I. Literature related to assessing attitude on obesity.

1. Dr. Piyush Ranjan, Department of Medicine, AIIMS, january ( 2019)

conducted a study develop and validate a knowledge, attitude, and practice
(KAP) questionnaire about obesity among obese individuals. The
questionnaire was developed following a standardized protocol that
consisted of literature review, focused group discussions, and expert
opinion. A cross-sectional survey on 100 obese individuals was carried out
to validate the tool. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, using
principal component with varimax rotation, to establish the construct validity
of the questionnaire. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested
using Cronbach's α coefficient.KAP questionnaire with 42 items
categorized under three domains knowledge, attitude, and practices was
developed. The KAP sections have 14, 15, and 13 items, respectively.
Independent Cronbach's α for KAP domains were 0.75, 0.75, and 0.63,
respectively, indicating good internal consistency. The developed
questionnaire will be helpful in achieving better understanding of the
patients' KAP about obesity. It has satisfactory validity and good internal
consistency.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM JAN2019

PAGE 102-110.
 2. C. Luck-Sikorski 2017 April conducted an experimental study in a
population-based sample aimed to compare attitudes towards obesity
following three different causal explanations for obesity (individual
behavior, environmental factors, genetic factors).The data were derived
from an online representative sample. A random subsample of n = 407
participants was included. Two independent variables were investigated:
cause of obesity as described in the vignette and cause of obesity as
perceived by the participant regardless of vignette. Quality features of the
vignettes (accuracy and bias of the vignette) were introduced as
moderators to regression models. Three stigma-related outcomes (negative
attitudes, blame and social distance) served as dependent
variables.Inaccuracy and bias was ascribed to the social environmental and
genetic vignettes more often than to the individual cause vignette. Overall,
participants preferred individual causes (72.6%). While personal beliefs did
not differ between the genetic and environmental cause conditions
(Chi2 = 4.36, p = 0.113), both were different from the distribution seen in the
individual cause vignette. Negative attitudes as well as blame were
associated with the belief that individuals are responsible for obesity
(b = 0.374, p = 0.003; 0.597, p < 0.001), but were not associated with
vignette-manipulated causal explanation. The vignette presenting individual
responsibility was associated with lower levels of social distance
(b = −0.183, p = 0.043). After including perceived inaccuracy and bias as
moderators, the individual responsibility vignette was associated with
higher levels of blame (emphasis: b = 0.980, p = 0.010; bias:
b = 0.778, p = 0.001) and the effect on social distance vanished. This study
shows that media and public health campaigns may solidify beliefs that
obesity is due to individual causes and consequently increase stigma when
presenting individual behavior as a cause of obesity. Public health
messages that emphasize the role of social environmental or genetic
causes may be ineffective because of entrenched beliefs.
3. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 6,
Issue, 6, pp.4602-4606, June, 2018

Anjani Devi Nelavala june 2018 conducted a study to assess the

knowledge and attitude regarding complications of obesity among young
adults .The present community based cross- sectional descriptive study
was conducted in Narayana Medical College Hospital, Nellore, Andhra
Pradesh state(India). The study sample included 60the young adults
between 19-40 years selected by convenience sampling technique.The
findings of the study revealed that out of 60 young adults 32(53.3%) of
were had inadequate knowledge, 13(23.3%) of young adult had average
knowledge and 15(25%) of young adults were had inadequate knowledge
on complications of obesity and out of 60 young adults 37 (61.1 %) adults
were needs to improves their attitude had positive attitude ,19 (31.6%) of
adults were natural attitude in their attitude and 4(6.66%) adults were had
in negative attitude.The majority of obesity complication of young adults
has average knowledge regarding obesity complication at Narayana
Medical College Hospital Nellore. It indicates that there is a need for
creating awareness among young adults.
4.Dr. Alfa Muhihi, Africa Academy for Public Health, 2015 March-April
conjducted a study to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards obesity
among primary school children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.A cross-
sectional study was conducted in randomly selected primary schools in Dar
es Salaam. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge
and attitudes. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were
taken using standard procedures.A total of 446 children were included in
the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 11.1 ± 2.0 years. The
mean body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic
blood pressure (DBP) were 16.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, 103.9 ± 10.3 mmHg and 65.6
± 8.2 mmHg, respectively. Prevalence of obesity (defined as BMI
>95th percentile for age and sex) was 5.2%. Half of the children (51.1%)
had heard about obesity from teachers at school (20%), radio (19.4%) and
books/newspaper (17.3%). Less than half (45.4%) had knowledge about
the risk factors for childhood obesity and correctly defined obesity (44.6%).
However, a good number of the children (72.1%) were aware that they can
be affected by obesity. Majority of them had negative attitude towards
obesity and various factors leading to or resulting from childhood
obesity.Knowledge about childhood obesity among primary school children
is moderate and have negative attitude towards obesity. Integrating
educational programs early in primary schools may be an effective strategy
to impact knowledge about obesity and other non-communicable diseases
early in childhood.
I. Literature related to Effectiveness of Information Education Communication
(IEC) on level of knowledge.

