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Pointing with a forefoot. When standing, a horse rests his hind legs by
changing weight from one to the other at intervals of a minute. As he has no
mechanism to do this with the fore limbs, he expresses pain in one of them
by pointing the foot forward. He rests better facing down a slope then
facing up as in a stable, and when in pain may be relieved by tying to the
stanchion instead of to the manger.
Head out, chin up, feet apart, and sweating, mean that the chap is
choking.
Bright eyes, a glossy coat, head carried proudly, and tail high, dry
nostrils, hard droppings, free movement, and a willing gait are signs most
eloquent of health. To pass the time of day with other horses, shy at the
clouds, paw the moon, and dance, with pig jumping or even a little bucking
after breakfast, are signals of youth, joy and good fellowship.
Then one may watch the play of the nostrils making a thousand
comments on scents borne in the air, while the ears will point and quiver to
all sorts of sounds beyond man's hearing. The mood will change from sober
thoughtfulness in the shadow of clouds or trees, to sheer intoxication of
delight with sparkling frost, dew on the flowers, sunshine in the skies. No
creature on earth expresses feeling with sweeter quickness than a happy
horse.
When I have been in company with some very dear friend, and one of
us would answer out loud to an unspoken thought of the other, or both of us
were moved to say the same thing in the like words, we called that thought-
transference. When my horse came to me in camp, and standing behind
caressed my neck or ear with his lips or nostril trying by thought-
transference to tell me all about his pain or sorrow, he might get his face
slapped before I realised exactly what he said. Only as I learned to welcome
horses when they came to me, I seemed to sense their feelings. They
converse among themselves by thought-transference, and try to speak that
way to men they trust.
CHAPTER IV.
THE CONQUEST OF THE HORSE.
Living a great deal, and travelling much alone among savages I have
been more or less tolerated; and the savage has told me what he thinks of
the white man. He looks upon the scientist as an amateurish unpractical sort
of person who cannot ride or cook. The missionary can be profitably
humbugged. The tourist is a source of revenue but apt to be intrusive and
ill-mannered. As to the cinema folk, one tribe of savages refused to play
any more because they were defeated in every film. They were granted one
massacre of the whites to cheer them up.
The savage So the scientific men, the missionary, the cinema people
and many others bring home impressions which would
amuse the savage. Our people are so badly informed that they suppose the
savage to be dirty, ferocious, immoral and uncouth as the Sydney larrakin,
the cockney rough, the New York tough and other poor degenerates of our
race. It is true that the Fuegans were dirty, but we should not speak ill of the
dead. Some South Sea island tribes are cheerfully ferocious, and make
much of the white man at table although he does taste salty. The Pathan, if
one calls him a savage, takes a delight in immorality. But uncouth? The
commonality of the English-speaking nations have a deliberate preference
for ugly costume and decorations, foul speech is usual among men,
vulgarity is a privilege of both sexes, and awkwardness of bearing is almost
universal. Who are we to call the savage uncouth? Compared with a white
man, the savage is a gentleman anyway and usually sets us an example in
purity of speech, often in cleanliness, chastity, and good faith. He differs
from the healthier types of white men in having slightly less energy and
vitality, in lack of sustained purpose and in being never quite grown up.
Except in Africa, our microbes and not our valour conquered him, and his
failure to rival us in material progress was due to lack of material rather
than want of brains. The ferocious savage of fiction could not have tamed
the horse.
It is quite likely that men killed and ate ponies for ages before it
occurred to our ancestors that the creatures would be a deal more useful
alive. But how was Four-feet overtaken and killed by Two-feet? Science has
nothing to say on that point. We are not told.
The hunter How then with his slow feet and poor weapons was the
hunter to surprise the alert sentries of a pony herd, get
within range before they fled like the wind, or drive a bone-tipped spear
through the shaggy hair?
In savage tribes there is a rule that a man of the Smith sept may not
marry among the Smiths, but seeks his bride among the Browns or
Robinsons. But the septs are usually called after some animal, so that for
Smith we may read Pony, for Brown we may read Eagle, for Robinson say
Wolf. Moreover, the children play a game of two sides in which Master
Wolf impersonates a wolf with cries and dances, and if the rival side laughs
they pay forfeit. So Miss Pony plays at pony, and Master Eagle plays at
being an Eagle. Out of this game perhaps comes a play of the grown-ups; in
which I have seen a candidate for the secret society of the Healers
impersonate his tribal Bear or Beaver before the Doctors of the order who
admitted him to their circle. This play may be the origin of a mystic rite
known as Calling the Game. For certain Doctors can wear a wolf skin, and
give so beautiful an imitation of a wolf that all the deer and bison are
deceived. His job is to excite their curiosity so that, as he draws slowly
away, the herds will follow him. The nearer animals draw back with
misgiving, but those in the rear press on to get a view until, as the wolf-man
gathers speed, the moving herd runs hard. It is then that they find
themselves running between converging lines of stone piles, and women
jump up from behind these cairns waving their robes and yelling. The herd
stampedes to the edges of a sheer cliff, too late to check their pace after the
leaders have seen the peril ahead. The rush of the herd drives onward into
space, and hundreds, even thousands of great beasts fall headlong to lie
dead or mangled in heaps on the rocks below. So the tribe assembles for
great feasting, and heavy labour.
