2909955-BS EN ISO 16827-2014 Characterization and Sizing

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
BSI Standards Publication
Non-destructive testing
— Ultrasonic testing —
Characterization and sizing
of discontinuities (ISO
16827:2012)
BS EN ISO 16827:2014 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO
16827:2014. It is identical to ISO 16827:2012. It supersedes BS EN
583-5:2001 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards
Limited 2014
ISBN 978 0 580 82683 2
ICS 19.100
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2014.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 16827
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2014
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 583-5:2000
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization

and sizing of discontinuities (ISO 16827:2012)
Essais non destructifs - Contrôle par ultrasons - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Ultraschallprüfung -

Caractérisation et dimensionnement des discontinuités (ISO Beschreibung und Größenbestimmung von
16827:2012) Inhomogenitäten (ISO 16827:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 February 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16827:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
EN ISO 16827:2014 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 16827:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”
of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16827:2014 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 583-5:2000.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16827:2012 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16827:2014 without any modification.
3
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................v
,QWURGXFWLRQ........................................................................................................................................................vL
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Principles of characterization of discontinuities ...............................................................................1
3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................1
3.2 Requirements for surface condition....................................................................................................2
4 Pulse echo techniques..........................................................................................................................2
4.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................2
4.2 Location of discontinuity......................................................................................................................2
4.3 Orientation of discontinuity..................................................................................................................2
4.4 Assessment of multiple indications ....................................................................................................3
4.5 Shape of discontinuity ..........................................................................................................................3
4.5.1 Simple classification .............................................................................................................................3
4.5.2 Detailed classification of shape ...........................................................................................................4
4.6 Maximum echo height of indication ....................................................................................................4
4.7 Size of discontinuity..............................................................................................................................4
4.7.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................4
4.7.2 Maximum echo height techniques.......................................................................................................4
4.7.3 Probe movement sizing techniques ....................................................................................................5
4.7.4 Selection of sizing techniques .............................................................................................................5
4.7.5 Sizing techniques with focussing ultrasonic probes ........................................................................6
4.7.6 Use of mathematical algorithms for sizing .........................................................................................6
4.7.7 Special sizing techniques.....................................................................................................................6
5 Transmission technique .......................................................................................................................7
5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................7
5.2 Location of discontinuity......................................................................................................................7
5.3 Evaluation of multiple discontinuities.................................................................................................7
5.4 Reduction of signal amplitude ............................................................................................................8
5.5 Sizing of discontinuity ..........................................................................................................................8
Annex A (normative) Analysis of multiple indications .................................................................................12
A.1 Lateral characterisation ......................................................................................................................12
A.2 Transverse (Through-thickness) characterisation ..........................................................................12
A.3 Shadow technique...............................................................................................................................12
Annex B (normative) Techniques for the classification of discontinuity shape ........................................14
B.1 Simple classification ...........................................................................................................................14
B.1.1 General .................................................................................................................................................14
B.1.2 Reconstruction technique ..................................................................................................................14
B.1.3 Echo envelope technique ...................................................................................................................14
B.2 Detailed classification.........................................................................................................................14
B.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................................14
B.2.2 Echodynamic pattern technique........................................................................................................15
B.2.3 Directional reflectivity .........................................................................................................................17
B.3 Combination of data............................................................................................................................17
Annex C (informative) Maximum echo height sizing technique...................................................................25
C.1 Distance-gain-size (DGS) technique..................................................................................................25
C.1.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................25
C.1.2 Applications and limitations...............................................................................................................25
C.2 Distance-amplitude-correction (DAC) curve technique ..................................................................25
C.2.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................25
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
C.2.2 Applications and limitations...............................................................................................................26

Annex D (normative) Probe movement sizing techniques ...........................................................................27
D.1 Fixed amplitude level techniques ......................................................................................................27
D.1.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................27
D.1.2 Application and limitations.................................................................................................................27
D.2 6 dB drop from maximum technique .................................................................................................27
D.2.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................27
D.3 12 dB or 20 dB drop from maximum technique................................................................................28
D.3.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................28
D.4 Drop to noise level technique.............................................................................................................28
D.4.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................28
D.5 6 dB drop tip location technique........................................................................................................29
D.5.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................29
D.6 Beam axis tip location technique.......................................................................................................29
D.6.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................29
D.7 20 dB drop tip location technique......................................................................................................30
D.7.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................30
Annex E (normative) Iterative sizing technique .............................................................................................39
E.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................39
E.2 Normal incidence testing ....................................................................................................................39
E.2.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................39
E.2.2 Adjustment of gain ..............................................................................................................................39
E.2.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................39
E.3 Oblique incidence testing ...................................................................................................................40
Annex F (normative) Mathematical algorithms for the estimation of the actual size of a
discontinuity.........................................................................................................................................45
F.1 Large planar discontinuities...............................................................................................................45
F.2 Small planar discontinuities ...............................................................................................................46
F.3 Planar discontinuities in a cylindrical test object ............................................................................48
Annex G (informative) Examples of special sizing techniques ....................................................................50
G.1 Tip diffraction techniques...................................................................................................................50
G.2 Synthetic aperture focussing technique (SAFT) ..............................................................................51
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16827 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 3,
Ultrasonic testing.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is based on EN 583-5:2000+A1:2003, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic
examination — Part 5: Characterization and sizing of discontinuities.
The following International Standards are linked.
ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles
ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Sensitivity and range setting
ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission technique
ISO 16826, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Examination for discontinuities perpendicular to
the surface
ISO 16827, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization and sizing of discontinuities
ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for
detection and sizing of discontinuities
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16827:2012(E)
Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing —

Characterization and sizing of discontinuities
1 Scope
This document specifies the general principles and techniques for the characteri]ation and sizing of previously
detected discontinuities in order to ensure their evaluation against applicable acceptance criteria. It is
applicable, in general terms, to discontinuities in those materials and applications covered by ,62.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles
ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Sensitivity and range setting
ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission technique
ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for
detection and sizing of discontinuities
ISO 23279, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization of indications in

