A REPORT ON

“Nature of roots of a quadratic

equation and their relation with coefficients of the
quadratic equations.”

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT IN MATHEMATICS OF CLASS XI

Submitted By

Name: Rajendra Prasad Joshi

Class: 11

Section: O1

Roll No:25

NEB registration No:

Submitted To

Department Of Mathematics

Global School of Science

Mid-Baneshwor Kathmandu, Nepal

Submission date: 16th Baisakh, 2081

 Acknowledgement

I am very pleased to dedicate this work to all the people and institution that
provide me moral and technical support and guidance for the successful
completion of this project report. I would like to thank my subject teachers
Mr.SRS Sir, Mr. LPB sir and Mr. CNT Sir Mathematics Department, Global
School of Science for introducing me to the topic as well as for the all support,
useful comments, remarks and encouragement through the learning process of
this project report. I would like to thank all faculty members of Mathematics of
Global School of Science who have supported me throughout the entire process.
 APPROVAL SHEET

We have examined the project report entitled

“……………………………………….........................................................................................

.............................”

presented by ………………………………............................................as the project

report of class XI section …… we hereby certify

that the project report is acceptable.

Name: Name:

Signature: Signature:

Subject teacher Head of department

 Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Objectives 4

1.3 Rationale of the project 5

2 Literature Review 7

4 Analysis and Interpretation 9

5 Summary and Conclusion 15

Reference 16
 Abstract

This project report delves into the intricate relationship between the coefficients
of quadratic equations and the nature of their roots. Beginning with an
introduction to quadratic equations, the report elucidates the main objectives,
primarily focusing on comprehending the diverse characteristics of roots and
investigating the influence of coefficients a, b, and c. The project is conducted to
offer insights into the practical applications of these mathematical principles in
daily life scenarios, such as predicting projectile motion in physics or optimizing
profit functions in economics.

Throughout the project, various activities are undertaken to achieve the outlined
objectives. These include analyzing the discriminant and its role in determining
root nature, exploring the graphical representation of quadratic equations, and
deriving mathematical expressions to establish relationships between coefficients
and root behavior. Additionally, experiments involving manipulation of
coefficients are conducted to observe resultant changes in root characteristics,
providing a hands-on approach to understanding the subject matter.

In conclusion, the project highlights the critical role of quadratic equations and
their roots in mathematical analysis and problem-solving. By gaining a deeper
understanding of the relationship between coefficients and root nature,
individuals can make informed decisions in a wide range of fields, from
engineering to finance. Ultimately, the project underscores the practical
relevance of quadratic equations in both theoretical mathematics and everyday
applications, making it a valuable endeavor for students and professionals alike.
 Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Background

Definition:

A quadratic equation is a second-degree polynomial equation in a single variable

x, typically written in the form ax2+bx+c=0, where a, b, and c are constants with
a≠0 . The solutions to this equation, termed roots, can be real or complex
numbers, depending on the values of a, b, and c. Quadratic equations are
fundamental in algebra and have broad applications in various fields of
mathematics and beyond.

Historical Background:

The study of quadratic equations dates back to ancient civilizations, where they
were encountered in geometric problems. The Babylonians, around the 2nd
millennium BC, used methods akin to solving quadratic equations to calculate
areas of rectangles and trapezoids. Ancient Greek mathematicians like Euclid and
Diophantus made significant contributions to the understanding of quadratic
equations, laying the foundation for later developments.

During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars like Al-Khwarizmi and Omar Khayyam
further advanced the study of algebra, including quadratic equations. Al-
Khwarizmi's work, "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala,"
introduced systematic methods for solving quadratic equations, contributing to
the development of algebra.

In the Renaissance era, European mathematicians such as François Viète and

René Descartes made substantial contributions to algebra, including the study of
quadratic equations. Descartes' introduction of coordinate geometry
revolutionized the understanding of quadratic functions and their graphs.

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The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed significant developments in the theory of
equations, with mathematicians like Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss

exploring the properties of quadratic equations and their solutions. Gauss's

contributions to number theory laid the groundwork for deeper investigations
into quadratic equations and their broader implications.

Current Scenario:

Quadratic equations continue to be a cornerstone of mathematics education at

various levels, from secondary school to higher education. They find extensive
application in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and computer
science. In physics, quadratic equations describe phenomena like projectile
motion and harmonic oscillation. In engineering, they model structural stability
and optimization problems. In economics, quadratic functions are used to analyze
cost and revenue functions.