The trap The hides were needed for clothing, shields, tents, and
rope; the brains for dressing skins; the sinews and guts for
bow-strings, lashings and thread; the hoofs and horns for weapon points,
hafts, handles, spoons, cups, window lights, and glue, which mixed with oil
made a dressing for leather; the gall for cleansing; the hair for felting or
weaving; the fat for lamp oil and candles. The meat in large flakes was sun-
dried for storage. The dried meat, pounded, mixed with berries and filled
with melted fat made pemmican, the best of winter foods.
Where there were no cliffs over which a herd could be driven, the
practice of calling the game was just the same, but the narrowing avenue of
stone heaps led to the gate of a ring fence into which the big game were
penned for slaughter.
This ring fence has many countries, many names, being the pound or
corrall of North America, jaral of Mexico, kraal of Africa, keddah of India,
circus of Rome, bull-ring of Spain and old England. With the advancing
ages the perching of spectators on the fence became the Auditorium of the
circus, Stadium, and Colosseum, and the baiting of beasts and men, the wild
beast fights, the mimic battles, and martyrdom of saints, varied the savage
programme with racing, tournaments, and athletic sports.
So far as our subject is concerned, however, one need only note that
herds of wild animals, the fighting males, the mothers and their young of
many species much too swift for men to run down in the open, were
captured alive and unhurt. Among these were ponies with their mares and
foals.
Pets The pity for young animals and the love of pets are
native traits in human character, and universal among
savages.
The savage hunter brought kittens and puppies into camp to be the
playthings of his wife and children, and from these pets descend the whole
of our cats and dogs. And in the tribal captures at the corralls were all sorts
of young animals claimed by the women and children because they were
not worth killing. These ponies, cattle, deer, sheep, goats and antelope grew
up with human kind, glad to get shelter from the wolves at night, allowed to
graze in safety outside the camp by day. If they proved useful the men were
tolerant. The useful kinds were even protected at grass by boys told off as
herders, to run them into camp at the first sign of danger.
Milch mares The mother who ran dry of milk, saw foals getting milk
from the mares, and would have mare's milk for her child.
The mares who gave most milk were preferred to others. From this came
the natural idea of breeding from good milch mares to improve the strain,
and get a larger yield. And thus the use and value grew of mare's milk with
its many preparations as a staple food for children, then of grown-ups, until
the practice of herding tame horse stock became general among the hordes
of Asia. Since then it has been found that cows gave more and better milk
than mares.
As the wild game migrated between their high summer range and their
lowland wintering grounds the savage tribes followed in search of meat.
With the beginning of the pastoral age the need was urgent of moving the
flocks and herds between the summer and the winter pastures. But as yet
there were no beasts of draught or burden to carry the tribal camp. That
meant the keeping of two camp equipments, or maybe a camp upon the
highlands to supplement the village in the lowlands; and it was doubtful
policy to leave valuable tents as a prey for marauding rivals. A larger and a
bitter need arose when the tribe must move, and old folk who lacked the
strength to travel must be left behind. There is nothing so terrible in savage
life as the necessity of leaving old men and women exposed upon a hilltop
after the tribe has moved. The poor old thing is provided with warm robes,
a fire, fuel, water and some food, but as the days pass the last cinders,
carefully raked together, sink to dust, and the cautious wolves close in for
the final rush. Savages love as we do, think as we do, and their life which
has for us some glamour of romance is full for them of sordid realism. So
we may reckon well that some good matron grudged the loss, at moving
time, of tent poles, the cutting of which had cost her heavy labour, done as
it was without steel tools like ours.
The travois She saw the tent poles left behind when the milch-pony
herd moved off. She told the herders to lash a pair of her
poles, one on either side of each pony's neck with the ends trailing astern.