welds
3 Principles of characterization of discontinuities
3.1 General
Characterization of a discontinuity involves the determination of those features which are necessary for its
evaluation with respect to known acceptance criteria.
Characterization of a discontinuity may include:
a) determination of basic ultrasonic parameters (echo height, time of flight);
b) determination of its basic shape and orientation;
c) sizing, which may take the form of either:
i) the measurement of one or more dimensions (or area/volume), within the limitations of
the methods; or
ii) the measurement of some agreed parameter e.g. echo height, where this is taken as
representative of its physical size;
d) location e.g. the proximity to the surface or to other discontinuities;
e) determination of any other parameters or characteristics that may be necessary for complete evaluation;
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
f) assessment of probable nature, e.g. crack or inclusion, where adequate knowledge of the test object and
its manufacturing history makes this feasible.
Where the examination of a test object in accordance with the principles of ISO 16810 yields sufficient data on
the discontinuity for its evaluation against the applicable acceptance criteria, no further characteri]ation is
necessary.
The techniques used for characteri]ation shall be specified in conjunction with the applicable acceptance
criteria.
3.2 Requirements for surface condition
The surface finish and profile shall be such that it permits sizing of discontinuities with the desired accuracy. In
general the smoother and flatter the surface the more accurate the results will be.
For most practical purposes a surface finish of RD = 6,3 Pm for machined surfaces and 12,5 Pm for shotblasted
surfaces are recommended. The gap between the probe and the surface should not exceed 0,5 mm.
The above surface requirements should normally be limited to those areas from which sizing is to be carried
out as, in general, they are unnecessary for discontinuity detection.
The method of surface preparation shall not produce a surface that gives rise to a high level of surface noise.
4 Pulse echo techniques
4.1 General
The principal ultrasonic characteristics/parameters of a discontinuity that are most commonly used for
evaluation by the pulse echo techniques are described in 4.2 to 4.7 inclusive.
The characteristics/parameters to be determined shall be defined in the applicable standard or any relevant
contractual document, and shall meet the requirements of 10.1 of ISO 16810.
4.2 Location of discontinuity
The location of a discontinuity is defined as its position within a test object with respect to an agreed system of
reference co-ordinates.
It shall be determined in relation to one or more datum points and with reference to the index point and beam
angle of the probe, and measurement of the probe position and beam path length at which the maximum echo
height is observed.
Depending on the geometry of the test object under examination, and the type of discontinuity, it may be
necessary to confirm the location of the discontinuity from another direction, or with another probe angle, to
ensure that the echo is not caused e.g. by a wave mode change at a geometrical feature of the test object.
4.3 Orientation of discontinuity
The orientation of a discontinuity is defined as the direction or plane along which the discontinuity has its
major axis (axes) with respect to a datum reference on the test object.
The orientation can be determined by a geometrical reconstruction analogous to that described for location,
with the difference that more beam angles and/or scanning directions are generally necessary than for simple
location.
The orientation may also be determined from observation of the scanning direction at which the maximum
echo height is obtained.
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
In several applications, the precise determination of the discontinuity orientation in space is not required, only
the determination of the projection of the discontinuity onto one or more pre-established planes and/or
sections within the test object.
4.4 Assessment of multiple indications
The method for distinguishing between single and multiple discontinuities may be based on either qualitative
assessment or quantitative criteria.
The qualitative determination consists of ascertaining, through the observation of the variations of the
ultrasonic indications, whether or not such indications correspond to one or more separate discontinuities.
Figure 1 shows typical examples of signals from grouped discontinuities in a forging or casting.
Where acceptance criteria are expressed in terms of maximum allowable dimensions, preliminary quantitative
measurements shall be made in order to determine whether separate discontinuities are to be evaluated
individually or collectively according to pre-established rules governing the evaluation of the group.
Such rules may be based on the concentration of individual discontinuities within the group, expressed in
terms of the total of their lengths, areas or volumes in relation to the overall length, area or volume of the
group. Alternatively, the rules may specify the minimum distance between individual discontinuities, often as a
ratio of the dimensions of the adjacent discontinuities.
Where a more accurate characteri]ation of a group of indications is required, an attempt may be made to
determine whether the echoes arise from a series of closely spaced but separate discontinuities, or from a
single continuous discontinuity having a number of separate reflecting facets, using the techniques described
in $nnex A.
4.5 Shape of discontinuity
4.5.1 Simple classification
There are a limited number of basic reflector shapes that may be identified by ultrasonic testing. In many
cases evaluation against the applicable acceptance criteria only requires a relatively simple classification,
described in B.1. According to this, the discontinuity is classified as either:
1) point, i.e. having no significant extent in any direction;
2) elongated, i.e. having a significant extent in one direction only;
3) complex, i.e. having a significant extent in more than one direction.
When required, this classification may be sub-divided into:
a) planar, i.e. having a significant extent in 2 directions only, and
b) volumetric, i.e., having a significant extent in 3 directions.
Depending upon the requirements of the acceptance standard, either:
a) separate acceptance criteria may apply to each of the above classifications, or
b) the discontinuity, independently of its point, elongated or complex configuration, is projected on one or
more pre-established sections, and each projection is conservatively treated as a crack-like planar
discontinuity.
Simple classification will normally be limited to the use of those probes and techniques specified in the
examination procedure. Additional probes or techniques shall only be used where agreed.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
4.5.2 Detailed classification of shape
In order to correctly identify the discontinuity types specified in the acceptance criteria, or to make a correct
fitness-for-purpose evaluation, it may be necessary to make a more detailed assessment of the shape of the
discontinuity.
Guidance on the methods that may be used for a more detailed classification is contained in %
It can require the use of additional probes and scanning directions to those specified in the
examination procedure for the detection of discontinuities, and can also be aided by the use of the special
techniques in $nnexes E, F and G.
Classification of discontinuity shape will be limited to the determination of those discontinuity shapes which
are necessary for the correct evaluation of a discontinuity against the acceptance criteria or other
requirements. The validity of such a classification should be proven for the specific application, e.g. materials
and configuration of the examination object, examination procedure, type of instrumentation and probes.
4.6 Maximum echo height of indication
The maximum echo height from a discontinuity is related to its size, shape and orientation. It is measured by
comparison with a given reference level according to the methods described in ISO 16811.
Depending on the application and acceptance criteria the maximum echo height can be:
a) compared directly with a reference level that constitutes the acceptance standard;
b) used to determine the equivalent size of a discontinuity by comparison with the echo from a reference
reflector at the same sound path range in the material under examination, or in a reference block having
the same acoustic properties, as described in 4.7.2;
c) used in probe movement sizing techniques based on a specified echo drop (e.g. 6 dB) below the
maximum, as described in 4.7.3.
4.7 Size of discontinuity
4.7.1 General
The sizing of a discontinuity consists in determining one or more projected dimensions/areas of the
discontinuity onto pre-established directions and/or sections.
A short description of these techniques is found in $nnex F and further details are given in ISO 16811.
4.7.2 Maximum echo height techniques
These techniques are based on a comparison of the maximum echo height from a discontinuity with the echo
height from a reference reflector at the same sound path range.
They are only meaningful if:
a) the shape and orientation of the discontinuity are favourable for reflection, hence the need to take echo
height measurements from several directions or angles, unless the shape and orientation are already
known; and
b) the dimensions of the discontinuity, perpendicular to the beam axis, are less than the beam width in either
one or both directions;
c) the basic shape and orientation of the reference target are similar to those of the discontinuity to be
evaluated.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
The reference target may be either a disNshaped reflector, e.g. flat-bottomed hole or an elongated reflector,
e.g. a side drilled hole or notch.
Discontinuities subject to sizing may be classified as follows:
i) discontinuities whose reflective area has dimensions less than the beam width in all directions;
ii) discontinuities whose reflective area shows a narrow, elongated form, i.e. having a length
greater than the beam width and a transverse dimension less than the beam width.
For discontinuities corresponding to i) above, the area of the discontinuity, projected onto a section normal to
the ultrasonic beam axis, is assumed to be equivalent to the area of a disN-shaped reflector, perpendicular to
the beam axis, producing a maximum echo of the same height at the same sound path range.
For discontinuities corresponding to ii) above, the reference reflectors are generally of elongated form,
transverse to the ultrasonic beam axis, and having a specified transverse profile. Such reflectors may be
notches with rectangular, U- or V-shaped profile, or cylindrical holes, etc.
4.7.3 Probe movement sizing techniques
When using an angle beam probe, the dimensions generally determined are:
i) dimension, l, parallel to the lateral scanning direction, determined by lateral movement of the
probe (see Figure 2);
ii) dimension, h, normal to the transverse scanning direction, determined by transverse movement
of the probe (see Figure 2).
When using a straight beam probe the dimensions generally determined are O1 and O2, in directions parallel to
the scanning surface, by probe movement in two mutually perpendicular directions (see Figure 3).
The techniques are classified into three categories, as follows:
1) fixed amplitude level techniques where the ends of a discontinuity are taken to correspond to the
plotted positions at which the echo height falls below an agreed assessment level;
2) techniques where the edges of the discontinuity are taken to correspond to the plotted positions at
which the maximum echo height at any position along the discontinuity has fallen by an agreed
number of dB. The edges of the discontinuity may be plotted along the beam axis or along a pre-
determined beam edge;
3) techniques which aim to position the individual echoes from the tips of the discontinuity, or from
reflecting facets immediately adjacent to the edges.
The principal probe movement sizing techniques are described in $nnex D.
4.7.4 Selection of sizing techniques
The selection of sizing technique(s) depends upon the specific application and product type, and on the size
and nature of the discontinuity.
The following general rules apply:
a) maximum echo height techniques (see 4.7.2) may be applied only if the dimension to be measured is less
than the 6 dB beam width of the probe;
b) fixed amplitude level techniques (see 4.7.3 (1)) may be applied to discontinuities of any dimension, but
since the measured size is an arbitrary value dependent on the particular amplitude level selected, these
techniques should only be used when specifically called for in the acceptance standard;

