A project report on

A NATURE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC

EQUATION AND THEIR RELATION
WITH COEFFICIENT OF THE
QUADRATIC EQUATION

Submitted By : -
Name : - Raymond Pakhrin
Class : - 11
Section : - O
Roll No : - 26

Submitted to
Mr. SRS Sir
Global School of Science
Mid-Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very pleased to dedicate this work to all the people and

institution that provide me moral
and technical support and guidance for the successful
completion of this project report. I would
like to thank my subject teachers Mr.SRS Sir, Mr. LPB sir and Mr.
CNT Sir
Mathematics Department, Global School of Science for
introducing me to the topic as well as for
they all support, useful comments, remarks and encouragement
through the learning process of
this project reports.I would like to thank all faculty members of
Mathematics of
Global School of Science who have supported me throughout
the entire process.
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EQUATION AND THEIR RELATION WITH COEFFICIENT OF THE QUADRATIC
EQUATION.” Presented by Raymond Pakhrin as the project report of class XI section o we
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Table of Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Rationale of the project
2 Literature Review
3 Analysis and Interpretation
4 Summary and Conclusion
Reference
 Abstract

This thesis undertakes a thorough examination of the nuanced interdependence between the
nature of roots of quadratic equations and the coefficients that define them. It ventures into the
realm of algebraic equations, seeking to elucidate the intricate relationship that exists between
the values of these coefficients and the characteristics of the roots they yield. Through
meticulous analysis and theoretical exploration, this study delves into the diverse
manifestations of quadratic roots, encompassing real, complex, and repeated roots, and their
profound correlation with the coefficients. By employing a fusion of algebraic techniques and
combinatorial reasoning, it unveils the underlying patterns and symmetries governing this
relationship, thereby enriching our comprehension of quadratic equations and their myriad
applications across mathematical disciplines. This investigation not only deepens our theoretical
understanding but also offers valuable insights into practical problem-solving strategies, thereby
bridging the gap between theory and application in the realm of quadratic equations.
Background of the project:

Quadratic equations, a fundamental concept in algebra, are polynomial

equations of the second degree. They have the general form: ax + bx + c
2

= 0.

The solutions to a quadratic equation, known as its roots, can be real or

complex numbers. The nature of these roots, whether they are real or
complex, and how they relate to the coefficients of the quadratic
equation, provide crucial insights into the behavior of the equation and
its graphical representation.

Understanding the nature of roots of a quadratic equation and their

relationship with coefficients is essential in various fields, including
mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. It provides valuable
insights into the behavior of equations and helps solve problems related
to optimization, motion, and more.

Research in this area continues to explore advanced concepts, such as

the relationship between roots and coefficients in higher-degree
polynomials and applications in areas like cryptography and computer
graphics.
Introduction

The relation between coefficients and roots is, The negative of the
coefficient of the second term divided by the coefficient of the first
term is equal to the sum of the roots in a quadratic equation.
While the third term divided by the first term represents the
product of roots.

Quadratic Polynomial
The term “quadratic polynomial” refers to a type of polynomial in which the monomial
with the highest degree is of the second degree. The term “second-order polynomial”
can also be used to refer to a quadratic polynomial. This indicates that the value of at
least one of the variables ought to be increased to the power of two, whilst the values of
the powers of the other variables ought to be less than or equal to two but greater than -
1.
A quadratic polynomial can have numerous variables. However, the quadratic
polynomial with only one variable, known as a univariate polynomial, is by far the most
frequent type of polynomial. A parabola is the graph that is generated when a univariate
quadratic polynomial is evaluated. In this post, we will learn more about quadratic
polynomials, including how to discover the roots of such a polynomial, as well as look at
some examples of such polynomials.

Q.What does it mean to have a quadratic polynomial?

A polynomial is said to be quadratic if the largest power of a variable term

in the expression for the polynomial is 2, as this defines a quadratic
polynomial. When determining the degree of a polynomial, the only factor
that is taken into account is the variable’s exponent. There is no
consideration given to the influence that a coefficient or a constant term
can have. A quadratic equation or a quadratic function can be derived from
a quadratic polynomial when the polynomial is equated to the value 0. The
answers to such equations are referred to as the roots of the quadratic
equation or the zeros of the quadratic equation.
Objectives

The objectives of the project "Understanding the Nature of Roots of a

Quadratic Equation and Their Relationship with Coefficients" include:

1. Educational Outreach: Provide clear explanations and

demonstrations to students and enthusiasts about the fundamental
concepts of quadratic equations, including their roots and coefficients.

