from BP to AP is anti-clockwise the α is
negative

A(-1, 3) for arg ( z−a

z−b )
>0

1
( ii ) arg ( z+ 2+ i )= π
2
1
arg ( z−(−2−i ) )= π
2
Thus, point A is (−2 ,−1 ). arg(z − (-2 – i)) is the
angle AP makes with the real axis and
1
arg ( z +2+i )= π is the equation of the line
2
1
arg ( z−a
z−b )
<0
through A inclined at and angle of π to the real
2
axis

For instance, if arg ( z−3 )

z−1 4
1
= π ,then the locus of

Sketching of loci involving arg ( z−a

z−b )
=γ P is a circular arc with end point A(3, 0) and (1, 0)

such that ∠ APB= π

1
4

28
Similarly if arg ( zz−i+2 )= 13 π then the locus of P is Im axis
P(x, y)

a circular arc with end points A (-2, 0) and B(0, 3

1
+1) such that ∠ APB= π since both cases the
3
given arguments are positive, the arcs must be
drawn so that the turn from BP to AP is anti-
clockwise. B(-1, 0) A(3, 0) Real axis

arg ( zz−i+2 )= 13 π
Im axis
( b ) arg ( z−2i
z −3
)= 14 π The locus of P is a circular
arc with end points (3, 0) (0, 2) such that
B(0, 1) 1
∠ APB= π
4

Im axis
A(-2, 0) P
A(0, 2) 
Real axis 4


3

B(3, 0) Real axis

Example II
Sketch on different argand diagram the loci
defined by the equations. ( c ) arg ( z−4z+2 i )= 12 π
( a ) arg ( z−1
z +1 3) 1
= π arg ¿ ¿

( b ) arg (
z−2i ) 4
z −3 1
= π arg ( z−4+2
z
i)
˚
is a withend points

( c ) arg ( )
z 1 1
= π A ( 0 , 0 )∧B ( 4 ,−2 ) such that ∠ APB= π
z−4 +2 i 2 2
Solution

arg ( z−1
z +1 ) 1
= π
3

The locus of P is a circular arc with end point A(1,

0) and B(-1, 0) such that
1
∠ APB= π
3

29
 y ( x−6 )−xy
x ( x−6 )
Im axis =∞
x −6 x + y 2
2

x ( x−6 )
xy−6 y−xy
A(0, 0) Real axis 2 2 x
=∞
x + y −6
2 2
⇒ x + y −6 x=0 which is a circle.
1
2

B(4, -2)
P
Revision Exercise 1
1. Prove that if |Z| = r, then ZZ* = r2.
Example
2. Express + i in modulus-argument form.
Find the locus of arg ( )
z
z−6
=
π
2
1
and ( 3  i) in the
7
Solution Hence find
let z=x +iy form a + ib.
3. Express -1 + i in modulus-argument form.
arg ( z−6z )=arg z−arg ( z−6) Hence show that (-1 + i)16 is real and that

π
⇒ arg ( z )−arg ( z−6 )= is purely imaginary, giving the
2 value of each.
π 4. Simplify the following expression:
arg ( x +iy )−arg ( x +iy−6 ) =
2

(a) (b)
5. Find the expressions for cos 3θ in terms of
let A=ta n−1 ( yx ) cos θ,
sin 3θ in terms of sin θ and tan 3θ in terms of
y tan θ.
tan A= 6. Express sin 5θ and cos 5θ/cos θ in terms of
x
sin θ.
B=tan−1 ( )
y
x−6
7. Prove that

y
tan B= . By
x−6 considering the equation tan 5θ = 0, show that
π
( A−B )= tan2(π/5) = 5 – 2
2 8. Find expressions for cos 6θ/sinθ in terms of
tan ( A−B )=tan ( π2 ) cos θ and for tan 6θ in terms of tan θ.
9. Express in terms of cosines of multiples of θ:
(a) cos5θ (b) cos7θ (c) cos4θ
tan A−tan B
=∞ 10. Express in terms of sines of multiples of θ:
1+ tan A+ tan B (a) sin3θ (b) sin7θ (c) cos4θsin3θ
y y
− 11. Prove that cos6θ + sin6θ = (3cos4θ + 5)
x x−6
2
=∞
y
1+
x ( x−6 )