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
c) techniques based on probe movement at a specified dB drop below the maximum echo height from the
particular discontinuity (see 4.7.3 (2)) may be applied only where the measured dimension is greater than
the beam width at the same dB drop. If this condition is not fulfilled the dimension of the discontinuity
shall be assumed to be equal to the applicable beam width;
d) techniques based on positioning the individual edges of a discontinuity (see 4.7.3 (3)) can only be applied
when the ultrasonic indication from the discontinuity shows two or more resolvable echo maxima;
e) if the dimension to be determined is measured by more than one technique of 4.7.3 above, that value
measured by the technique whose reliability and accuracy can be demonstrated to be the highest shall be
assumed to be correct.
Alternatively, the highest measured value shall be assumed.
4.7.5 Sizing techniques with focusing ultrasonic probes
If focusing probes are used for sizing, the techniques described in 4.7.2 and 4.7.3 can also be used, provided
that the discontinuity falls within the focal zone of the beam. In general the rules given under 4.7.4 also apply
to focusing probes.
Where a higher accuracy of sizing is requested, an alternative technique can be used that is based on the
construction of a series of C-scan images of the discontinuity.
These are plotted through an iterative process of 6 dB drop steps, starting from an initial plot corresponding to
the 6 dB drop from the maximum echo of discontinuity, down to the step where the evolution of the plot
corresponding to a 6 dB drop step is equal to, or less than, the 6 dB half-width of the ultrasonic beam.
In principle, this iterative technique can be used with both focused and unfocused ultrasonic beams, but
where high accuracy is required, it is particularly suitable for use with focused beams. Annex E illustrates this
technique in detail.
4.7.6 Use of mathematical algorithms for sizing
The main purpose of the sizing techniques illustrated in 4.7.2 and 4.7.3 is to compare the measured
discontinuity size with acceptance levels expressed in terms of maximum allowable dimensions (or
areas/volumes). Where a higher accuracy is required in order to better estimate the actual size of a
discontinuity, but only data from the techniques described in 4.7.2 and 4.7.3 are available, mathematical
algorithms may be of help.
Annex F illustrates in detail algorithms that can be used for the estimation of the actual size of discontinuities
that are either larger or smaller than the diameter of the ultrasonic beam.
4.7.7 Special sizing techniques
Special sizing techniques are additional to those described in 4.7.2 to 4.7.6 and may be used in particular
applications where higher levels of reliability and accuracy are called for.
When required, the reliability and accuracy of a special technique, applied to meet specified acceptance
criteria, shall be demonstrated on the same configuration and type of material using the same examination
procedure and type of instrumentation and probes.
The following list of special techniques is not comprehensive due to the large number available and their
continuous development. Those described are the most commonly applied and their use is sufficiently well
established.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
a) Tip diffraction techniques
These techniques can be used for the confirmation of the planar nature of a discontinuity (if this is the
case) and for sizing the transverse dimension ("h" of Figure 2) of a planar discontinuity. They are based
on the detection and location of the echoes diffracted by discontinuity edges;
b) mode conversion techniques
Where applicable these techniques can be used for detection and characteri]ation of planar
discontinuities. They make use of mode conversion to generate an additional ultrasonic beam at a
different reflected angle and velocity when the plane of the discontinuity is oriented at the appropriate
angle to the incident beam. In certain cases these techniques can also be used for sizing, but require the
use of special reference blocks representative of the test object to be examined, and containing planar
reflectors of different sizes;
c) other special techniques
Other examples of ultrasonic techniques for the sizing of volumetric and planar discontinuities are:
 acoustical holography;
 acoustical tomography;
 techniques using beams of variable angle;
 synthetic aperture focusing techniques (SAFT); and
 reconstruction of sectorial B-scan images.
G.2 describes the principle and main characteristics of the SAFT.
5 Transmission technique
5.1 General
The general principles and requirements of the transmission technique are given in ISO 16823.
The following clauses describe some of the ultrasonic parameters and characteristics of the transmitted
signals that may be used, either alone or in combination, to evaluate a discontinuity by this technique.
5.2 Location of discontinuity
When using normal beam probes, the location of a discontinuity is defined as the position on the surface of
the test object, with respect to a two-dimensional co-ordinate system, at which the maximum reduction in
transmitted signal amplitude is observed.
If it is practicable to direct ultrasonic beams through the area under investigation in two different directions, for
example by the use of pairs of angle probes as illustrated in Figure 4, the three-directional location of the
discontinuity may be determined.
5.3 Evaluation of multiple discontinuities
Whether a discontinuity is continuous or intermittent should first be determined qualitatively by observing

variations in signal amplitude as the probe is scanned over the discontinuity.
If the signal amplitude remains relatively constant the discontinuity can be classified as continuous and
evaluated as such against the acceptance criteria.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Conversely, if the signal amplitude shows marked maxima and minima the discontinuity may be classified as
intermittent. In this case, it is necessary to determine quantitatively whether the concentration of discrete
discontinuities within the affected area is sufficiently high to apply the size/area limitations imposed by the
acceptance criteria.
The concentration of discontinuities within the affected area may be expressed, for example, in terms of the
ratio between:
a) the dimensions (or area) of individual discontinuities and the distance between them;
b) the total length of discontinuities and a given overall length; and
c) the total area of individual discontinuities and a given overall area.
5.4 Reduction of signal amplitude
This parameter is taken into account whenever the signal amplitude falls below the specified evaluation level.
If the signal is lost completely, the limits of the zone on the scanning surface over which this occurs should be
determined.
If there is only partial loss of the signal, the position on the scanning surface corresponding to the maximum
amplitude reduction should be determined, together with the dB value of the reduction compared to the signal
obtained in a zone free from discontinuities.
If the area on the scanning surface, affected by the signal reduction, is less than the cross-sectional area of
the ultrasonic beam, the size of the discontinuity normal to the beam may be estimated by matching the
reduction in amplitude with that due to a known reference reflector, e.g. a flatbottomed hole, in a
representative sample of discontinuity-free material >see 5.5 (a)@.
Where a relatively constant partial reduction in signal amplitude is observed over a zone significantly greater
than the area of the ultrasonic beam, it is probable that the discontinuity may take the form of, for example, a
band of numerous small inclusions, an area of abnormal grain structure, a layer of ultrasonically
semi-transparent material, or a large discontinuity under high compressive stress.
5.5 Sizing of discontinuity
The sizing of a discontinuity consists in determining one or more dimensions (or the area) of the projection of
the discontinuity onto the scanning surface. In particular, the dimensions (or areas) so determined are
compared with the applicable acceptance standards, whenever these standards are expressed in terms of
maximum allowable dimensions (or areas), in order to assess the acceptability or unacceptability of the
discontinuity.
Sizing techniques may be classified essentially in the following 2 categories:
a) techniques based on the comparison of the maximum amplitude reduction of the signal with respect to
the maximum amplitude reduction of an equivalent reflector. Adoption of these techniques for the sizing is
limited to the case where the dimension (or area) of the zone on the scanning surface corresponding to
the signal amplitude reduction below the evaluation level is less than the probe dimension (or area)
projected on the scanning surface.
In this case, the maximum amplitude reduction of the signal with respect to the signal amplitude in a zone
free of discontinuities is determined, together with the reflector, generally a flat-bottomed hole
perpendicular to the beam axis located at a given depth (e.g. half thickness), producing the same
maximum reduction in the transmitted signal amplitude.
The dimension (or area) of the discontinuity, projected on a plane perpendicular to the beam axis, is
assumed to be the same as the dimension (or area) of the flat-bottomed hole;

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
b) techniques based on the amplitude reduction of the signal in conjunction with probe movement. These
techniques consist of determining the zone on the scanning surface corresponding either to the loss of
the signal or to its amplitude reduction in comparison to a given value (most frequently 6 dB) with respect
to the signal amplitude from a zone free of discontinuities.
Values other than 6 dB may be used when specified by the referencing documents, particularly when
evaluating discontinuities which are partially transparent to ultrasound.
The extent of the zone so determined is assumed to be the extent of the discontinuity projection on the
scanning surface.
Since the transmission technique is most frequently used for detecting comparatively large discontinuities,
where the required sizing accuracy is relatively low, the techniques described under b) above are adequate for
most of applications. In this context, the data collected by the techniques described under a) above constitute
a reference that may be used to ensure the reproducibility of the examination, rather than the basis for the
direct sizing of discontinuities.
Key
I Signal height
II Time of flight
D 5HVROYDEOHJURXSHGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHV E 8QUHVROYDEOHJURXSHGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHV
Figure 1 — Examples of A-scan signals from grouped discontinuities in a forging or casting