2.Conceptual Understanding: Foster a deeper understanding of the

relationship between the coefficients of a quadratic equation and the
nature of its roots, emphasizing the role of the discriminant.

3. Analytical Skills Development: Enhance participants' ability to

analyze quadratic equations and predict their behavior based on their
coefficients, aiding in problem-solving and critical thinking.

4.Graphical Interpretation: Illustrate the connection between the

nature of roots and the graphical representation of quadratic equations,
reinforcing concepts through visual aids.

5.Practical Applications: Explore real-world applications of quadratic

equations and their roots, highlighting how understanding these
concepts can be applied in fields such as physics, engineering,
economics, and computer science.
6.Advanced Topics Exploration: Encourage further exploration of
advanced topics related to polynomial equations beyond quadratics,
including higher-degree polynomials and their implications.

7.Research and Innovation: Stimulate curiosity and interest in

researching novel applications of quadratic equations and their roots,
potentially leading to innovations in various domains.

8. Interdisciplinary Connections: Foster interdisciplinary connections by

exploring how quadratic equations and their roots relate to other
branches of mathematics and fields of study.

9. Problem-Solving Skills: Develop participants' problem-solving skills

by presenting challenges that require the application of quadratic
equation properties and root relationships.

10.Communication and Presentation: Encourage effective

communication and presentation skills by providing opportunities for
participants to articulate their understanding of quadratic equations
and their roots to peers and mentors.

These objectives aim to cultivate a comprehensive understanding of

quadratic equations, empower individuals to apply their knowledge in
diverse contexts, and inspire further exploration and innovation in
mathematics and related fields.
Rationale of the Project
The rationale behind the project "Understanding the Nature of Roots of
a Quadratic Equation and Their Relationship with Coefficients" stems
from several key considerations:

Foundational Importance: Quadratic equations serve as foundational

concepts in algebra and mathematics education. They provide the basis
for understanding higher-degree polynomials and play a significant role
in various branches of mathematics and science.

Common Curriculum Component: Quadratic equations are typically

covered in school curricula worldwide, making it essential to ensure
students grasp the fundamental concepts thoroughly. A project focusing
on the nature of roots and coefficient relationships enhances
comprehension and retention of these critical concepts.

Conceptual Challenges: Students often face challenges in

understanding abstract mathematical concepts. The project aims to
address these challenges by providing clear explanations, visual aids,
and practical demonstrations to enhance conceptual understanding.

Real-World Applications: Quadratic equations and their roots have

numerous real-world applications, from modeling physical phenomena
such as projectile motion to solving optimization problems in
engineering and economics. Understanding the nature of roots and
coefficient relationships facilitates the application of mathematical
concepts to practical situations.

Preparation for Advanced Study: Mastery of quadratic equations lays

the groundwork for advanced study in mathematics and related fields.
A project that delves into the intricacies of quadratic equations and
their properties prepares students for higher-level coursework and
research opportunities.

Interdisciplinary Connections: Quadratic equations intersect with

various disciplines, including physics, engineering, computer science,
and finance. By exploring the nature of roots and coefficient
relationships, the project fosters interdisciplinary connections and
demonstrates the relevance of mathematics in diverse fields.

Problem-Solving Skills Development: Analyzing quadratic equations

and their roots requires critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Through this project, participants develop these essential skills, which
are valuable in academia, professional settings, and everyday life.

Educational Equity and Access: Providing comprehensive resources and

educational materials on quadratic equations ensures equitable access
to quality mathematics education for students from diverse
backgrounds. The project promotes inclusivity and supports learners at
different skill levels.
Promotion of Mathematical Literacy: By promoting a deeper
understanding of quadratic equations and their roots, the project
contributes to the development of mathematical literacy among
students and the general public. Mathematical literacy is increasingly
important in an era dominated by data-driven decision-making and
technological advancement.