Furthermore, quadratic equations are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios, such as

calculating the trajectory of a projectile, optimizing profits in business ventures,
or designing structures for maximum stability. They also serve as a basis for more
advanced mathematical concepts and techniques, making them essential for
further studies in mathematics and related disciplines.

Daily Life Application:

Quadratic equations have numerous applications in daily life, ranging from simple
calculations to complex problem-solving scenarios:

Projectile Motion: Quadratic equations are used to model the trajectory of

projectiles such as balls, bullets, or rockets. By solving quadratic equations, one
can predict the height, range, and time of flight of a projectile launched at a
certain angle with a given initial velocity.

Optimization Problems: In economics and business, quadratic functions are

utilized to optimize various factors such as cost, revenue, and profit. For example,

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a company may use quadratic equations to determine the production level that
maximizes profit or the pricing strategy that maximizes revenue.

Engineering Applications: Quadratic equations play a crucial role in engineering

disciplines such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical
engineering. Engineers use quadratic equations to model and analyze phenomena
like structural stability, motion of mechanical systems, and circuit analysis.

Finance and Investment: Quadratic functions are employed in finance to model

various investment scenarios and analyze risk and return. For instance, investors
may use quadratic equations to determine the optimal portfolio allocation that
maximizes return while minimizing risk.

Reasons to Select This Topic:

The selection of this topic stems from its fundamental importance in mathematics
and its widespread applicability across diverse fields. Understanding the nature of
roots of quadratic equations and their relation with coefficients provides a solid
foundation for further studies in algebra and related areas. Additionally, exploring
the practical applications of quadratic equations in daily life scenarios enhances
problem-solving skills and fosters a deeper appreciation for the relevance of
mathematics in the real world. By selecting this topic, the aim is to gain insights
into the fundamental properties of quadratic equations and their significance in
various contexts, contributing to a holistic understanding of mathematics and its
applications.

Statement of the project

The project aims to address several key questions concerning the nature of roots
of quadratic equations and their relationship with the coefficients. By delving into
these questions, we seek to deepen our understanding of quadratic equations
and their practical implications in various fields. The following are the primary
questions that the project endeavors to explore:

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 What are the different types of roots of a quadratic equation, and how do
they relate to the coefficients a, b, and c?

 How do changes in the coefficients a, b, and cc affect the nature of roots and
the graphical representation of quadratic equations?

 What are the practical applications of quadratic equations in daily life, and
how do they rely on an understanding of root characteristics and coefficient
relationships?

 How can the insights gained from studying quadratic equations and their roots
contribute to problem-solving and decision-making in diverse contexts?

Through a systematic exploration of these questions, the project aims to provide

a comprehensive understanding of quadratic equations, their roots, and their
relationship with coefficients, thereby equipping individuals with valuable
mathematical tools for problem-solving and analysis across various disciplines.

1.2. Objectives

Every project works has certain aims and objectives. This Project Work on “
Nature of roots of a Quadratic Equation and their relation with coefficients of the
Quadratic Equations” also has a lot of objectives. We would try to explore each
and every topic on application of Quadratic Equation as easily and as detailed.
This project aims to explore the practical applications of Quadratic Equation in
real-world situations . Some of the specific objectives of this project are listed
below:

1. To understand the nature of roots of a quadratic equation.

2. To investigate how the coefficients of a quadratic equation influence the
nature of its roots.
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 3. To establish mathematical relationships between the coefficients and the
nature of roots.

1.3. Rationale of the project

Learning is for making life easier. If we cannot use what we learn in our daily life
then there is no use in learning a thing. With the same notion, we are given
project work to research on the roots of quadratic equation. Quadratic Equation
have been exploited a lot till the date, applying it in every possible way we can in
physics, chemistry, math, biology, business, economics, finance, statistics, rate
analysis, forecasting, engineering, social sciences, etc. But still there are a lot of
fields, where they can be applied, a lot of ideas to further exploit the quadratic
equation, a lot of new techniques to observe the behavior quadratic equation of
and in fact many things to be still discovered. So, arousing such curiosity would be
the main intention of this study work. Some of the importance of this study are:-

 Foundational Understanding: Exploring the nature of roots and coefficient

relationships enhances students' grasp of fundamental algebraic concepts.