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Transverse movement
2 Lateral movement
Figure 2 — Projected parameters Oand K for the conventional sizing of a discontinuity by an angle
beam probe
Key
I Probe movement
II Probe movement
Figure 3 — Parameters O and O for the conventional sizing of discontinuity by a straight beam probe

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Figure 4 — Location of discontinuities by transmission technique using angle probes
7KHGiscontinuity lies at the intersection of the two beam paths A1A2 and B1B2, at which the maximum reduction
LQtransmitted signal amplitude is observed.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Analysis of multiple indications
Some of the techniques which may be used to distinguish between intermittent and continuous discontinuities
are described below.
Techniques A.1 and A.2 are particularly applicable to welds but may be adapted for other applications where
angle probe examination is practicable. Technique A.3 is of wider application but limited with respect to the
minimum area of discontinuities that can be evaluated.
A.1 Lateral characteri]ation

For discontinuities showing a single, sharp, A-scan indication, the scanning direction, beam angle, size and
frequency of the probe should be selected to give the narrowest practical beam width at the distance of the
discontinuity, and a careful lateral scan should be carried out under uniform coupling conditions.
Marked dips in the echo height envelope along its length suggest that the discontinuity is intermittent. This
should be confirmed by carrying out swivel and orbital scans adjacent to the apparent breaks, and noting that
the echo height falls rapidly about the normal and that no significant secondary echoes are observed. Any
other response suggests that the apparent break is due to a change in lateral orientation.
A.2 Transverse (Through-thickness) characteri]ation

Careful transverse scans should be carried out across the discontinuity, from at least two directions at short
sound path ranges, and the form of the echo envelope shall be noted.
Significant dips, or complete breaks, in the echo envelope suggest that the discontinuity may be intermittent.
Where access permits, it is recommended that a composite through-thickness picture of the discontinuity be
built up by plotting all the echoes observed from a number of different directions and angles. Smooth flat
scanning surfaces on either side of the discontinuity, and high plotting accuracy, are necessary if this
technique is to be of value.
A.3 Shadow technique

This technique is useful when the dimensions of the discontinuity, or group of discontinuities, are
approximately equal to the beam width.
It is illustrated for angle probes in Figure A.1, but is equally applicable to normal beam probes, either using
separate transmitting and receiving probes, or monitoring variations in the back wall echo height.
A strong transmitted signal through the affected area is positive proof of the absence of a major discontinuity.
The amplitude of the transmitted signal is linked to the ratio of the discontinuity area to the beam area.
The resolution of all the above techniques may be improved by the use of focusing probes having a focal
length close to the sound path range of the discontinuity.
Since the through-thickness dimension of a discontinuity is generally of critical importance, it should be

assumed to be continuous unless there is conclusive evidence that it is intermittent in this direction.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Transmission signal
2 A-scan
3 Intermittent discontinuity
4 No transmitted signal
5 Continuous discontinuity
Figure A.1 — Shadow technique for distinguishing between FRQWLQXRXV and intermittent discontinuities

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex B
(normative)
Techniques for the classification of discontinuity shape
B.1 Simple classification
B.1.1 General
The simple classification of discontinuity shape is based upon determining whether the discontinuity has a
significant extent in any one or more direction(s). In the context of this ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6tandard, the term "significant
H[WHQWLVdefined as a dimension larger than the minimum measurable dimension, when taking into account the
EHDPwidth, and resolution of the probe at the beam path range of the discontinuity.
In the context of this ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6tandard the principal discontinuity shapes are defined as follows:
 point: no significant extent in any direction;
 elongated: significant extent in one direction only;
 large: Significant extent in either 2 perpendicular directions (planar), or 3 perpendicular directions

(volumetric).
Either of the following techniques (see clauses B.1.2 and B.1.3) may be used to assess whether the
discontinuity has a significant extent. Both involve scanning the discontinuity from 2 scanning directions, one
perpendicular to the other, and using 2 probe movements (perpendicular and parallel to the scanning
direction) for each scanning direction (see Figure B.1). An example of a procedure for the characterization of
imperfections in welds is found as a flow chart in ISO 23279.
B.1.2 Reconstruction technique
For each scanning movement, an image of the discontinuity is reconstructed by plotting a series of indications
from the discontinuity over which the echo height exceeds the evaluation/recording level. The dimensions of
those images are then compared with the minimum measurable dimension noted in B.1.1.
B.1.3 Echo envelope technique
For each scanning movement, the shape of the A-scan indication from the discontinuity, and its variation in
echo height with probe movement, is observed. A discontinuity that shows a single sharp indication that rises
smoothly to a maximum amplitude, before falling smoothly to the base line, is classified as having no
significant extent.
All other types of indication, e.g. multiple peaks on the A-scan presentation, or irregular variation in echo
height with probe movement, are considered to be characteristic of discontinuities with a significant extent.
B.2 Detailed classification
B.2.1 General
The techniques described below are applicable when a more accurate estimate of the shape and nature of
discontinuity, with respect to B.1, is required.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
In this type of evaluation it is important to construct a picture of the type and size of the discontinuity which is
consistent with all the measurements obtained. Where significant discrepancies are found which cannot be
resolved, the type of discontinuity having the most severe acceptance criteria, and the most pessimistic values
of discontinuity size, should be reported.
The basic discontinuity types and shapes which possibly may be distinguished are as follows:
1 point a) spherical;
b) planar;
2 elongated a) cylindrical;
b) planar;
3 large a) volumetric;
b) smooth planar;
c) rough planar;
4 multiple a) spherical;
b) planar.
This list should not be regarded as a list of discontinuities for acceptance purposes, but rather as a list of
shapes, the identification of which may aid the correct classification of the discontinuity types specified in the
discontinuity acceptance standard.
Three techniques may be used in combination to identify these shapes and determine their orientation. These
are based on:
a) echodynamic patterns (see B.2.2);
b) directional reflectivity (see B.2.3);
c) additional parameters, e.g. location, orientation, multiple indications (see clauses 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4).
B.2.2 Echodynamic pattern technique
The echodynamic pattern of a discontinuity is the change in shape and amplitude of its echo when an
ultrasonic beam is traversed across it.
The observed echodynamic pattern is a function of the shape and size of the discontinuity, the probe in use,
and the scanning direction and angle.
Discontinuities should be scanned, with each probe, in two mutually perpendicular directions, i.e. both along
and across the discontinuity, and the pattern in each direction should be noted. Scanning from additional
directions and with other probes will give useful additional information.
Typical echo responses of the different types of discontinuities as listed in B.2.1 are shown in Figures B.2 to
B.5.
Pattern 1
A typical response of a point discontinuity is shown in Figure B.2. At any probe position the A-scan shows a
single sharp echo. As the probe is moved this rises in amplitude smoothly to a single maximum before falling
smoothly to noise level.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
In general, echo-dynamic pattern 1 is indicative of a single reflecting surface in the direction along which the
ultrasonic beam is traversed. This surface may be curved (i.e. spherical or cylindrical) or, alternatively, it may
be flat and either smooth or rough, but too small to produce either a pattern 2 response or a pattern 3
response.
Pattern 2
A typical response of an elongated smooth discontinuity is shown in Figure B.3. At any probe position the
A-scan shows a single sharp echo. When the ultrasonic beam is moved over the discontinuity the echo rises
smoothly to a plateau and is maintained, with minor variations in amplitude of up to 4 dB, until the beam
moves off the discontinuity, when the echo will fall smoothly to noise level.
Pattern 2 is indicative of a larger reflecting surface, equal to or greater than the approximate 6 dB beam width,
and lying approximately perpendicular to the beam axis in the direction being scanned. For example, a
cylindrical reflector would show pattern 1 across its diameter, and pattern 2 along its length. As a second
example a laminar plate discontinuity, examined with a normal beam probe, would show pattern 2 in both
directions.
Pattern 3
Typical responses of a large rough discontinuity are shown in Figures B.4.a) and B.4.b). There are two
variants of this pattern, depending upon the angle of incidence of the probe beam on the discontinuity.
When either by a normal beam or an inclined beam the discontinuity is been hit perpendicularly then
Figure B.4.a) is valid. At any probe position the A-scan shows a single but ragged echo. As the probe is
moved this may undergo large (>±6 dB) random fluctuations in amplitude. (The fluctuations are caused by
reflection from different facets of the discontinuity, and by random interference of waves scattered from groups
of facets).
When the discontinuity is been hit with oblique incidence, then the "travelling echo pattern" in Figure B.4.b) is
valid. At any probe position the A-scan shows an extended train of signals ("subsidiary peaks") within a
bell-shaped pulse envelope. As the probe is moved each subsidiary peak travels through the pulse envelope,
rising to its own maximum towards the centre of the envelope, and then falling. The overall signal may show
large (>± 6 dB) random fluctuations in amplitude.
Pattern 3 is indicative of a rough or irregularly shaped discontinuity which consists of a number of discrete
reflecting facets. An example would be a large rough-surfaced crack. It is an important characteristic of
pattern 3 that each individual peak within the overall echo reaches its maximum height in sequence, giving
rise to a "rolling echo".
Pattern 4
A typical response of a multiple discontinuity with a normal beam and angle beam probe is shown in
Figure B.5. At any probe position the A-scan shows a cluster of signals which may or may not be well resolved
in range. As the probe is moved the signals rise and fall at random but the signal from each separate
discontinuity element, if resolved, shows pattern 1 response.
Pattern 4 is indicative of a cluster of small, randomly distributed reflectors, and differs from pattern 3 in not
showing the "rolling echo" effect.
The use of these echo dynamic patterns in combination, and in conjunction with the information on directional
reflectivity and other parameters is considered in B.3.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
B.2.3 Directional reflectivity
This term is used to describe the variation in echo amplitude from a discontinuity in relation to the angle at
which the ultrasonic beam is incident upon it.
Discontinuities which show relatively constant echo heights over a wide range of incident angles are said to
have a low directional reflectivity, and vice versa.
The echo height from a discontinuity depends upon its size, orientation and surface contour. By measuring the
echo height from different directions and angles (taking into account the effects of range on echo height) it is
possible to obtain information about these characteristics. For example, a flaw which shows a very low
directional reflectivity is likely to be spherical. Conversely, a discontinuity which shows a very high directional
reflectivity is likely to be a large smooth reflector lying perpendicular to the beam angle at which the maximum
echo height was observed.
The directional reflectivity of very small flat reflectors is relatively low and increases with the size of the
reflector until it approaches the ultrasonic beam width. This effect can be used to help estimate the size of a
discontinuity. For example, when carrying out an orbital scan of a short weld inclusion, a qualitative estimate
of its length can be made by noting the directional reflectivity in the length direction.
B.3 Combination of data