Overall, the project aims to enhance mathematical education, foster

critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and promote the application
of mathematics in real-world contexts, ultimately empowering
individuals to succeed in academic, professional, and personal
endeavors.
Relation between Roots and Coefficients of a
Quadratic Equation
For example:- if the roots of the equation

5x -4x+7=0 be α and β, than

2

Sum of roots =-coefficient of x/coefficient of x 2

Sum of roots =-(-4)/5

Sum of roots=4/5

Product of roots=constant term/coefficient of x 2

Product of roots=7/5
Sum of Roots of a quadratic equation:-
The sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is equal to
the negation of the coefficient of x divided by the
coefficient of x .it is denoted by S.
2

Sum of roots =S=-b/a

Sum of roots= -coefficient of x/coefficient of x 2

For example:- Sum of roots of quadratic equation

X -5x+6=0
2

Compare the standard form of quadratic equation

ax2+bx+c=0 where a≠0

a=1

b=-5

c=6

Sum of roots =S=-b/a=-(-5)/1=5

Product of Roots of a quadratic
equation: -

The products of the roots of a quadratic equation are equal to the

constant term divided by the coefficient of x .it is denoted by P.
2

Product of roots =P=c/a

Product of roots =constant term /coefficient of x 2

For example:-Product of roots of quadratic equation

2x +6x+3=0
2

Compare the standard form of quadratic equation

ax2+bx+c=0 where a≠0

a=2

b=6

c=3

Product of roots=c/a

Product of roots=3/2
Example: If the coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x + bx + c 2

=0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its roots were found to be -2 and -

15. Find the roots of the original quadratic equation.

Solution:

Since there is no change in the coefficient of x and c, the product of

2

zeroes will remain the same for both equations.

Therefore, the product of zeroes (c) = -2 × -15 = 30,
Since the original value of b is 13,
Sum of zeroes = -b/a = -13.
Hence, the original quadratic equation is:
x – (Sum of Zeroes)x + (Product of Zeroes) = 0
2

x + 13x + 30 = 0
2

∴ (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
Therefore, the roots of the original quadratic equations are -3 and -10.

Quadratic Equations Having Common Roots

Let β be the common root (solution) of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0. This implies that a1β2 + b1β + c1 = 0 and a2β2 + b2β + c2 = 0.
Now, solving for β2 and β we will get:
β2/(b1c2 – b2c1) = -β/(a1c2 – a2c1) = 1/(a1b2 – a2b1) [using determinant method]
Therefore, β2 = (b1c2 – b2c1)/ (a1b2 – a2b1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
And, β = (a2c1 – a1c2)/(a1b2 – a2b1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
On squaring equation (2) and equating it with equation (1), we get:
(a1b2 – a2b1)/(b1c2 – b2c1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2
Hence, it is the required condition for quadratic equations having one common
root.
If both the roots of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 are
common then:
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
If α is a repeated root, i.e., the two roots are α, α of equation f(x) = 0, then α will
be a root of the derived equation.
f’(x) = 0 where f’(x) = df/dx
If α is a repeated root common in f(x) = 0 and ϕ(x) = 0, then α is a common root
both in f’(x) = 0 and ϕ ‘(x) = 0.

How to Solve Quadratic Equations with Common Roots?

Example: For what value of k do both the quadratic equations, 6x2 – 17x + 12
= 0 and 3x2 – 2x + k = 0, will have a common root?
Solution:
If one of the roots of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is
common then: (a1b2 – a2b1)(b1c2 – b2c1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Form the given quadratic equations, a1 = 6, b1 = -17, c1 = 12, a2 = 3, b2 = -2 and c2 =
k.
On substituting these values in equation (1), we will get:
[(6×-2) – (3×-17)] × [-17k – (-2×12)] = (3×12 – 6k)2
-663k + 936 = 1296 + 36k2 – 432k
36k2 + 231k + 360 = 0
12k2 + 125k + 120 = 0
(4k + 15) (3k + 8) = 0
Therefore, the values of k are -15/4 and -8/3.