 Real-World Applications: Demonstrating practical examples of quadratic

equations in daily life scenarios illustrates their relevance in problem-solving
across various fields.

 Problem-Solving Skills: Solving quadratic equations and interpreting their

solutions fosters critical thinking and analytical reasoning abilities.

 Interdisciplinary Connections: Understanding quadratic equations establishes

connections between mathematics and other disciplines, emphasizing their
interdisciplinary significance.
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 Preparation for Higher Education and Careers: Proficiency in quadratic
equations prepares students for advanced studies and careers in STEM fields
that demand strong mathematical skills.

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 Chapter: Two

Literature Review

Contemporary research on quadratic equations spans various domains, reflecting

the dynamic nature of mathematics education and its applications. Here's a
breakdown of some key areas of inquiry:

 Innovative Teaching Methods and Technology Integration: Studies delve into

novel approaches like flipped classrooms, inquiry-based learning, and
interactive digital tools to enhance quadratic concept comprehension and
engagement among students.

 Cognitive Processes in Problem Solving: Research explores the cognitive

strategies employed by students when tackling quadratic problems, as well as
common misconceptions they may harbor. Understanding these processes
aids in developing more effective teaching strategies.

 Application in Diverse Fields: Scholars investigate the application of quadratic

models in non-traditional contexts such as biology, ecology, and finance. This
underscores the versatility and relevance of quadratic equations beyond pure
mathematics, highlighting their utility in modeling real-world phenomena.

 Computational Methods and Optimization: There's a focus on developing

computational techniques for solving complex quadratic systems and
optimizing quadratic functions. These methods have implications in
engineering design, optimization algorithms, and machine learning, where
quadratic models are frequently encountered.

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 Equity Issues in Mathematics Education: Contemporary research addresses
sociocultural factors influencing students' access to and success in learning
quadratic concepts. By examining these equity issues, researchers aim to
promote inclusivity and equality in mathematics education.

Through these multifaceted investigations, contemporary research contributes to

advancing our understanding of quadratic equations and their broader
implications in education and beyond. This interdisciplinary approach not only
enriches the field of mathematics but also fosters its integration into various
disciplines and applications, ultimately benefiting society as a whole.

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 Chapter: IV

Analysis and interpretation

The project report on the nature of roots of quadratic equations and their relation
with coefficients provides a comprehensive exploration of fundamental concepts
in algebra and their practical applications. In this section, we analyze and
interpret the findings and discussions presented in the report in relation to the
identified problems and objectives.

1. Understanding the Nature of Roots

One of the primary objectives of the project is to understand the different types
of roots of a quadratic equation and their relationship with the coefficients a, b,
and c.

We know that the roots of the quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0

Where,

 a, b, and c are integers

 a≠0
 ‘a’ is the coefficient of x2
 ‘b’ is the coefficient of x
 ‘c’ is the constant

√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

𝛼 = −𝑏± 2𝑎
,𝛽 = −𝑏± 2𝑎

The nature of the roots α and β depends on the expression b2 - 4ac under the

discriminant of the quadratic equation and is denoted by ∆.

radical sign that occurs on both roots. The expression b2 - 4ac is called the

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i. Real and Distinct Roots:

 If ∆ = b2 - 4ac > 0 ,then the quadratic equation has real and distinct roots.
 The report provides examples and graphical representations to illustrate this
scenario, emphasizing the significance of the discriminant in determining
root nature.

ii. Real and Equal Roots:

 If ∆ = b2 - 4ac = 0 , then the quadratic equation has real and equal roots.
 The report explains how this condition arises and provides mathematical
expressions to calculate the roots in such cases.

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iii. Imaginary Roots:

 If ∆ = b2 - 4ac < 0 , then the quadratic equation has imaginary roots.

 The report explores the concept of complex numbers and discusses how
imaginary roots manifest in the context of quadratic equations.

Through clear explanations and illustrative examples, the report facilitates a deep
understanding of the nature of roots and their dependence on the coefficients of
the quadratic equation.

 Maximum and Minimum Value of Quadratic Expression

The maximum and minimum values for the quadratic equation of the form ax2 +
bx + c = 0 can be observed with the help of graphs.

