Chemistry: Making Salts

CHEMISTRY
MAKING A SOLUBLE SALT
Objective
Objective of this experiment is to make a soluble salt through the reaction of a

metal/solid carbonate and an acid. In this experiment, we will produce pure copper
sulphate (blue vitriol) salt crystals by reacting copper carbonate with sulfuric acid.
Materials Required
● Copper Carbonate (CuCO3)

● Dilute Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
● Stirring Rod
● Glass Beaker
● Filter Paper
● Funnel
● Evaporating Basin
● Bunsen Burner
● Tripod Stand
Variables
➔ Independent Variable: Volume of acid used

➔ Dependent Variable: Amount of salt produced
➔ Control Variable:
◆ Temperature
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◆ Concentration of acid
◆ Type of acid (sulfuric acid) and base/metal (copper carbonate) used
Procedure
First, we will make a copper sulphate solution

1. Pour 50 mL of dilute sulfuric acid into the beaker.
2. Add a spoonful of copper carbonate to the liquid.
3. Stir continuously with glass rod.
4. Gradually add more copper carbonate and stir until no more reacts with
the diluted sulfuric acid. There will be excess amount of copper carbonate
indicating that all acid has been used up.
Next, to obtain pure copper sulphate salt crystals, it is necessary to remove other
substances.
1. The excess copper carbonate is removed from the salt solution through the
funnel via the process of filtration.
2. The excess solid remains in the filter paper while the solution is collected
in a beaker.
3. Set up the apparatus for the evaporation of the copper sulphate solution.
Place the evaporating basin on the tripod stand and the Bunsen burner
underneath it.
4. Pour the solution into the evaporating basin and heat it using the Bunsen
burner.
5. Turn off the Bunsen burner after most of the solvent is evaporated and
leave the mixture to cool until small crystals are formed.
6. Move the mixture to a warm place. This allows crystallisation to occur
slowly, resulting in pure copper sulphate crystals.
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Observation
➢ When copper carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid, effervescence occurs and
bubbles of gas are made. The gas mixes with air and leaves the beaker.
➢ When the reaction is completed, the solution turns blue in colour.
➢ During evaporation, small salt crystals form round the edge of the basin as the
solution is cooled fast.
➢ When the mixture is placed in a warm place, it cools down slowly, forming larger
crystals.
Safety Precaution
While conducting any experiment, it is necessary to follow safety precautions to prevent

any mishaps from occurring. Laboratories are full of hazardous chemicals and
equipment, so when dealing with potential harmful materials, it is important to adhere
to safety precautions for our well-being and only conduct the experiment if we have
proper knowledge.
❖ Wear safety equipment (gloves, goggles and if needed, face shield) to protect the
eyes and hands.
❖ Handle chemicals with care.
❖ Conduct the experiment in a well-ventilated area.
❖ Tie long hair and avoid loose sleeves.
❖ Maintain a distance from the bunsen burner and never leave it unattended.
When handling chemicals without the appropriate safety gear, there is the risk of
absorbing dangerous concentrations of the chemical via the skin. This typically occurs
when working with liquid chemicals. Dust can also enter the body through the skin if it
is damp from perspiration, for example. Cleaning chemical mists, vapours, and fumes
can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Certain cleaning products contain
chemicals that might irritate skin or result in rashes. If cleaning products containing
corrosive chemicals get in your eyes or on your skin, they can burn you severely.
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Why do some salts dissolve in water and some do not?
We may observe that inorganic salts are more soluble than any other substance by using
water as the solvent. The way that things dissolve is the reason behind that.
A substance can dissolve in water in one of two ways, depending on the type of
chemical. Compounds are made up of two types of chemical bonds: Ionic bonds and
covalent bonds, respectively. The majority of other substances are covalent compounds,
while ionic bonds create the majority of inorganic salts.
The substance water is covalent. This indicates that every hydrogen atom in water
shares one electron with every oxygen atom, which in turn shares two electrons with
each hydrogen atom. There is no chemical reaction when a covalent solid substance,
such as sugar, comes into contact with water. A group of water molecules that are held
much looser together are touching a group of sugar molecules that are packed together
at one side. Simply said, the spaces between the sugar molecules allow the water
molecules to soak in. There are no chemical interactions or reactions occurring here;
the process is wholly physical. Taking into account how tightly the covalent component
is bound together, this event can happen very slowly.
Ionic substances are far more adept at forming crystals and lattices than other
substances. Consider table salt, or sodium chloride, as one example. Every Cl-ion
obtained a negative charge by stealing an electron from another Na+ ion, whereas every
Na+ ion gave up an electron to become positively charged. Since opposites attract, all of
the nearby Na and Cl anions rush together to form a structure in which each sodium
atom is surrounded by six chlorine atoms, and vice versa.
Every dihydrogen oxide (water) molecule has an oxygen atom that pulls all the
surrounding electrons toward it, even those that are in covalent bonds with hydrogen
atoms.
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The oxygen atom is naturally surrounded by a large number of electrons, which causes
that side of the molecule to become relatively negatively charged. In contrast, the
hydrogen sides get a positive charge. Water becomes one of the very few "polarized"
compounds as a result.
This fundamental characteristic of water is what allows it to break up most ionic