Example: Find the values of k such that the quadratic equations x2 – 11x + k =
0 and x2 – 14x + 2k = 0 have a common factor.
Solution:
Let (x – α) be the common factor of quadratic equations x2 – 11x + k = 0 and x2 –
14x + 2k = 0, then x = α will satisfy the given quadratic equations.
Therefore, α2 – 11α + k = 0 . . . . . . . . . . (1)
And, α2 – 14α + 2k = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
On solving Equation (1) and Equation (2), we will get:
α2/(-22k + 14k) = -α/2k – k = 1/(-14 + 11)
Therefore, α2 = (-22k + 14k)/-3 = 8k/3 . . . . . . . (3)
And, α = (2k – k)/(-14 + 11) = k/3 . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
On equating Equation (3) and Equation (4):
8k/3 = (k/3)2
Therefore, the value of k = 24.
Solving Quadratic Equations
There are two methods to solve a quadratic equation
 Algebraic Method
 Graphical Method

Algebraic Method of Solving Quadratic Equations

General Form: ax2 + bx + c = 0;
x2 + bx/a + c/a = 0
⇒ (x + b/2a)2 = b2/4a2 – c/a
Or, (x + b/2a)2 = (b2 – 4ac)/4a2
Or, x + b/2a = ± (√b2 – 4ac)/2a
⇒ x = [-b ± √(b2 – 4ac)]/2a
b2 – 4ac = Discriminant (D)
 α = (-b+√D)/2a
 β = (-b – √D)/2a
α+β= -b/a, α.β = c/a
Therefore, the quadratic equation can be written as,
⇒ x2 – (α + β)x + (α.β) = 0.
Tips to Solve Equations Reducible to Quadratic
 To solve the equations of type ax4 + bx2 + c = 0, put x2 = y
 To solve a.p(x)2 + b.p(x) + c = 0, put p(x) = y.
 To solve a.p(x) + b/p(x) + c = 0, put p(x) = y.
 To solve a(x2 + 1/x2) + b(x + 1/x) + c = 0,put x + 1/x = y and to solve a(x2 + 1/x2) + b(x – 1/x) + c
= 0, put x – 1/x = y.
 To solve a reciprocal equation of the type ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0, a ≠ 0, divide the equation
by d2y/dx2 to obtain a(x2 + 1/x2) + b(x + 1/x) + c = 0,and then put x + 1/x = y.
 To solve (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) + k = 0 where a + b = c + d, put x2 +(a + b)x = y
 To solve an equation of type √(ax + b) = cx + d or √(ax2 + bx + c) = dx + e, square both sides.
 To solve √(ax + b) ± √(cx + d) = e, transfer one of the radicals to the other side and square both
sides. Keep the expression with a radical sign on one side and transfer the remaining expression
to the other side.

Literature Review
Contemporary Research
Contemporary research on quadratic equations encompasses
several key areas of inquiry. Recent studies have explored innovative
teaching methods and technological interventions aimed at enhancing
student understanding and engagement with quadratic concepts. For
example, research has examined the effectiveness of flipped
classrooms, inquiry-based learning approaches, and interactive digital
tools in facilitating deeper learning of quadratic equations. Additionally,
scholars have investigated the cognitive processes involved in solving
quadratic problems, shedding light on the strategies students employ
and the misconceptions they may harbor. Furthermore, there is ongoing
research on the application of quadratic models in diverse fields,
including biology, ecology, and finance, highlighting the versatility and
relevance of quadratic equations beyond traditional mathematical
contexts. Another area of interest is the development of computational
methods for solving complex quadratic systems and optimizing
quadratic functions, with implications for engineering design,
optimization algorithms, and machine learning. Moreover,
contemporary research has addressed equity issues in mathematics
education, exploring how socio-cultural factors influence students'
access to and success in learning quadratic concepts. By addressing
these multifaceted aspects, contemporary research contributes to
advancing our understanding of quadratic equations and their broader
implications in education and beyond.