30
 (a) (b)
12. Evaluate (a) d𝜃 (b)
(c) (d)
21. Solve the following equations:
(a) x2 + 25 = 0
13. (a) Express the following complex numbers in
(b) 2x2 + 32 = 0
a form having a real denominator.
(c) 4x2 + 9 = 0
(d) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
, 22. If 3 – 2i and 1 + i are two of the roots of the
(b) Find the modulus and principal arguments equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c = 0, find the
of each of the complex numbers Z = 1 + 2i values of a, b, c, d and e.
and W = 2 – I, and represent Z and W 23. Find the square roots of the following
clearly by points A and B in an Argand complex numbers:
diagram. Find also the sum and product of (a) 5 + 2i
Z and W and mark the corresponding (b) 15 + 8i
points C and D in your diagram. (c) 7 – 24i
14. If the complex number x + iy is denoted by Z, 24. Find the quadratic equations have the roots:
then the complex conjugate number x – iy is (a) 3i, -3i (b) 1 + 2i, 1 – 2i
denoted by Z*, (c) 2 + i, 2 – i (d) 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i
(a) Express |Z*| and (Z*) in terms of |Z| and 25. Find real and imaginary parts of the complex
arg(Z). Z when:
(b) If a, b, and c are real numbers, prove that
if (i) = 1 + 2i
aZ2 + bZ + c = 0, then then a(Z*)2 + b(Z*)
+c=0 (ii)
(c) If p and q are complex numbers and q ≠ 26. Find the modulus and principal argument of
the following complex numbers
0, prove (a) 3i (b) 15 (c) -3i (d) -1
15. Find the values of a and b such that (a + ib)2 = 27. Find the modulus and principle argument of:
i. Hence or otherwise solve the equation z2 +
2z + 1 – i = 0, giving your answer in the form (a) (b)
p + iq, where p and q are real numbers.
(c) (d)
16. If , write down the modulus and 28. If Z1 and Z2 are complex numbers, solve the
argument for each of the numbers Z, Z2, Z3, Z4. simultaneous equations
Hence or otherwise, show in the Argand 4Z1 + 3Z2 = 23
diagram, the points representing the number 1 Z1 + iZ2 = 6
+ Z + Z2 + Z3 + Z4. giving your answer in the form x + iy
17. If Z = 3 – 4i, find 29. Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation
(i) Z* (ii) ZZ* (iii) (ZZ)* Z3 – 11Z + 20 = 0. Find the remaining roots.
18. Simplify each of the following: 30. Show that 1 + i is a root of the equation x4 +
(a) (3 + 4i) + (2 + 3i) (b) (2 – 4i) – 3(5 – 3x2 – 6x + 10 = 0. Hence write down the
3i) quadratic factor of x4 + 3x2 – 6x + 10 and find
(b) (2i)2 (c) i4 all the roots of the equation.
19. Simplify each of the following: 31. The complex number satisfies the equation
(a) (2 + i)(3 – i) (b) (5 – 2i)(6 + i)
(c) (4 – 3i)(1 – i) (d) (3 + i)(2 – 5i) . Find the real and imaginary
20. Express each of the following in the form a + parts of Z and the modulus and argument of Z.
ib

31
32. If Z1 = and Z2=
= 1 – 12sin2x + 16sin4x
Z1
, find Z 2 and Z Z in the
1 2 46. Prove that if is real, the locus of the
form a + ib. point representing the complex number Z in
the Argand diagram is a straight line.
33. If Z1= + and Z2 =
6 cos 34  i sin 34 
, find: 47. Prove that if is purely imaginary, the
locus of the point representing Z in the
Argand diagram is a circle and find its radius.
(i) (ii) arg (iii) Z i
 Z2  Z 1
Z  48. If Z is a complex number and = 2, find
(iv) arg  1  the equation of the curve in the Argand
34. One root of the equation Z2 + aZ+b=0 where a diagram on which the point representing it lie.
and b are real constants, is 2+3i. Find the 49. The complex numbers Z – 2 and Z – 2i have
values of a and b. arguments which are
35. If Z1 and Z2 are two complex numbers such (i) equal and
that |Z1 – Z2| = Z1 + Z2|, show that the 1