compounds so effectively. Let's go back to our example. A silent mayhem breaks out
when polarized water comes into touch with the sodium chloride structure.
The negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to the positive side of the water
molecules, whereas the positively charged sodium ions are attracted to the negative
oxide side. This is insufficient on its own to sever Na and Cl's attraction. Each atom is
surrounded by a large number of water molecules, each of which exerts a small force.
The interaction between the Na and Cl ions is eventually outweighed by the combined
strength of the water molecules. When a salt is dropped into water, its anion and cation
float around inside a group of water molecules that have been attracted to them by tiny
electrical charges. Once the salt is effectively separated, it dissolves more readily than
anything else and spreads out swiftly across the body of water.
The charges on the ions in salts determine their solubility. High-charged ions interact
with each other. They interact with water molecules in a major way. When a salt
dissolves in water, the sodium and chloride ions are pulled from the lattice and into the
solution. Many salts are insoluble because they ionize slowly in water and release ions
into the solution. Water molecules attract both positively charged sodium ions and
negatively charged chloride ions. Most silver salts are insoluble in water. Hydroxide
salts are somewhat soluble in water. All sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are
soluble in water.
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Real World Application of Salts and Soluble Salt Analysis
Salts have many usages as there are different types of salts. Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) is
known as Blue Vitriol and is used as fungicide and in the textile industry. Some salts
are used in food, such as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is called as Common salt and is used
in seasonings while Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is called as Baking soda and used a
baking powder; some salts are used in manufacturing industry, Nitre (Potassium
Nitrate- KNO3) and Bone Mineral (Calcium Phosphate- Ca3(PO4)2) are used to
manufacture fertilisers, Chile Saltpetre (Sodium Nitrate- NaNO3) is used to manufacture
gunpowder.
The composition of salt is ascertained through salt analysis. Soluble salt analysis is a
laboratory method used to determine whether particular ions are present in a solution.
In the real world, salt analysis has numerous uses.
★ Water Treatment: Salt analysis can be used to quantify the amount of dissolved
salts in drinking water, which can affect the flavour and quality of the water. The
level of contamination in different water sources can be determined by doing ion
analysis for ions such as nitrate, chloride, and sulphate. Certain values at elevated
concentrations may indicate pollution.
★ Food and Beverage Industry: To verify the safety and quality of food products,
such as canned goods, soups, and snacks, the salt level is measured using a salt
analysis method. It is possible to find any undesired additions or pollutants in
food by testing for particular ions.
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CHEMISTRY

MAKING A SOLUBLE SALT

Objective of this experiment is to make a soluble salt through the reaction of a

● Copper Carbonate (CuCO3)

➔ Independent Variable: Volume of acid used

First, we will make a copper sulphate solution

While conducting any experiment, it is necessary to follow safety precautions to prevent

This fundamental characteristic of water is what allows it to break up most ionic

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