Metallurgical discontinuities can have complicated shapes and give rise to complicated echo behaviour as the
beam is scanned over them. Nevertheless, it is possible in most cases to identify the basic shape from its
echodynamic patterns and directional reflectivity supplemented, in the case of large discontinuities, by the
accurate location of its individual facets or the extremities of its surface.
Table B.1 summarizes all features of the typical responses of all discontinuity types and shapes defined in
B.2.1 to combine the results of the classification according to B.2.2 and B.2.3.
The orientation of small planar discontinuities is generally determined by noting the beam angle at which the
maximum echo height is obtained, the orientation being perpendicular to the beam axis.
The greater the number of angles from which the discontinuity is examined the greater will be the accuracy.
Discontinuities that lie perpendicular to the surface of test object, and either break the surface or are very
close to it, generally show a maximum echo height from both directions when the incident angle is
o o
between 40 and 50 .
Table B.1 — Guide to detailed classification
Shape/Type Echodynamic patterns Directional reflectivity Remarks

Transverse Lateral
movement movement
Point spherical Pattern 1 Pattern 1 Very low Point location
Point planar Pattern 1 Pattern 1 Moderate Point location only
Elongated Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Very low in transverse Point location by
cylindrical plane. High in lateral transverse movement
plane (see note)
Elongated planar Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Moderate in transverse Ends may be individually
plane. High in lateral located by lateral
plane (see note) movement

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Table B.1 (continued)

Shape/Type Echodynamic patterns Directional reflectivity Remarks
Transverse Lateral
movement movement
Large volumetric Pattern 3 Pattern 2 or Moderate in transverse Approximate outline
pattern 3 plane. Moderate in lateral generally possible
plane (see note)
Large smooth Pattern 2 Pattern 2 Very high Ends may be individually
planar located
Large rough Pattern 3 Pattern 3 Moderate Location of individual
planar facets and ends generally
possible
Multiple Pattern 4 Pattern 4 Very low Location of edges of
spherical cluster generally possible
Multiple planar Pattern 4 Pattern 4 Moderate
NOTE The transverse and lateral planes are defined as follows:
Transverse plane - perpendicular to the major axis of the discontinuity, or to a specified direction;
Lateral plane - parallel to the major axis of the discontinuity, or at right angles to the transverse plane.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Discontinuity
2 Scanning Girection 1
3 Probe movements
4 Scanning Girection 2
Figure B.1 — Probe movements and scanning directions for simple classification of discontinuity
shape when using angle probes

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Amplitude
2 A-scan
3 Range
4 Variation in peak signal amplitude
5 Probe position
6 Reflector
7 Weld
8 Typical occurrence in through-thickness direction
9 Typical occurrence in lateral (length) direction
Figure B.2 — Pattern 1 ultrasonic response

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Amplitude
2 A-scan
3 Range
5 Probe position
6 Reflector

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Amplitude
2 A-scan
3 Range
5 Probe position
6 Reflector
a Pattern 3b ultrasonic response
Normal incidence to discontinuity

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Amplitude
2 A-scan
3 Pulse envelope
4 Range
6 Probe position
7 Reflector
8 Reflector with through-thickness extent
b Pattern 3b ultrasonic response
Oblique incidence to discontinuity
Figure B.4 — Patterns 3a and 3b ultrasonic response

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Amplitude
2 A-scan
3 Range
5 Short range echoes
6 Long range echoes
7 Probe position


BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Maximum echo height sizing technique
C.1 Distance-gain-size (DGS) technique
C.1.1 Principle
In this technique the maximum echo height from a discontinuity is expressed in terms of the equivalent
diameter of a disN reflector perpendicular to the beam axis and at the same sound path range as the
discontinuity being measured. DGS curves showing the relationship between echo height, range and reflector
diameter are generally determined theoretically for a particular probe type, transducer diameter, and ultrasonic
frequency.
When applying a DGS diagram, an allowance has to be made for the effects on echo height of differences in
attenuation and transfer loss between the test object under examination and the calibration block. Details of
how the technique is applied are contained in ISO 16811.
C.1.2 Applications and limitations
1) The smaller and smoother the discontinuity, and the more nearly perpendicular it is to the beam axis,
the more accurate the measured equivalent size will be;
2) when testing at long ranges, the technique has the advantage over the DAC technique that large
calibration blocks are not required;
3) its range of application extends from the end of the near field as far in the material as the
discontinuity signals can be distinguished from the noise level. The following conditions shall be met:
 the signal from the discontinuity shall be maximized;
 the indications utili]ed for the sizing shall be distinguishable from the noise level;
 the indication from the discontinuity shall not be subject to interference effects from other
echoes, e.g. reflections from the sides of the test object under examination;
4) the geometry of the test object under examination, or of a suitably representative sample of material,
should provide a back wall echo which can be used to determine material attenuation and transfer
loss;
5) since the echo height from a reflector is frequency dependent, only narrow band width probes should
be used.
C.2 Distance-amplitude-correction (DAC) curve technique
C.2.1 Principle
The technique is based on expressing the maximum echo height from a discontinuity in terms of the number
of dB it is above or below the echo from a reference target at the same range. The reference targets may be
side-drilled holes, flat-bottomed holes, or other shapes, e.g. square or V-shaped notches, when specified.
A DAC curve, showing the relationship between echo height and range, is determined experimentally for the
actual probe to be used for evaluation. It is plotted on a series of targets, either in a machined low attenuation
calibration block, or in a representative sample of the material to be examined. If the former is used, allowance