(ii) differ by 2 and each argument lies
difference of their arguments is between –π and π. In each case, find the
36. (a) Find the modulus and argument of locus of the point which represents Z in the
(2  i) 2 (3i  1) Argand diagram and illustrate by a sketch.
i3 50. Show by shading on an Argand diagram the
17  7i region in which both |Z – 3 – i| ≥ |Z – 3 – 5i|
Z2 
(b) If and 2  2i . Find the
moduli of Z1, Z2, Z1 + Z2 and Z1Z2. Answers
37. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that: 1.
(cos3  i sin 3 )5 (cos   i sin  )3
 cos13  i sin13
(cos5  i sin 5 )7 (cos 2  i sin 2 )5
2. (a) 1, (b) -i (c) (d)
38. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that:
cos 4θ = cos4θ – 6cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ
sin4θ = 4cos3θ sinθ – 4cos θ sin3θ 3. ; 512 – ,
39. Show that 4. ; 256 –
n
 1  sin   i sin    cos n(    )  i sin n(    ) 5. (a) 1, (b) -1
 1  sin   i sin   2 2
 
40. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the value of
6. 4cos3θ – 3cos θ – 4sin3θ,
7. 16sin5θ – 20sin3θ + 5sin θ, 1 – 12sin2θ +
41. Find the two square roots of I and the four 16sin4θ
8. .
values of . 9. 32cos6θ – 48cos4θ + 18cos2θ – 1, 32cos5θ –
42. Find the three roots of the equation (1 – Z)3 =
Z3
32cos3θ + 6cos =
43. If W is a complex cube root of unity, show
that 10. (a)
(1 + W – W2)3 – (1 – W + W2)3 = 0
44. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the four (b)

fourth roots of 8(-1 + i ) in the form a + ib, (c)

giving a and b correct to 2 decimal places. 11. (a)
45. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that

32
 (c) Show on the Argand diagram the region
represented by the following:
12. (a) , (b)
1. arg z = π,
13. (a) (b) , 63.4°, , -26.6°, 3 + 2. arg(z – i) = π
i,
3. arg(z + 1 – 3i) = π
4 + 3i.
4. arg(z – 3 + 2i) = π

15. or 5. arg(z + 2 + i) = π
6. arg(z – 1 – i) = π
or 7. |z + 1| = |z – 3|,
8. |z| = |z – 6i|
16. , 45°; , 90°; , 135°; , 180°
17. (i) 3 + 4i (ii) 25 (iii) -7 + 24i 9. =1
18. (a) 5 + 7i (b) -13 + 5i (c) -4 (d) 1
19 (a) 7 + i (b) 32 – 7i (c) 1 – 7i (d) 11 – 13i
10. (a) arg
20. (a) 6 – 2i (b) 2 – 2i (c) -1 + i (d)
21 (a) x ± 5i (b) x = ±4i (c) ± i (d) x = -1 ± 2i 11. (a) arg (b)
22. a = 1, b = -8, c = 27, d = -38, e = 26  z  1
23. (a) ±(3 + 2i) (b) ±(4 + i) (c) ±(4 – 3i)  z  4  2i   2 
 
24. (a) x2 + 9 = 0 (b) x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 In questions 12 to 24 find the Cartesian equation
(c) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 (d) x2 – 4x + 13 = 0 of the locus of the point P representing the
25 (i) -1, ½ (ii) complex number z. Sketch the locus of P each
26. (a) 3, π/2 (b) 15, 0 (c) 3, -π/2 (d) 1, π case.
12. 2|z + 1| = |z – 2|
27. (a) 1, -π/2 (b) , (c) , 1.25 13. |z + 4i| = 3|z – 4|
28. 2 + 3i 19. 2 – i, -4
31. (i) Re(Z) = -3, Im(Z) = -1 (ii) , -2.82 14. =5
rads
32. ; 15. =1
33. (i) 1/3 (ii) (iii) 3 (iv) z
34. -4, 13 16. z  6 =5
36. (a) 5, 0.6435 rad (b) 5, 6.5, 2.061, 32.5 z 1
 2