5. J.D Janardhan 2019 conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of

IEC package on knowledge, attitude practiced on dengue fever among
women at selected rural community in Chennai. A pre experimental
research design was adapted. A total of 50 women were selected using
simple random sampling technique based on selection criteria. The
instrument used in the study was structured questionnaire which consisted
of demographic variables and questions regarding Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice on dengue fever among women at selected rural community in
Chennai. The data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that
there was a significant (p>0.05) increases in knowledge on dengue fever in
group with knowledge score of 8.02 and 14.84 and standard deviation of
2.293 and 2.213 in pre and posttest respectively. ‘t’ value -17.05. In post
test 50(100%) had positive attitude, 0(0%) had moderately positive attitude,
25(50%) had moderately negative attitude and 25(50%) had negative in
posttest 48(96%) had practiced about prevention of dengue fever, 2(4%)
had not practiced about prevention of dengue fever. In posttest 48(96%)
had practiced about prevention of dengue fever, 2(4%) had not practiced
about prevention of dengue fever. The study findings showed that the
knowledge level was increased after IEC package teaching programme
and also education about dengue fever is very useful to motivate the
women for preventing the complications of dengue fever and also in
preventing the spreading of this infection.
JETIR February 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 PAGE224-232

Batang Emiliano, Kalusuga’y Panalo:

Information, Education and
Communication
(IEC) For Infectious Diseases Mitigation
Marycon Carmela G. Mella Mary Ann N.
Villareal Michael B. Zuñiga
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School
Abstract
Scaling up health education during the
pandemic is crucial as an integral part
of learning. One way to promote health
education is through Information,
Education
and Communication (IEC) materials. The
study assessed students’ awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices,
and teachers’ current health education
practices, to develop IEC materials for
prevention of infectious diseases during
distance learning. The study used a mixed-
methods sequential explanatory design. In
Phase 1, two survey questionnaires were
administered: students’ questionnaire
identified their level of awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices;
and
teachers’ questionnaire determined their
health education implementation in class.
Phase 2 collected qualitative data through
two separate Focus Group Discussions for
students and teachers. Results show that
learners’ knowledge is limited to infectious
diseases that their families have personally
experienced. Learners may be at risk of
infectious diseases due to inadequate
hygiene practices. Teachers struggle to
communicate adequate health education
information to students amid challenges
of distance learning, particularly on
ensuring equally access of online and
modular
learners. The research was conducted in
General Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School in SY 2020-2021. The study
gathered necessary information as basis
for
developing IEC initiatives customized for
the school and students’ needs
Batang Emiliano, Kalusuga’y Panalo:
Information, Education and
Communication
(IEC) For Infectious Diseases Mitigation
Marycon Carmela G. Mella Mary Ann N.
Villareal Michael B. Zuñiga
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School
Abstract
Scaling up health education during the
pandemic is crucial as an integral part
of learning. One way to promote health
education is through Information,
Education
and Communication (IEC) materials. The
study assessed students’ awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices,
and teachers’ current health education
practices, to develop IEC materials for
prevention of infectious diseases during
distance learning. The study used a mixed-
methods sequential explanatory design. In
Phase 1, two survey questionnaires were
administered: students’ questionnaire
identified their level of awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices;
and
teachers’ questionnaire determined their
health education implementation in class.
Phase 2 collected qualitative data through
two separate Focus Group Discussions for
students and teachers. Results show that
learners’ knowledge is limited to infectious
diseases that their families have personally
experienced. Learners may be at risk of
infectious diseases due to inadequate
hygiene practices. Teachers struggle to
communicate adequate health education
information to students amid challenges
of distance learning, particularly on
ensuring equally access of online and
modular
learners. The research was conducted in
General Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School in SY 2020-2021. The study
gathered necessary information as basis
for
developing IEC initiatives customized for
the school and students’ needs
Batang Emiliano, Kalusuga’y Panalo:
Information, Education and
Communication
(IEC) For Infectious Diseases Mitigation
Marycon Carmela G. Mella Mary Ann N.
Villareal Michael B. Zuñiga
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School
Abstract
Scaling up health education during the
pandemic is crucial as an integral part
of learning. One way to promote health
education is through Information,
Education
and Communication (IEC) materials. The
study assessed students’ awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices,
and teachers’ current health education
practices, to develop IEC materials for
prevention of infectious diseases during
distance learning. The study used a mixed-
methods sequential explanatory design. In
Phase 1, two survey questionnaires were
administered: students’ questionnaire
identified their level of awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices;
and
teachers’ questionnaire determined their
health education implementation in class.
Phase 2 collected qualitative data through
two separate Focus Group Discussions for
students and teachers. Results show that
learners’ knowledge is limited to infectious
diseases that their families have personally
experienced. Learners may be at risk of
infectious diseases due to inadequate
hygiene practices. Teachers struggle to
communicate adequate health education
information to students amid challenges
of distance learning, particularly on
ensuring equally access of online and
modular
learners. The research was conducted in
General Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School in SY 2020-2021. The study
gathered necessary information as basis
for
developing IEC initiatives customized for
the school and students’ needs
Batang Emiliano, Kalusuga’y Panalo:
Information, Education and
Communication
(IEC) For Infectious Diseases Mitigation
Marycon Carmela G. Mella Mary Ann N.
Villareal Michael B. Zuñiga
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School
Abstract
Scaling up health education during the
pandemic is crucial as an integral part
of learning. One way to promote health
education is through Information,
Education
and Communication (IEC) materials. The
study assessed students’ awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices,
and teachers’ current health education
practices, to develop IEC materials for
prevention of infectious diseases during
distance learning. The study used a mixed-
methods sequential explanatory design. In
Phase 1, two survey questionnaires were
administered: students’ questionnaire
identified their level of awareness on
infectious diseases and hygiene practices;
and
teachers’ questionnaire determined their
health education implementation in class.
Phase 2 collected qualitative data through
two separate Focus Group Discussions for
students and teachers. Results show that
learners’ knowledge is limited to infectious
diseases that their families have personally
experienced. Learners may be at risk of
infectious diseases due to inadequate
hygiene practices. Teachers struggle to
communicate adequate health education
information to students amid challenges
of distance learning, particularly on
ensuring equally access of online and
modular
learners. The research was conducted in
General Emilio Aguinaldo National High
School in SY 2020-2021. The study
gathered necessary information as basis
for
developing IEC initiatives customized for
the school and students’ needs.
6. T.P Gangadevi. M.Ramyarathi devi January 2016 conducted a study to
assess the effectiveness of IEC package on knowledge regarding impact of
watching television among children. Quantitative approach and Quasi-
experimental (One group pre and posttest) research design was adopted
for the present study. The variables studied are independent variable,
dependent variable and demographic variables. The independent variable
was IEC package on impact of television watching, dependent variable was
knowledge on impact of watching television. The study was conducted in
Jain Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Kalinjur, Vellore District. The
sample size for the present study was 100. Proportionate stratified
sampling technique was adopted to select the samples for the study.
Structured self-administered questionnaire which consists of 30 multiple
choice questions was used to collect the data. The results in pretest
revealed that majority 85% of the children had inadequate knowledge and
15% of the children had moderately adequate knowledge and in posttest
61% of children had adequate knowledge, 39% of the children had
moderately adequate knowledge and none of the children had inadequate
knowledge after IEC package.