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
should be made when applying the technique for differences in attenuation and transfer loss between the test
object under examination and the calibration block.
When used as a direct sizing technique, the maximum echo height from the discontinuity is expressed in
terms of the same width, diameter, or other relevant dimension, as that of the reference target giving the same
maximum echo height at the same range. Further details of the technique are contained in ISO 16811.
C.2.2 Applications and limitations
1) The range over which the technique may be applied depends upon the type of reference target.
When using flat-bottomed holes or other small reflectors, the technique can only be used outside the
near zone. However, when using elongated targets, e.g. side-drilled holes, the technique can also be
used within the near zone;
2) the echo from the discontinuity to be sized shall be maximized;
3) the DAC curve shall be plotted for the probe to be used;
4) when using a calibration block, as distinct from a representative sample of material, the geometry of
the test object under examination should provide a back-wall echo for the determination of
attenuation and transfer loss.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex D
(normative)
Probe movement sizing techniques
D.1 Fixed amplitude level techniques
D.1.1 Principle
The technique measures the dimensions of a discontinuity over which the echo is equal to or greater than an
agreed amplitude assessment level. The amplitude level may be related to a DGS curve or may be at some
dB level in relation to a DAC curve.
To make a measurement the beam is scanned over the discontinuity and the probe position and beam path
range, at which the echo has fallen to the assessment level, is noted. The position of the edge of the
discontinuity is then determined by plotting the indicated range along the beam axis. In the example shown in
Figure D.3 a level of 6 dB below a calibration DAC curve has been used.
Alternatively, the position of the edge of the discontinuity may be plotted along the 12 dB or 20 dB beam edge,
as illustrated in Figure D.2.
Whichever procedure is used it shall be repeated to position the opposite edge of the flaw.
D.1.2 Application and limitations
1) The measured size depends on the amplitude assessment level;
2) the technique is simple to apply and gives highly reproducible values;
3) the technique may be applied to large or small discontinuities but, in the latter case, the measured
length is more closely related to the beam width than to the actual discontinuity size;
4) the assessment level must be set equal to or below the amplitude level at which a discontinuity of
infinite length is acceptable.
D.2 6 dB drop from maximum technique
D.2.1 Principle
The amplitude assessment level in this technique is 6 dB below the maximum echo height observed at any
position along the flaw, rather than at a constant, predetermined level as used in the previous technique (D.1).
To make a measurement the maximum echo height is first measured and then the beam is scanned over the
discontinuity until the echo has fallen by 6 dB below this maximum. The position of the probe and the sound
path range are noted, and the edge of the discontinuity is plotted along the beam axis. The procedure is
repeated at the opposite edge of the discontinuity. The technique is illustrated in Figure D.3.
1) Where the discontinuity is perpendicular to the beam axis, where its surface is smooth, and where its
cross- section is equal to or greater than the beam, such that it gives a relatively constant echo
height along the direction to be measured, the technique can be used to measure its size with a
relatively high degree of accuracy.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
If, however, the discontinuity is irregular or of varying cross-section, significant sizing errors may
occur;
2 Whe technique is only applicable where the dimension of the discontinuity to be measured is at
least equal to the 6 dB beam width at the relevant sound path range.
D.3 12 dB or 20 dB drop from maximum technique
D.3.1 Principle
The amplitude assessment level is set at either 12 dB or 20 dB below the maximum echo height observed at
any position along the discontinuity. It also differs from the 6 dB drop from maximum technique in that the
edge of the discontinuity is positioned along the beam edge instead of the beam axis. To apply the technique
the maximum echo height from any position along the discontinuity is noted and the beam scanned over it
until the echo height falls by either 12 dB or 20 dB. The position of the probe and beam path range are then
noted and the edge of the discontinuity is positioned along the 12 dB or 20 dB edge of the beam, as
appropriate (see Figure D.4). The procedure is repeated to position the opposite edge.
1) If the discontinuity is perpendicular to the beam axis and shows a uniform echo height along the
direction to be measured, the technique can be used to determine its absolute dimensions. However,
it is important that the edges of the beam have been previously plotted using a smooth reference
target larger than the beam width. If these conditions do not apply the technique will give inaccurate
results and is not recommended;
2) the technique is potentially more accurate than the 6 dB drop technique but the need to plot
accurately the beam edges before taking any measurements can introduce another source of
possible sizing error;
3) the technique is only applicable where the dimension of the discontinuity to be measured is at least
equal to the –12 dB or -20 dB beam width at the discontinuity distance.
D.4 Drop to noise level technique
D.4.1 Principle
This technique measures the dimensions of a discontinuity over which the echo can be observed above the
background noise level.
To apply the technique, the ultrasonic beam is scanned over the discontinuity and the probe position and
beam path range noted at which the indication is only just discernable above the noise level. The edge of the
discontinuity is then plotted along the beam axis, as illustrated in Figure D.5.
The procedure is repeated to determine the position of the opposite edge of the discontinuity.
1) The technique is not very reproducible, as the measured size will decrease with an increasing noise
level, and vice versa. However, it is useful for determining the overall size of a discontinuity, or group
of discontinuities, especially when the noise level is high in relation to the echoes from the
discontinuity;
2) the technique gives a conservative size measurement, especially where other techniques may carry
the risk of undersizing a particular discontinuity;
3) the technique is relatively simple to apply and does not require a particular amplitude level to be set.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
D.5 6 dB drop tip location technique
D.5.1 Principle
This technique differs from the 6 dB drop technique in that the echo height local to each end of the
discontinuity is taken as the reference value on which the 6 dB drop is based.
To apply the technique the beam is scanned over the discontinuity and note is made of the echo height just
prior to its rapid fall as the beam passes over the edge of the discontinuity.
The position of the probe and the beam path range are then recorded at the point where the echo height has
fallen by 6 dB below the noted value. The position of the line of the discontinuity is then plotted along the
beam axis. The procedure is repeated at the opposite edge, working from the maximum echo height
immediately adjacent to this edge. The technique is illustrated in Figure D.6.
1) The technique is only applicable to relatively smooth surfaced discontinuities, perpendicular to the
beam axis, which do not show rapid changes in echo height along the direction to be measured.
Under these conditions it can measure discontinuity size to relatively high degree of accuracy;
2) the technique is better able to accommodate variations in echo height along the direction to be
measured than the 6 dB drop from maximum. However, it is more subjective in its application as it is
not always easy for the operator to decide the echo height level on which the 6 dB drop should be
based;
3) the technique is only applicable where the dimensions to be measured are at least equal to the 6 dB
beam width at the range of the discontinuity.
D.6 Beam axis tip location technique
D.6.1 Principle
The technique is based on the principle than when an individual peak, within the overall echo from a
discontinuity, is at maximum amplitude, the facet of the discontinuity giving rise to that peak will lie on the
beam axis. The procedure is repeated to position the opposite edge.
The technique is illustrated in Figure D.7.
1) The technique is capable of determining the actual discontinuity dimensions to a relatively high
degree of accuracy;
2) it is only applicable to discontinuities having dimensions above the range resolution of the probe, and
showing two or more amplitude peaks either on the A-scan presentation or along the echo envelope
(i.e. echo-dynamic patterns 3 or 4. See B.3);
3) the application of the technique requires experience and judgement in choosing the most suitable
angle of incidence and in identifying the correct peaks from the edges of the discontinuity. The
accuracy of the technique may be reduced if access for scanning from the optimum directions is
restricted.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
D.7 20 dB drop tip location technique
D.7.1 Principle
The technique is basically similar to the beam axis tip location technique except that the 20 dB beam edge is
used to position the edge of the discontinuity.
To apply the technique the individual peak, within the overall echo, from the tip of the discontinuity or the last
reflecting facet adjacent to its edge, is first identified. This peak is then maximi]ed and probe movement
continued away from the edge until its echo height has fallen by 20 dB below its maximum value. The position
of the edge is then plotted out along the 20 dB edge of the beam that has been previously determined.
The technique is illustrated in Figure D.8.
1) The technique is capable of determining the actual discontinuity dimensions to a relatively high
degree of accuracy;
2) it is applicable to all discontinuities above the range resolution of the probe, and showing two or more
amplitude peaks, either on the A-scope presentation, or along the echo envelope (i.e. echodynamic
patterns 3 or 4. See B.3);
3) the 20 dB beam edge shall be plotted using a series of small circular reflectors, such as 1,5 mm or
3 mm diameter side-drilled holes;
4) this is potentially the most accurate technique for sizing multi-faceted discontinuities, but the need to
accurately plot the beam edge before taking any measurement is an additional possible source of
error compared to the beam axis tip location technique;
5) the application of the technique requires experience and judgement in choosing the most suitable
angle of incidence and in identifying the individual peaks from the edges of the discontinuity.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
A Lateral movement
B Transverse movement
C Calibration curve
D Assessment level
E Max echo
3RVLWLRQVDQGUHVSHFWLYHHFKRDPSOLWXGHVRIG%GURS
Figure D.1 — Fixed amplitude level technique using the beam axis
31
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
A Lateral movement
C D E = 12 dB beam width (for 12 dB drop)
or 20 dB beam width (for 20 dB drop)
D Max echo
E Calibration curve
F 12 (or 20) dB
Figure D.2 — Fixed amplitude level technique using the beam edges
32
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
A Lateral movement
C Max echo
Figure D.3 — 6 dB drop from maximum technique
33
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
A Lateral movement
C D E = 12 dB beam width (for 12 dB drop)
or 20 dB beam width (for 20 dB drop)
D Max echo
E 12 (or 20) dB
Figure D.4 — 12 dB or 20 dB drop from maximum technique
34
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
A Probe movement
B Max echo
C Noise level
Figure D.5 — Drop technique to noise level (illustrated for a straight beam probe)
35
BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Measured reflector length
3 Reflector
4 Direction of probe movement
5 A-scan
Figure D.6 — 6 dB drop tip location technique