17.  1  i
z 3

41. , 18. z – 5 = λi(z + 5), where λ is a real parameter

42. . 44.
19. = λi, where λ is a real number.
47. centre ¼ + i, radius 20. z = 3i + λ(2 + 5i), where λ is a real parameter.
21. Im(z2) = 2
48. 22. Re (z2) = 1
49. (i) x + y = 2 (ii) (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 2
23. =0

Exercise 2 24. =0

33
In questions 27 to 34 shade in separate Argand 23. x(x2 + y2 – 1) = 0, excluding (0, 0)
diagrams the regions represented by: 24. y(x2 + y2 – 9) = 0, excluding (0, 0).
25. |z – i | ≤ 3 34. (a) 9, (b) 3, (c) 3, (d) 4.
26. |z – 4 + 3i| < 4
35. , . 38. 24, 2.
2 2
27. 0 ≤ arg z ≤ 37. x + y + 10x + 16 = 0

28. π < arg z < π 38.(i) (ii) 1 + i.

29.
Revision Exercise 3
30.
Show on the Argand diagram the region
31. |z| > |z + 2|
represented by the following:
32. |z + i| ≤ |z – 3i|
33. Represent each of the following loci in an  z 1  1 
  3
Argand diagram. 1.  z  1 
(a) arg(z – 1) = arg(z + 1) z  2  3i
(b) arg z = arg(z – 1 I i) z2i = 1
(c) arg(z – 2) = π + arg z 2.
(d) arg(z – 1) = π + arg(z – i)
34. Find the least value of |z + 4| for which 3. Express the complex number in
(a) Re(z) = 5 (b) Im(z) = 3 the form x + iy where x and y are real. Given
that z2 = 2 – 5i, find the distance between the
(c) |z| = 1 (d) arg z = π points in the Argand diagram which represent
35. Given that the complex number z varies such z1 and z2. Determine the real numbers α and β
that |z – 7| = 3, find the greatest and least such that αz1 + βz2 = -4 + i.
values of |z – i|. 4. (i) Find two complex numbers z satisfying the
36. Given that the complex number w and z vary equation z2 = -8 – 6i.
subject to the conditions |z – 12| = 7 and |z – i| (ii) Solve the equation z2 – (3 – i)z + 4 = 0
= 4, find the greatest and least values of |w – and represent the solutions on an Argand
z|.
37. In an Argand diagram, the point P represents diagram by vectors and , where O
the complex number z, where z = x + iy. is the origin. Show that triangle OAB is
Given that right-angled.
z + 2 = λi(z + 8), where λ is a real parameter, 5. If z and w are complex numbers, show that:
find the Cartesian equation of the locus of P
as λ varies. If also z = μ(4 + 3i), where λ is Interpret your results geometrically.
real, prove that there is only one possible 6. A regular octagon is inscribed in the circle |z|
position for P. = 1 in the complex plane and one of its
38. (i) Represent on the same Argand diagram the
loci given by the equations |z – 3| = 3 and |z| = |z
vertices represents the number . Find
– 2|. Obtain the complex numbers corresponding
the numbers represented by the other vertices.
to the point of intersection of these loci. (ii) Find
a complex number z whose argument is π/4 and 7. (i) Two complex numbers z1 and z2 each have
which satisfies the equation |z + 2 + i| = |z – 4 + arguments between 0 and π. If z1z2 = i –
i|.
and = 2i, find the values of z1 and
Answers z2 giving the modulus and argument of
12. x2 + y2 + 4x = 0, 13. x2 + y2 – 9x – 9x – y + 16 each.
15. 5x + 3y = 14. 16. 2x2 + 2y2 + 25x + 75 = 0 (ii) Obtain in the form a + ib the solutions of
17. 5x2 + 5y2 – 26x + 8y + 1 = 0. the equation z2 – 2z + 5 = 0, and represent
18. x2 + y2 = 25, excluding (-5, 0) the solutions on an Argand diagram by the
19. x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 0, excluding (2, 0). points A and B.
20. 5x – 2y + 6 = 0 21. xy = 1. 22. x2 – y2 = 1