The next idea was to lash a couple of cross bars across the trailing poles
behind the pony's hocks, and that was enough to keep them at a proper
angle. It was easy then to lash a skin robe in position between the trailing
poles and the two cross bars, making a sort of basket, something to carry
the old mother, who must otherwise be left behind to perish. Here then was
transport which enabled the tribe to march with its tent poles, old folk and
baggage. One can imagine how the medicine men protested against so
shocking a violation of the laws of nature, which decree that the aged shall
be left as a meal for our hunting companions, the range wolves. But here
the priests would find themselves opposed by the common sense of every
man and woman; so they would doubtless yield with an ill grace, after
enacting a law that this new means of transport was a special privilege for
aged clergymen. The travois came into general use for transport.
The cart The next step was less obvious, an idea which would
appeal to men of inventive minds; and I have noticed that it
is only in civilisation that the inventor is treated as a public enemy. The
savage actually admires a man with new ideas. The travois frame was a
heavy drag, and the draught pony was apt to delay the march. Why not have
a round log as a roller under the trailing ends of the poles? Too heavy. Cut
away the bulk of the roller, fining it down to a mere axle bar, with a disc at
either end to roll along the ground. The larger the disc the better it rolled, so
disc wheels were built, with a hole in the middle into which the ends of the
axle bar were bolted.
As one may see in the many countries where disc wheels are used by
farmers, the first idea of lightening the disc was to cut out four large holes,
leaving the timber shaped like a rough cross with a rim. But that cross was
too weak to carry weight, so its arms had to be strengthened with four
spokes, lashed on with raw-hide; next the four spokes replaced the arms of
the cross, and a rim was built enclosed in a raw-hide tyre. The raw hide, put
on wet, and shrinking as it dried, made a quite serviceable tyre. So was the
wheel invented, and the first four-spoke pattern gave place to the six and
eight-spoke methods of strengthening the rim. The whole process from
roller to four-spoke wheel would easily occur to one inventor in his
experiments.
The chariot Meanwhile the skin basket in the travois frame was
changed to a floor of raw-hide lacing, on which a man could
stand with bent knees driving. He needed shelter, so a dashboard was made
of oiled bull-hide, quite translucent but proof against spears, arrows and
pony kicks. As a curved surface made weapons glance when they hit, this
dash-board was rounded at the front, and carried along the sides enclosing
the driver's stand.
Red Indians THE RIDDEN HORSE. Many a time have I seen the
pony herd drift out to pasture, or trail down of an evening to
the water hole; but I do not remember a herder going afoot. For boys to ride
on herd was only natural, and I have no doubt that ponies were both ridden
and packed from very early times. We may find guidance here from Red
Indian practice.
The fact that range men travelling are usually attended by a herd,
change ponies at every halt, and so ride fresh mounts two or three times a
day, gives them a mobility with even the smallest ponies which has never
been matched by one-horse cavalry. It was not the foray, but shock action
which had to wait, until the crossing of stocks produced the war horse.
CHAPTER V.
The melting of the icefields had left these Baltic and North-River
Provinces of Cloudland an ill-drained country of bare rock wastes, of
boulder tracts and clay, cluttered with lakes and swamps. It was long before
its damp and frosty soils yielded a scanty crop, eight bushels of wheat, for
instance, in Plantaganet England as compared with thirty-six bushels, the
present average. The only wealth was that of fisheries in cold and deadly
shallows.
The Baltic folk To realise the temper of the Baltic, glance for a moment
at the old quest for cod, and the curing stations for stock-fish
which formed a series of stepping-stones to bridge the North Atlantic, and
so led to the discovery of North America. The founding by blonde
adventurers of the Hohenstaufen and Romanov dynasties, and of the British
kingdom, are Baltic roots from whence have grown the German, Russian,
British and American world powers holding dominion over half the Earth.
All that steam is to the mechanism of the planet, or to our own industrial
engineering, the Baltic Force has been in history.
Long before the dawn of historic times the Baltic region was brewing
human storms, which swept outward in all directions, but mainly into
regions toward the sun. It is not blind accident which leads the modern
Prussians to seize the coal and iron fields of Belgium, the oilfields of
Galicia, or the copper mines of Serbia; for, not only are Baltic storms of
overwhelming strength, they are organized by strategists, led by tacticians
and concentrate attack upon the most useful countries.
The Baltic Wherever the Baltic people hold their conquests in Asia,
force Europe, or America, a nation arises of mixed blood from
their marriages with black-haired natives or fellow
emigrants. A few centuries after the settlement, four hundred years or so,
the austere republic, or monarchy of free men with a king as Leader,
blossoms into a grand empire, ablaze with genius, rich, corrupt, decaying.
But, if the Baltic colonists have settled to sunward of the 49th parallel,
the sunlight begins to affect the nerves of the blonde emigrants, to weaken
the children, to give a feverish energy to business, to kill off the unsheltered
outdoor workers, and emasculate the sheltered aristocracy. A few centuries
later the dark-haired natives of the region have time once more to resume
their ancient habit of sitting in the sun. They made the statues and portraits
of fair gods and saints, blonde kings and heroes. "Once upon a time," they
say, "we had Olympic games. Our cavalry were irresistible. We ruled the
entire world!" But the race of the blonde conquerors has perished from
among them, gone like last winter's snow save for a few surviving
aristocrats, and some poor melting drifts of peasantry up in the mountain
valleys where there are clouds for shelter.
To these Hellenes the hearth, the log cabin and the mother were sacred,
the bases of all religion. The hearth became an altar, the cabin a glorious
temple of white marble, the mother a goddess whose statue was ivory and
her robes of massive gold. Outside their holy faith nothing was taken very
seriously, and the people had special delight in nonsense animals. The
centaur or man-horse was a prime favourite, and they did not worry over his
stable management, a most revolting job. The man mouth would refuse the
forage urgently required by the horse-body, and if they compromised on
oats as porridge, even that would pall. Still centaurs would be gentle, and
less likely to butt, than the buck unicorn of our own mythology. The
Centaur Cheiron indeed was not only gentle but the eminent headmaster of
the earliest public school. Solving the diet question with fish, game, fruit
and wine, he lived to a good old age.
For a people of so lively a mind as the Greeks, progress was rather slow
in the use of horses. Supposing the siege of Troy to have happened about
1000 B.C. they were solely dependent on chariotry in war while King
Solomon had 12,000 cavalry.
Three centuries later the Greek colonists of African Cyrene, that "city of
fair steeds and goodly chariots," sent home shipments by direct sea trade of
desert Bays for breeding. With the improvement of the horse stock four-
horse chariots began to compete in the Olympic Games of B.C. 680. By
B.C. 640 the ridden horse had become of consequence enough to share the
great honours of the Olympiad, but still the tactical use of cavalry was
delayed. Greece is a small rough country much broken by sea channels, and
no more suitable than Scotland for the effective use of the mounted arm in
war. So, even as late as the Battle of Marathon, the Persian Horse found the
Hellenic army afoot; not until the fifth century was the Greek Cavalry of
any consequence.
Rich youngsters might swank on horseback to impress the girls, but one
does not read very much about a mounted aristocracy like our own, with
gallant games like polo or manly pleasures such as modern hunting. At
heart the Romans of the Empire were anything but horse-proud. In their
military practice they never aspired to the glories of the old Greek Cavalry,
or bred a horseman tactician to compare with grand old Xenophon.
Some fifty years before the Christian era, Livy described the heavy
cavalry only as using bridles. This being interpreted means that the Roman
dragoons were able for shock action, while their Hussars steered by the
knees and fought in open disorder.
See then how the Latin word equus for a horse gives us equites as the
rank of the ancient gentry of Europe, and Esquire the rank of our modern
gentleman. The French word for horse: cheval gives us Chivalry and
Chevalier. The Spanish word caballo gives us Cavalry, Caballero, and
Cavalier. The horse has taught us more than ever we taught him.
The pack horse THE PACK HORSE. While chariotry and cavalry were
in history mainly engaged in killing civilization, the unobtrusive pack
pony did almost as much as the ship in spreading culture
along the channels of commerce. From the port of London for example a
pack trail starting at Tower Hill ran westward along Newgate, Holborn,
Oxford Street, and Bayswater Road, crossed the Thames at Oxenford, then
branched to the gold mines of Dolgelly and the tin deposits of Cornwall.
Along this artery flowed the Phoenician culture.
Pack trails A little later the merchants of North-western Europe in
search of salt, landed at the Cinque Ports of Kent. Their
pack trails converged to drop down Blackheath Hill. From thence the one
trail coasted the southern edge of the saltings of Southwark by way of Old
Kent Road and Bedlam, striking the first firm ground in the river bank at
Lamb's Hythe (landing), where the Bishop of Canterbury afterwards built
his town house. From Lambeth at low tide there was a ford to Horseferry
Road on the Isle of Thorns in mid-river. From the island site of the City of
Westminster, there was a broader but very shallow ford across the north arm
of the Thames. One may see the north bank of the Island at Great George
Street, Westminster; but the site of the pack trail is lost. It took up the ridge
between the Tyburn and Bayswater brooks, avoiding the mudholes of both,
along Park Lane. At Marble Arch it swung into the Bronze trail, to leave it
presently at Tyburn Tree, and strike up Edgeware Road, and so via Watling
Street to the salt wells in Cheshire. It was along the Bronze trail and the Salt
trail that civilization found its way into England.