7. J.Sonia November 2021 conducted a study to evaluate the

effectiveness of IEC (Information, Education and Communication)
package on prevention of female foeticide in terms of knowledge and
attitude of adults in a selected urban area of Rohtak.The aim of the
study is to evaluate the effectiveness of IEC (Information, Education
and Communication) package on prevention of female foeticide in
terms of knowledge and attitude of adults in a selected urban area of
Rohtak (Haryana) . One group pretest post test design through pre
experimental approach was adopted. Data was collected from
randomly selected 150 adults (18-60yrs old) residing in urban areas
namely Sainipura and Chamanpura, Rohtak (Haryana) using a
structured interview schedule and an attitude scale. IEC (Information,
Education and Communication) package consisted of Public
education on female foeticide and it’s prevention, Charts and posters,
Role play and Video teaching on prevention of female foeticide.
Conceptual framework is based on Context, Input, Process and
Product model for program evaluation developed by Stufflebeame
and colleagues. IEC package was given on single day at a selected
venue. Result: Assessment of pretest knowledge showed that only a
handful of respondents (4.7%) had good knowledge and maximum
candidates (94%) had less favorable attitude towards the prevention
of female foeticide. After giving IEC package, majority (98.7%) of
respondents were found to have good level of knowledge and
maximum subjects (92%) were found to have favorable attitude
towards prevention of female foeticide. No one had unfavorable
attitude regarding prevention of female foeticide in the post test. The
mean posttest knowledge score (32.29±2.14) was significantly higher
than mean pretest knowledge score (18.34±4.95). The mean posttest
attitude score (106.40) was significantly higher (Mean Difference -
19.67), as indicated by the “t” value t149=1.96. The improvement
 mean score obtained for overall knowledge is 13.95 with “t” value of
35.12 at p<0.001 level. The study proved that IEC package was
instructionally effective, socially acceptable and appropriate media for
improving knowledge and attitude among community people.

8.Shalini Saranya, Vijayarani Prince, J. Lakshmi Priya 2018 conducted a

study to assess the effectiveness of IEC on problems of early marriage in
terms of knowledge and attitude among adolescent girls at
Nanchiyampalayam, Dharapuram.The research approach used for the
study was evaluative approach. The research design used for this study
was pre experimental one group pretest posttest only design. Conceptual
frame work adopted in the present study was the modified shuffle Beam
CIPP model (1983).the purposive sampling technique was used to select
100 samples for the study. The tool used for the study was self
administered questionnaire to assess knowledge and five point Likert scale
to assess the attitude regarding problems of early marriage. IEC was
prepared in which information were conveyed through video clips, video
drama and slides using laptop, Education was given using flip chart. In
communication the researcher discussed with samples regarding
prevention of early marriage by using opinion questionnaire for 10 minutes.
Collected data were tabulated and analysed by using statistical package.
There is significant between pre test and post test knowledge scores. The
mean pre test and post test scores were 10.41 (SD±3.86), 18.2(SD ±2.72)
respectively. The post test mean score was higher than pre test mean
score. Mean difference was 7.79. The paired ‘t’ test value was 8.85 which
was significant at P< 0.05 level. The mean pre test and post test attitude
scores were 47.13(SD±10), 64.2(SD± 5.3) respectively. Mean difference
was 17.07.The paired ‘t’ test value was 8.33. Which was significant at P<
0.05 level. It showed that there was a positive correlation between
knowledge and attitude scores. The results revealed that there was no
significant association between problems of early marriage among
adolescent girls and their selected demographic variables except for
education of the mother (? 2=7.827) at p < 0.05 level .The study findings
showed that the IEC programme was effective in increasing the knowledge
and attitude regarding problems of early marriage among adolescents.