Overview
Quadratic equations, originating from ancient civilizations and
formalized in Renaissance mathematics, hold a central position in
algebraic discourse. Foundational texts like Al-Khwarizmi's "Al-Kitab al-
Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala" provided systematic methods
for solving these equations. Recent research has focused on innovative
teaching strategies and technological interventions to deepen student
understanding, including flipped classrooms and interactive digital
tools. Cognitive studies have delved into problem-solving processes and
student misconceptions. Quadratic equations find application in diverse
fields like biology, ecology, and finance, with computational methods
being developed for complex systems and optimization. Additionally,
research addresses equity issues, examining socio-cultural factors
affecting access and success in learning quadratic concepts. Through
these interdisciplinary efforts, contemporary research enriches our
understanding of quadratic equations and their broader implications in
education and beyond.
Practical Applications
Practical applications of quadratic equations extend across various
domains, showcasing their significance beyond theoretical
mathematics. Here's an overview highlighting some key areas:

1. Physics and Engineering:

- Quadratic equations model numerous physical phenomena,
including projectile motion, the motion of objects under gravity, and
the behavior of springs and pendulums. Engineers utilize quadratic
equations to design structures, analyze forces, and optimize systems in
fields such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and aerospace
engineering.

2. Optimization Problems:
- Quadratic functions are central to optimization problems in
economics, operations research, and management science. These
problems involve maximizing or minimizing a certain quantity, such as
profit or cost, subject to constraints. Quadratic optimization techniques
are applied in resource allocation, production planning, portfolio
management, and logistics.

3. Finance and Economics:

- Quadratic equations are employed in finance to model various
financial instruments and phenomena. For instance, the Black-Scholes
model, used in options pricing, involves a quadratic equation. Quadratic
functions are also utilized in economic analysis to study production
functions, cost functions, and consumer behavior.
4. Computer Graphics and Animation;
- Quadratic equations play a crucial role in computer graphics and
animation, particularly in rendering curves and surfaces. Bezier curves
and B-splines, which are widely used in computer-aided design (CAD)
and animation software, are defined by quadratic equations. These
equations facilitate the creation of smooth and visually appealing
graphics.

5. Biological Sciences:
- Quadratic models are applied in biology to describe population
growth, predator-prey interactions, and the spread of diseases. They
help researchers understand the dynamics of ecological systems,
predict population trends, and assess the impact of interventions such
as vaccination campaigns and habitat conservation efforts.

6. Signal Processing and Control Systems:

- Quadratic equations are utilized in signal processing and control
systems to analyze signals, design filters, and regulate systems'
behavior. In control theory, quadratic optimization techniques are
employed to design controllers that ensure stability, performance, and
robustness in dynamic systems.

7. Statistics and Machine Learning:

- Quadratic functions are integral to statistical analysis and machine
learning algorithms. In regression analysis, quadratic regression models
capture nonlinear relationships between variables. Quadratic
programming is also utilized in optimization algorithms for machine
learning tasks such as support vector machines (SVMs) and quadratic
discriminant analysis (QDA).

These practical applications demonstrate the ubiquity and versatility of

quadratic equations across various fields, underscoring their
importance in problem-solving and decision-making processes..
Summary

In summary, quadratic equations represent a cornerstone of mathematical

understanding with far-reaching practical applications. Originating from ancient
mathematical texts, they have been formalized and refined over centuries. Recent
research focuses on innovative teaching methods, cognitive processes, and
interdisciplinary applications. Practical uses span physics, engineering, finance,
computer graphics, biology, and more. From modeling physical phenomena to
optimizing systems and designing controllers, quadratic equations are
indispensable tools in problem-solving and decision-making across diverse fields.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the study of quadratic equations transcends mere

mathematical theory, finding invaluable application in numerous real-
world scenarios. From ancient origins to contemporary research, the
evolution of quadratic equations reflects both their historical
significance and ongoing relevance. The synthesis of traditional
pedagogy with modern teaching methods enhances understanding,
while interdisciplinary applications underscore their versatility. As
quadratic equations continue to inform our understanding of natural
phenomena, drive technological innovation, and shape economic
decision-making, their study remains indispensable in both academic
and practical contexts. Ultimately, the enduring importance of quadratic
equations lies in their ability to provide elegant solutions to complex
problems and to inspire curiosity and exploration across generations.
Reference

-Wainwright, K. (2005). Fundamental methods of mathematical

economics.
-McGraw-Hill.
-Koirala, S.P (2014), algebra, Kathmandu: Vidyarthi Prakasan private
limited.
-Chat Gpt
-Bajracharya, B.C. (2080). Basic Mathematics. Sukunda Pustak Bhawan.
-Unacademy
-Byjus