The Dun horse As the Earth reels through the Dark, and on her journey
of Asia spins like a sleeping top, we only notice the changing of the
seasons while she swings round her great orbit, and the swift
passage of flying nights and days. It is only when one is quite alone in the
far wilderness that one begins to feel the Earth in motion, and after sunset to
watch her shadow climb the eastern sky. To roll one's bed down beside the
waning camp fire, to turn in and smoke the evening pipe, to lie looking up
at the stars, is to know that one is only a speck of loose dust on a flying
sphere, flung eastward at a thousand miles an hour, yet held down by the
pull of the Earth's weight safe from being whirled away into space. Loose
adventurers like me, loose air, dust, water, and loose tribes of men are all
being flung with the surface, pulled by the centre of the Earth, and drifted
about all the time without our knowing why.
Of course the weaker tribes have been flung eastward so far as there
was land, and stay where they were thrown in China, Indo-China, Burma,
and Bengal. Only the stronger races have thrust against the motion of the
planet. These dark-haired sallow Asiatics, Scythian, Hun, Tartar and the rest
were bred in regions of strong sunlight, filling their native steppes until they
were overcrowded. They were harmless shepherds and herders who did a
little hunting. But for the Dun pony we might not have heard much about
them. When they tamed the pony the savages became barbarians, the little
scattered tribes were welded into formidable hordes. And then they
swarmed like locusts eating up the world under some ruthless Caan, a
Genghis, a Timour, burning all civilization, trampling out the embers of
human reason. And in their wake came twilight—the Dark Ages.
Pack horse History is a jade. She has a glad eye for soldiers and
trails sportsmen whose business is destruction, but turns a sour
face from lousy pilgrims to the shrines of Faith, poor
craftsmen and scholars burdened with the tools of Progress, drab merchants
who carry Culture in their packs, and all the messengers of civilization. Of
these her annals are curt and negligent. She has plenty of gossip about
Kings more or less human as advertised by scribes more or less venal; but
keeps no chronicle of the pack trails on which the little Dun ponies carried
all that made civilization to the camps of the barbarian and the savage. She
told us nothing about the hundreds of opulent cities which now lie dead and
buried in the Mongolian deserts. One does not like to speak ill of a lady, but
her sense of truth is always moderate.
Adventure is not officially authorized as one of the Muses, but she is as
truthful as History, and a deal more amusing as a guide.
Dragon beast History says that nations who had no horses used to be
terrified at the first sight of horsemen, and cites the
instances of Peru and Mexico when Empires collapsed in superstitious fear.
It seems quite natural then that the first mention of the horse in China
should call him Dragon-Beast. He was not really formidable, being only a
Dun pony carrying no doubt the good Mongolian pack apparel which
consists of a saddle, and a detachable cargo rack, the oldest rigging known.
His cargo was a lodestone, a rock of magnetic iron which served the
Chinese Emperor as a compass. When the pony wanted to go west, and the
magnet insisted on north his celestial majesty probably saw a jolly good
bucking match.
The From China to the Atlantic, and from the northern Taiga
adventurers to the Indian ocean the old world was threaded all across
with pack trails snaking from water to water over the deserts
and pastures, the forests and the hills. Except in the very dry districts where
camels, asses and mules were employed for transport, the Dun ponies did
all the carrying over-land. From China to Europe was a three years' journey,
not because of the distance but by reason of the robbers who made the trail
unsafe. At each market town the packtrain captains waited, perhaps for
months, until a caravan assembled sufficiently large to undertake the
journey. There were periods when great Tartar Caans controlled the whole
of Asia north of the Himalaya, together with the grass land known now as
European Russia. These monarchs from Zenghis to Kublai and later had
post trails with post horses, and horses in relay for ambassadors and
despatch riders bearing a golden tablet of office. Old Kublai for example
was busy building Pekin when he sent the Polo brothers as envoys, riding
post with the golden tablet, to visit the Pope in Rome and ask for a batch of
priests to teach him the Christian faith. For years young Marco Polo,
nephew of these merchants, rode post as envoy, visiting every realm in
Asia. Very different were the ramblings on the pack trails of that rare scamp
Fernão Mendes Pinto who in the sixteenth century worked as a slave on the
Great Wall of China, travelled with marching armies, and as a fugitive
tramp found his way by mysterious Lhassa, to the coasts of further India.