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 The equation z2 – 2pz + q = 0 is such that p roots of the equation x3 – 6x + 6 = 0, giving
and q are real, and its solutions in the your answers in terms of w and cube roots of
Argand diagram are represented by the integers.
points C and D. Find in the simplest form 13. (i) Find, without the use of tables, the two
the algebraic relation satisfied by p and q square roots of 5 – 12i in the form x + iy,
in each of the following cases: where x and y are real.
(a) p2 < q, p ≠ 1 and A, B, C, D are the (ii) Represent on an Argand diagram the loci |
vertices of a triangle; z – 2| = 2 and |z – 4| = 7. Calculate the
(b) p2 > q and complex numbers corresponding to the
8. (a) If –π < arg z1 + arg z2 ≤ π, show that points of intersection of these loci.
arg(z1z2) = arg z1 + arg z2. The complex 14. (i) Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 7i, find p and q
when (a) p and q are real (b) p and q are
numbers and are conjugate complex numbers.
represented in the Argand diagram by points (ii) Shade on the Argand diagram the region
A and B respectively. O is the origin. Show for which 3π/4 < arg z < π and 0 < |z| < 1.
that triangle OAB is equilateral and find the Choose a point in the region and label it A.
complex number c which the point C If A represents the complex number z, label
represents where OABC is a rhombus. clearly the points B, C, D and E which
Calculate |c| and arg c. represent –z, iz, z + 1 and z2 respectively.
(b) z is a complex number such that 15. (i) Show that z = 1 + i is a root of the equation
z4 + 3z2 – 6z + 10 = 0. Find the other roots of
where p and q are real. the equation.
If arg z = π/2 and |z| = 7 find the values of (ii) Sketch the curve in the Argand diagram
p and q. defined by |z – 1| = 1, Im z ≥ 0. Find the
9. . value of z at the point P in which this curve
10. (a) Show that (1 + 3i)3 = -(26 + 18i). is cut by the line |z - 1| = |z – 2|. Find also
(b) Find the three roots z1, z2, z3 of the the value of arg z and arg(z – 2) at P.
equation z3 =-1 16. (i) If z = 1 + i , find |z| and |z5|, and also the
(c) Find in the form a + ib, the three roots z'1, values of arg z and arg(z5) lying between –
z'2, z'3 of the equation z3 = 26 + 18i. π and π. Show that Re(z5) = 16 and find
(d) Indicate in the same Argand diagram the the value of Im(z5).
points represented by zr and z'r for r = 1, 2, (ii) Draw the line |z| = |z – 4| and the half line
3, and prove that the roots of the equations arg(z – i) = π/4 in the Argand diagram.
may be paired so that |z1 – z2| = z2 – z'2 = |z3 Hence find the complex number that
– z'3 | = 3. satisfies both equations.
11. Write down or obtain the non-real cube roots 17. (i) Without using tables, simplify
of unity, w1 and w2, in the form a + ib, where
a and b are real. A regular hexagon is drawn
in an Argand diagram such that two adjacent .
vertices represent w1 and w2, respectively and
centre of the circumscribing circle of the
(ii) Express z1 = in the form p + qi,
hexagon is the point (1, 0). Determine in the
where p and q are real. Sketch in an
form a + ib, the complex numbers represented
Argand diagram the locus of the points
by the other four vertices of the hexagon and
representing complex numbers z such that |
find the product of these four complex
numbers. z – z1| = . Find the greatest value of z
12. A complex number w is such that w3 = 1 and subject to this condition.
w ≠ 1. Show that: 18. (i) Given that z = 1 – i, find the values of
(i) w2 + w + 1 = 0 r(>0) and θ, -π < θ < π, such that z = r(cos θ
(ii) (x + a + b)(x + wa + w2b)(x + w2a + wb) + i sin θ). Hence or otherwise find 1/z and
is real for real x, a and b, and simplify this z6, expressing your answers in the form p +
product. Hence or otherwise find the three iq, where q, r ϵ ℝ.