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Echo A at maximum height
2 Variation on peak signal amplitude
3 Echo A1 at maximum height
4 A-scan
5 Echo A will be the first to appear when moving probe backwards.
Echo A1 will be the first to appear when moving probe forwards.
NOTE Discontinuity edges A and A1 are plotted along the beam axis when their individual echoes are at maximum
height.
Figure D.7 — Beam axis tip location technique

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Echo A at 20 dB below maximum height
2 Variation on peak signal amplitude
3 Echo A1 at 20 dB below maximum height
4 A-scan
5 20 dB edge
NOTE Discontinuity edges A and A1 are plotted along 20 dB beam edges.
Figure D.8 — 20 dB drop tip location technique

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex E
(normative)
Iterative sizing technique
E.1 Scope
This annex describes a technique using a focusing probe for ultrasonically assessing the dimensions of a
reflector to a relatively high degree of accuracy. It is applicable to tests made at normal incidence using a
vertical beam probe, or at oblique incidence using an angle probe.
E.2 Normal incidence testing
E.2.1 Principle
The size and shape of the reflector are assessed from a series of C-scan type images plotted at threshold
levels of ±6 dB, ±12 dB, ±18 dB etc., in relation to the maximum echo height from the reflector.
The threshold levels may be set in various ways, for example by marking the different levels on the instrument
screen or, as described below, by successive 6 dB increases in the gain of the instrument.
The scanning pitch and scanning speed shall be set in relation to the effective size of the ultrasonic beam, and
the required accuracy of plotting.
E.2.2 Adjustment of gain
The instrument gain is initially set such that the maximum amplitude of the echo from the reflector to be
measured reaches a reference level 1, lying between 20 % and 80 % of full-screen height.
E.2.3 Procedure
One possible method of plotting the reflector is described below:
The gain is increased by 6 dB above the reference level 1, up to a new value of 11, and the full area of the
reflector is scanned in the [ and \directions. The results of the scanV are plotted, either manuallyor
automatically, by noting the positions of the transducer axis on a plane of rectangular co-ordinates when the
echo height reaches reference level 1 1 . The plotting procedure is repeated after the gain has been increased
by a further 6 dB up to value 12. The plots at 11 and 12 are then assessed in relation to each other and the
6 dB beam profile of the probe. The following situations may then be observed:
Situation 1
At gain level 11 the plot reproduces the 6 dB beam profile of the probe >see Figure E.1.a)@. In this case, either:
a) the reflector is smaller than, or equal to, the 6 dB beam profile of the probe; or
b) the reflective zone of the reflector at the given gain setting 11, is smaller than the 6 dB beam profile.
The plot at gain setting 12 allows these two possibilities to be resolved since, if the increase in size around the
periphery of the plot between gain settings 11 and 12 is not greater than the 6 dB half-width of the beam, the
hypothesis (a) above applies.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
If the increase in size around the periphery, at gain setting 12, in greater than the 6 dB half-beam width, it
indicates that additional less reflective zones have been revealed, which have contributed to new images
plotted. In this case, the reflector has to be considered under situation 2 (b) below.
Situation 2
At gain level 11 the plotted size of the reflector exceeds the 6 dB beam profile of the probe. In this case
either a) or b) below apply.
a) the increase in size around the periphery of the plot between gain settings 11 and 12 is not greater than
the 6 dB half-beam width of the probe. In this case the size of the reflector in the plan concerned is
assumed to be given by the plot at the 11 level >see Figure E.1.b)@;
b) additional reflective zones appear when the plotting is carried out at gain level 1 2 . If this occurs further
plots should be made after increasing the gain in 6 dB steps. The size of the reflector is then assumed to
be given by the plotted image at the gain setting 6 dB lower than that at which the increase in size around
the periphery of the image ceases to exceed the 6 dB half-beam width of the probe >see Figures E.1.b)
and E.1.c)@.
The whole operation may be represented by Figure E.3.
E.3 Oblique incidence testing

The basic procedure is similar to that described above. It differs from normal incidence testing in that whilst
the transducer is scanned in only one plane (i.e. parallel to the surface of the test object under examination)
the actual plotted image is that seen by the transducer (i.e. in a plane normal to the axis of the ultrasonic
beam). Because of this the plotted image is distorted in one direction (that of the plane defined by the beam
axis) and normal to the scanning surface.
The assessment of dimensions in oblique incidence testing thus follows the same rules as apply to normal
incidence testing insofar as the plotting procedure is concerned. However, the relevant plotted dimension shall
be multiplied by cos D, where Į is the probe angle, in order to determine the size of the reflector
perpendicular to the beam axis >see Figures E.2.a) and E.2.b)@.
a) Flaw smaller than the cross-section G of the useful ultrasonic beam

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Image at 11 level
2 Image at 12 level
b) Discontinuity greater than G
Key
1 Image at 11 level
2 Image at 12 level
3 Image at 13 level
4 Fresh reflective zone
c) Appearance of a fresh reflective zone
Figure E.1 — Test by normal longitudinal waves

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Plane of cross section of 1VW beam
2 Plane of cross section of 2QG beam
3 Discontinuity
a) Discontinuity smaller than G

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Level 1L
2 Level 1L + 1
3 Plane of cross-section of 2QG beam
4 Discontinuity
5 Plane of cross-section of 1VW beam
b) Discontinuity greater than G
Figure E.2 — Test by oblique shear waves or longitudinal waves

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Figure E.3 — Flow chart of the evaluation operations

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex F
(normative)
Mathematical algorithms for the estimation of the actual size of a

discontinuity
F.1 Large planar discontinuities

The dimension of a discontinuity larger than the diameter of the sound beam and parallel to the scanning
surface shall be determined by (see Figure F.1):
L 'L (F.1)
valid for
s t N ; L ! DF
where
D is the transducer diameter in millimetres;
N = 0,25 D2/O near field length in millimetres;
DF = O s/D diameter of sound beam at distance s;
O is the wavelength in millimetres;
s is the sound path in millimetres;
L is the actual discontinuity length;
'L = 6 dB drop – length.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 A-scan
2 Echo height
3 Probe position
Figure F.1 — Sizing of a large discontinuity parallel to the scanning surface
F.2 Small planar discontinuities

The dimension of a discontinuity smaller than the diameter of the sound beam and parallel to the scanning
surface shall be determined by (see Figure F.2):
 1,03 s O 2  ( DHII ) 2
L ( ) 1 (F.2)
 'L DHII  2,13
valid for:
s t 4 N ; L t 2O
where
DHII 2 OHII NHII (F.3)