 If the value of a is positive i.e. (a > 0), the quadratic equation has a
minimum value at x = -b/2a i.e., -D/4a.
 If the value of a is negative i.e. (a < 0), the quadratic equation has a
maximum value at x = -b/2a i.e., -D/4a.

Where D is the discriminant of the Quadratic Expression.

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2. Relation between Roots and Coefficients

let α and β be the roots of the equation:

ax2 + bx + c = 0; a ≠ 0 the we have

√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

𝛼 = −𝑏+ 2𝑎
,𝛽 = −𝑏− 2𝑎

The sum of the roots :

−𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐

α+β= +
2𝑎 2𝑎
−𝑏 + √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
=
=−2𝑏
2𝑎
=−𝑏
𝑎

−𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
∴ The sum of roots = α + β =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2

The product of roots

√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

α × β = −𝑏+ 2𝑎
× 2𝑎
(−𝑏)2 +(√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 )2
4𝑎2
𝑐
=
=𝑎

∴ The product of roots = α + β = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2

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3. Projectile Motion: When an object is thrown or launched into the air, its path
can be modeled using quadratic equations. For example, when a basketball is shot
into the air, its trajectory follows a parabolic path described by a quadratic
equation. Understanding this allows engineers to design sports equipment and
predict the motion of projectiles in various situations, such as in sports or artillery.

4.Finance and Economics: Quadratic equations are used in finance and economics
to model various scenarios. For example, the profit of a business can be modeled
by a quadratic equation where revenue and cost are considered. Analysts can use
this model to determine the maximum profit and the corresponding production
level

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5.Architecture and Construction: In architecture and construction, quadratic
equations are utilized in designing arches, bridges, and buildings. The shape of an
arch, for instance, follows a quadratic curve. By understanding quadratic
equations, architects and engineers can ensure structural stability and aesthetic
appeal in their designs.

6.Computer Science: Quadratic equations are fundamental in computer science,

particularly in areas like computational geometry, computer graphics, and
algorithm analysis. For example, quadratic equations are used to represent curves,
surfaces, and optimization problems in computer-aided design (CAD), computer
vision, and robotics. By leveraging quadratic equations, computer scientists can
develop algorithms, design interfaces, and simulate real-world phenomena in
virtual environments.

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 Chapter: Five

Summary and Conclusion

In conclusion, this project has provided a comprehensive exploration into the

nature of roots of quadratic equations and their relationship with coefficients.
Through our investigation, we have uncovered several key insights that highlight
the intricate connection between the coefficients 'a', 'b', and 'c' and the
characteristics of the roots.

Firstly, the discriminant emerged as a powerful tool in determining the nature of

roots. By analyzing the value of the discriminant, we can classify quadratic
equations into three distinct cases: those with real and distinct roots, real and
equal roots, and imaginary roots. This understanding allows us to anticipate the
behavior of the roots based on the coefficients of the equation.

Moreover, our analysis revealed that each coefficient plays a unique role in
shaping the properties of the quadratic equation. The coefficient 'a' determines
the direction of the parabola, 'b' influences the position of the vertex, and 'c'
dictates the y-intercept. By manipulating these coefficients, we can observe
corresponding changes in the roots, thereby gaining deeper insights into the
relationship between the equation's structure and its solutions.

Furthermore, the practical implications of this study extend beyond the realm of
mathematics. Quadratic equations and their roots find applications in diverse
fields such as physics, engineering, finance, and computer science. Understanding
the nature of roots equips us with valuable tools for problem-solving and
decision-making in real-world scenarios.

In summary, this project underscores the significance of delving into the

intricacies of quadratic equations and their roots. By unraveling the relationships
between coefficients and roots, we not only enhance our mathematical
understanding but also broaden our perspective on the fundamental principles
governing the behavior of mathematical functions. As we continue to explore and
apply these concepts, we pave the way for further advancements and discoveries
in mathematics and its myriad applications.

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 Reference

Anton, H., Bivens, I., & Davis, S. (2010). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. John
Wiley & Sons.

Strang, G. (2019). Introduction to Linear Algebra. Wellesley-Cambridge Press.

Larson, R., & Edwards, B. (2017). Elementary Linear Algebra: Applications Version.
Cengage Learning.

Bajracharya, B.C. (2080). Basic Mathematics. Sukunda Pustak Bhawan.

khanacademy.org

mathworld.wolfram.com

chat.openai.com

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