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 (ii) Sketch on an Argand diagram the set of 24. Sketch the circle C with Cartesian equation x2 +
points corresponding to the set A, where A = (y – 1)2 = 1. The point P representing the non-
{z:z ϵ ℂ, arg (z – i) = π/4}. Show that the set zero complex number z lies on C. Express |z| in
of points corresponding to the set B, where terms of 𝜃, the argument of z. Given that z' =
B = {z:z ϵ ℂ, |z + 7i| = 2|z – 1|}, forms a 1/z, find the modulus and argument of z' in terms
circle in the Argand diagram. If the centre of of 𝜃. Show that, whatever the position of P on
this circle represents the numbers z1, show the circle C, the point P' representing z' lies on a
that z1 ϵ A. certain line, the equation of which is to be
19. Use De Moivre’s theorem to show that determined.
cos 7θ = 64cos7θ – 112cos5θ + 56cos3θ – 25. (a) The sum of the infinite series 1 + z + z2 +
7cosθ z3 + … for values of z such that |z| < 1 is 1/(1 –
20. (i) If (1 + 3i)z1 = 5(1 + i), express z1 and z12 in z). By substituting z = ½(cos θ + isin θ) in this
the form x + iy, where x and y are real. result and using De Moivre’s theorem, or
Sketch in an Argand diagram the circle |z – otherwise, prove that
z1| = |z1| giving the coordinates of its centre.
(ii) If z = cos θ + i sinθ, show that:

Answers
Hence or otherwise, show that
3. 1 + 2i; ; -2, -1
16sin5θ = sin 5θ – 5sin 3θ + 10sin θ
4. (i) ±(1 – 3i), (ii) 2 – 2i, 1 + i
21. .
5. sum of squares of a parallelogram = sum of squares
22. (i) Given that x and y are real, find the values
of sides
of x and y which make satisfy the equation
6. ±1, ±i, (1 – i), (1 + i)

(ii) Given that z = x + iy, where x and y are 7. (i) -1 + i , 2, 2π/3; + i, 1, π/6
(ii) 1 ±2i; (a) p2 = q – 4, (b) 2p = q + 5
real, (a) Show that , the point 8. (a) .
(x, y) lies on a straight line (b) Show that, 9. (i) -1 – i, 3π/4, (ii) 2 – i, 2; -10.

when , the point (x, y) lies on 10.(b) -1, , (c) -1 – 3i,

a circle with centre (-1, -½) and radius

23. (i) Find |z| and arg z for which the complex
11. , ; 28
numbers z given by (a) 12 – 5i, (b) , 12. (ii) x – 3abx + a + b3;
3 3
, ,
giving the argument in degrees (to the
nearest degree) such that -180° < arg z ≤ 13. (i) ±(3 – 2i), (ii) 3 ± .
180°. 14. (i) (a) 7/5, -4/5; (b) 2 ± i
(ii) By expressing − i in modulus-
15. (i) 1 – i, -1 ± 2i, (ii) ; π/6, 2π/3
argument form, or otherwise, find the least
positive integer n such that ( − i)n is 16. (i) 2, 32, π/3, -π/3; , (ii) 2 + 3i
real and positive. 17. (i) -1, (ii) 1 + 2i,
(iii) The point P in the Argand diagram lies
outside or on the circle of radius 4 with 18. (i) , -π/4; , 8i.
centre at (-1, -1). Write down in modulus 20. (i) 2 – i, 3 – 4i; (2, -1)
form the condition satisfied by the 21. (ii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 10x + 3 = 0.
complex number z represented by point P. 22. (i) x = 1, y = 2 or x = -1, y = -2
23. (i) a) 13, -23°, (b) 1, 90°; (ii) 12;

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 (iii) |z + 1 + i| ≥ 4
24. ; . 25. .

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