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 A-scan
2 (FKR height
3 Probe position
Figure F.2 — Sizing of a small discontinuity parallel to the scanning surface
This measurement shall be performed with 2 probes with different near field lengths with a ratio of at least 2:1.
EXAMPLE 1 Probe 1 (f 1 ; D 1 )
Probe 2.1 (f 2.1 = 2f 1 ; D 2.1 =D 1 )
EXAMPLE 2 Probe 1 (f 1 ; D 1 )
Probe 2.2 (f 2.2 = f 1 ; D 2.2 = 1,5 D 1 )
where
f is the frequency;
D is the probe diameter.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
For the chosen pair of probes the following values have to be noted:
probe 1
'L1 length measured using the 6 dB-drop technique;
L1 calculated length from equation (F.2).
probe 2
'L2 length measured using the 6 dB-drop technique;
L2 calculated length from equation (F.2).
If 2 of these 4 values are equal, this value is considered as the actual discontinuity dimension.
If the actual dimension of discontinuity is smaller than 2 wavelengths, the reflector has to be considered as a
pointlike, disNshaped reflector, the diameter of which can be calculated from the echo height (for instance
using the DGS technique).
F.3 Planar discontinuities in a cylindrical test object

In the case of planar discontinuities the actual dimensions (length and width) can be determined with the
methods described in F.1 and F.2 (see Figure F.3).
If the actual length of a planar discontinuity is larger than the sound beam diameter, the discontinuity
width (W), can be calculated from the equation:
I , II ( d '65) 2
W (F.4)
sO
where
d'65 is the diameter of the "disNshaped reflector" corresponding to the echo height of the indication;
s is the sound path;
O is the wavelength.
For short reflectors (in comparison to the diameter of the sound field) an approximate equation may be used:
( d '65) 2
W (F.5)
L
where
L is the axial length of the discontinuity determined with method F.1 or F.2.
NOTE Due to the roughness of real planar discontinuities the discontinuity-width calculated from the echo height may
be smaller than the width determined on the basis of the echo-dynamic as described in F.2.
0,32O
W (F.6)
'W 180
sin( )
s S

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
For the determination of the discontinuity dimension in axial direction one of the methods described in F.1
or F.2 can be used.
Equation (F.6) is valid if:
s t 3N
W !O
where
W is the actual width of discontinuity;
'W = 6 dB drop width.
Key
1 Wedge
2 A-scan
Figure F.3 — Sizing of discontinuity from a cylindrical scanning surface

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Annex G
(informative)
Examples of special sizing techniques
G.1 Tip diffraction techniques

a) Time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique
The technique is illustrated in its simplest form in Figure G.1. For more details of this technique see
ISO 16828. The probes used are generally angled compressive wave probes having a very wide beam
spread. Since the distance (2s) between them is kept constant, two reference echoes, one due to direct
transmission between the probes (lateral wave), and the other due to reflection from the back wall, will be
obtained in addition to the diffracted echoes. In the simple case where the discontinuity lies mid-way between
the probes, the depth of the upper tip can be calculated from:
2 d 2 s2
T (G.1)
v
where
T is the time taken for pulse to travel from transmitter to receiver via the crack tip;
2s is the distance between probes;
d is the depth of tip below test surface;
v is the velocityRIVRXQG.
A similar calculation is used to determine the depth of the lower tip.
Since the time taken for the diffracted pulse to travel from one probe to the other can be measured accurately,
much greater sizing accuracies are possible, particularly for larger discontinuities, than can be obtained using
methods based on discontinuity echo amplitude. However, in order to interpret the TOFD data, it is desirable
to display the observed signals as a B-scan.
b) Example of single probe tip diffraction technique
Figure G.2 shows the case of the sizing of cracks transverse to the beam axis, open to the surface opposite to
the scanning surface.
In this case the calibration can be performed on blocks containing notches with rectangular cross sections of
different height, placed transverse to the beam axis.
In an A-scan presentation, the dimension, h, of the crack is determined by comparing the mutual position of
the 2 crack echoes with the mutual position of the analogous echoes produced by the notches in the
calibration block.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Key
1 Transmitter
2 Receiver
3 Lateral wave
4 Crack
5 Back-wall echo
6 Diffracted waves
Figure G.1 — Probe arrangement and typical R.F. echo pattern for WKHTOFD technique
G.2 Synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT)

The SAFT is a method of simulating a large focusing probe by digitally processing all the range/amplitude
information obtained from a scan over a discontinuity with an ordinary unfocused beam. It has the advantage
over a conventionally focusing probe of having a variable focal length.
The basic principle of the technique is as follows:
As the ultrasonic beam is scanned over a discontinuity, a signal is first observed when the discontinuity
intercepts the leading edge of the beam. On continuing the scan the signal increases in amplitude up to a
maximum along the beam axis and then falls to zero at the trailing edge of the beam. In addition to these
amplitude variations the sound path range also varies; in the case of a normal beam probe the sound path will
be at a minimum when it lies along the beam axis. By electronically correcting for these variations in range
across the width of the beam it is possible to mutually superimpose a large number of separate signals from
the discontinuity. This process, which is carried out on the digiti]ed signals using a suitable computer, greatly
improves the signal/noise ratio, since the noise signals will be randomly superimposed, whilst the discontinuity
signals will be preferentially superimposed.

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
ISO 16827:2012(E)
Optimum superimposition of the signals will only occur if the corrections for sound path range are based on
the true position of the discontinuity. Corrections based upon a false position will result in the sum of the
superimposed signal being very much reduced. The technique is very sensitive to this effect and, therefore, by
carrying out a number of summations, based on different assumed positions of the discontinuity, and by
recording that at which the maximum superimposed signal amplitude is observed, a very accurate
measurement of the position of the discontinuity is possible.
This technique is particularly valuable when used to locate the sources of the diffraction signals at the tips of a
planar discontinuity, since these signals are often very small and may be lost in the general noise level when
using conventional sizing techniques.
Key
1 Crack root echo
2 Crack tip diffraction
3 Crack
Figure G.2 — Tip diffraction technique

Examples of transverse crack open to the surface opposite to the scanning surface

BS EN ISO 16827:2014
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BS EN ISO 16827:2014

BSI Standards Publication

ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 583-5:2000

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization

Essais non destructifs - Contrôle par ultrasons - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Ultraschallprüfung -

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 February 2014.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

This document supersedes EN 583-5:2000.

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

C.2.2 Applications and limitations...............................................................................................................26

iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v

The following International Standards are linked.

ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles

ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission technique

vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16827:2012(E)

Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing —

ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles

ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission technique

ISO 23279, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization of indications in

3 Principles of characterization of discontinuities

Characterization of a discontinuity may include:

a) determination of basic ultrasonic parameters (echo height, time of flight);

b) determination of its basic shape and orientation;

c) sizing, which may take the form of either:

d) location e.g. the proximity to the surface or to other discontinuities;

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1

3.2 Requirements for surface condition

4 Pulse echo techniques

4.2 Location of discontinuity

4.3 Orientation of discontinuity

2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

4.4 Assessment of multiple indications

4.5 Shape of discontinuity

4.5.1 Simple classification

1) point, i.e. having no significant extent in any direction;

2) elongated, i.e. having a significant extent in one direction only;

3) complex, i.e. having a significant extent in more than one direction.

When required, this classification may be sub-divided into:

a) planar, i.e. having a significant extent in 2 directions only, and

b) volumetric, i.e., having a significant extent in 3 directions.

Depending upon the requirements of the acceptance standard, either:

a) separate acceptance criteria may apply to each of the above classifications, or

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3

4.5.2 Detailed classification of shape

4.6 Maximum echo height of indication

4.7 Size of discontinuity

4.7.2 Maximum echo height techniques

They are only meaningful if:

4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Discontinuities subject to sizing may be classified as follows:

4.7.3 Probe movement sizing techniques

The techniques are classified into three categories, as follows:

The principal probe movement sizing techniques are described in $nnex D.

4.7.4 Selection of sizing techniques

The following general rules apply:

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5

ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles