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Chapter 7
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance
to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the
most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and
those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats

B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans
C. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques
D. dolphin fins and fish fins
E. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution

B. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories
C. a trait inherited from a common ancestor
D. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage
E. a way to define an organism's repertoire of social behaviors
6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
7. The tribe hominini consists of
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the textbook?
A. relatively large brain size

B. aquatic lifestyle
C. five-fingered hands
D. small litter size
E. stereoscopic vision
10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
A. fewer offspring and bipedalism

B. meat eating and aggression
C. larger females and gentle males
D. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips
E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb
11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools

B. bipedalism and one offspring born at a time
C. prehensile tails
D. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care.
What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
14. Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight

B. improved stereoscopic and color vision
C. increased reliance on smell
D. a tendency toward being active during the day
E. none of these; all were part of the anthropoid revolution
16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that
A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

B. exhibit sexual dimorphism.
C. have prehensile tails.
D. are capable of brachiation.
E. have orthograde posture.
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?
A. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

B. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.
C. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.
D. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.
E. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.
20. Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates
because of
A. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

B. their male-centered communities.
C. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.
D. their marked sexual dimorphism.
E. their cannibalism.
21. Which of the following is NOT a threat to endangered primates?
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.

B. The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive success
(that is, natural selection).
C. Natural selection best translates to "survival of the fittest."
D. There is no distinction between individual and inclusive fitness.
E. Individual fitness among hominins is measured differently than in other nonhuman primate
species.
23. How is individual fitness measured?
A. With techniques developed for anthropometry.

B. By the number of direct descendants an individual has.
C. By maximum lung capacity.
D. By the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population.
E. By the gene an individual shares with relatives.
24. In terms of numbers and range, what is the most successful living hominoid species?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

B. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic
C. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary
D. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent
E. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?
A. visual predation hypothesis

B. terrestrial theory
C. deciduous hypothesis
D. mixed diet hypothesis
E. arboreal theory
27. A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that
A. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

B. euprimates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.
C. primates were already geographically widespread by 55 m.y.a., and their common ancestor
must have evolved earlier than previously believed.
D. larger euprimates lived only in Europe.
E. the specimens previously thought to be euprimates from Europe and North Africa were actually
mislabeled.
28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?
A. Hominins first appear during this epoch.

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.
C. This period dates to 38-23 m.y.a.
D. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.
E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum.
29. When do the first hominoid fossils appear?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
30. Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Miocene (24-5 m.y.a.)

B. Paleocene (65-54 m.y.a.)
C. Oligocene (34-23 m.y.a.)
D. Eocene (54-34 m.y.a.)
E. Pliocene (5-2 m.y.a.)
32. What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
A. they are descended from gorillas.

B. they are descended from chimps.
C. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.
D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.
E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.
34. Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and
poaching.
True False
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
True False
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they
used this word 20 twenty years ago.
True False
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common
ancestor.
True False
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
True False
39. All primates share a common arboreal heritage.
True False
40. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.
True False
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
True False
42. Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.
True False
43. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.
True False
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
True False
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
True False
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
True False
47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.
True False
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
True False
49. Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.
True False
50. We live in the Cenozoic era.
True False
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savanna.
True False
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
True False
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this
relationship?
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm
they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys
and prosimians.
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid
traits appeared during this time?
58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that
seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils
provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
Chapter 7 Key
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular
relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share
the most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes),
and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #1
2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats

B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans
C. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques
D. dolphin fins and fish fins
E. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution

B. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories
C. a trait inherited from a common ancestor
D. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage
E. a way to define an organism's repertoire of social behaviors
6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
7. The tribe hominini consists of
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and
gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the
textbook?
A. relatively large brain size

B. aquatic lifestyle
C. five-fingered hands
D. small litter size
10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
A. fewer offspring and bipedalism

B. meat eating and aggression
C. larger females and gentle males
D. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips
E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb
11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools

B. bipedalism and one offspring born at a time
C. prehensile tails
D. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive
care. What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
14. Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight

B. improved stereoscopic and color vision
C. increased reliance on smell
D. a tendency toward being active during the day
E. none of these; all were part of the anthropoid revolution
16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that
A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

B. exhibit sexual dimorphism.
C. have prehensile tails.
D. are capable of brachiation.
E. have orthograde posture.
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?
A. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

B. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.
C. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.
D. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.
E. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in
Indonesia.
20. Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates
because of
A. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

B. their male-centered communities.
C. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.
D. their marked sexual dimorphism.
E. their cannibalism.
21. Which of the following is NOT a threat to endangered primates?
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.

B. The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive
success (that is, natural selection).
C. Natural selection best translates to "survival of the fittest."
D. There is no distinction between individual and inclusive fitness.
E. Individual fitness among hominins is measured differently than in other nonhuman primate
species.
23. How is individual fitness measured?
A. With techniques developed for anthropometry.

B. By the number of direct descendants an individual has.
C. By maximum lung capacity.
D. By the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population.
E. By the gene an individual shares with relatives.
24. In terms of numbers and range, what is the most successful living hominoid species?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

B. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic
C. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary
D. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent
E. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the
trees?
A. visual predation hypothesis

B. terrestrial theory
C. deciduous hypothesis
D. mixed diet hypothesis
E. arboreal theory
27. A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that
A. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

B. euprimates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.
C. primates were already geographically widespread by 55 m.y.a., and their common ancestor
must have evolved earlier than previously believed.
D. larger euprimates lived only in Europe.
E. the specimens previously thought to be euprimates from Europe and North Africa were
actually mislabeled.
28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?
A. Hominins first appear during this epoch.

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.
C. This period dates to 38-23 m.y.a.
D. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.
E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the
Fayum.
29. When do the first hominoid fossils appear?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
30. Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Miocene (24-5 m.y.a.)

B. Paleocene (65-54 m.y.a.)
C. Oligocene (34-23 m.y.a.)
D. Eocene (54-34 m.y.a.)
E. Pliocene (5-2 m.y.a.)
32. What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
A. they are descended from gorillas.

B. they are descended from chimps.
C. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.
D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.
E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.
34. Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and
poaching.
FALSE
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
TRUE
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when
they used this word 20 twenty years ago.
FALSE
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a
common ancestor.
TRUE
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
FALSE
39. All primates share a common arboreal heritage.
TRUE
40. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.
FALSE
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
FALSE
42. Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.
FALSE
43. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.
TRUE
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
FALSE
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
TRUE
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
TRUE
47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.
TRUE
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
FALSE
49. Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.
TRUE
50. We live in the Cenozoic era.
TRUE
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the
savanna.
FALSE
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
TRUE
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
Answer will vary

54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this
relationship?
Answer will vary
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that
confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New
World monkeys and prosimians.
Answer will vary
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
Answer will vary
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived
hominoid traits appeared during this time?
Answer will vary

58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton
that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these
fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
Answer will vary

Chapter 7 Summary
Category # of Questions
Kottak - Chapter 07 58
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relations with France, 164; ii. 357;
growth of their power, 187, 188;
career in Palestine, 239;
their work for England, 490, 492.
See Elias, Fulk, Geoffrey, Guy, Henry, Hermengard,
Ingelger, Lambert, Matilda, Odo, Robert, Sibyl,
William
Annonain, Pont de l’, ii. 200, 201
Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury, i. 8, 9;
his struggle with Henry I., 15–18;
consecrates Malchus to Waterford, ii. 89;
dies, i. 63;
proposal to canonize him, ii. 14
Aquitaine, its relations with France, i. 123, 145, 383, 456, 457; ii.
202;
extent and history, i. 454;
granted to Richard, ii. 62;
rebels in (1173), 136;
country and people, 201, 203–205;
its importance for England, 201;
relations with Henry II., 203, 205;
risings in, 58, 109, 220;
submits, 230;
proposal to give it to John, 233;
restored to Richard, 247.
See Eleanor, Odo, Richard, William
Aquitania, i. 99, 454
Aragon, see Alfonso, Ramirez, Petronilla
Arcelles, see Saher
Archambald, brother of Sulpice of Amboise, i. 194
Architecture, English, in twelfth century, i. 55
Aremburg of Maine, betrothed to Geoffrey Martel II., i. 226;
marries Fulk V., 232;
dies, 245
Argentan, i. 373; ii. 79, 80
Aristotle, study of, in the middle ages, ii. 466, 467
Arles, see Bertha, Burgundy, Provence, William
Armagh, synod at, ii. 105.
See Malachi
Arms, Assize of, ii. 177, 178
Arnold, count of Aerschot, i. 362
Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, i. 500;
persuades Henry II. to acknowledge Pope Alexander, 501;
advises Henry to appeal against Thomas, ii. 65;
rebels, 140
Arques, i. 342; ii. 405, 406, 425
Arthur, King, i. 33;
Henry II.’s correspondence with, ii. 57 note 2{226}, 447;
invention and translation of, 447, 448;
romances of, 448, 449
Arthur, son of Geoffrey and Constance of Britanny, born, ii. 245;
recognized by Richard as his heir, 295;
in custody of Philip, 370;
joins Richard, 374;
acknowledged in Anjou, Touraine and Maine, 389;
does homage to Philip, 390;
quarrels with Philip and goes to John, 394;
flies, 395;
does homage to John, 397;
knighted, 404;
meets the Lusignans at Tours, 405;
besieges Mirebeau, 406;
captured, ib.;
imprisoned, 407;
death, 408, 429, 430;
its consequences, 409
Arundel, i. 10, 309.
See William
Assize of Arms, ii. 177, 178;
of Clarendon, 122, 123;
of the Forest, 177;
Great, 122;
Henry Fitz-Aylwine’s, 485;
of Measures, 348;
of Mort d’ancester, 172;
of Northampton, 172, 173;
later developements, 338–340
Aubigny, see William
Aubrey de Vere, i. 305
Augustinians, see Canons
Aulerci Cenomanni, i. 201, 202
Aumale, see William
Austin canons, see Canons
Austria, see Leopold
Autun, see Lambert
Auvergne, its feudal relations, ii. 202, 203;
attacked by Philip, 252;
Richard gives up his claims upon, 361
Auxerre, Thomas Becket studies at, i. 379
Avesgaud, bishop of Le Mans, i. 159 note 4{343}, 204, 205
Avice of Gloucester betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 184;
married, 282;
divorced, 398
Avranches, ii. 81
Axholm, ii. 152, 155
Azay, conference at, ii. 263
Baggamore, i. 291
“Baille-hache,” i. 353, 354
Bailleul, see Bernard, Jocelyn
Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, i. 246
Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239
Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239, 247
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, takes the cross, ii. 248;
preaches the crusade in Wales, 249;
opposes John’s marriage, 282;
dies, 296, 297;
his proposed college, 437
Baldwin, count of Flanders, i. 235
Baldwin of Clare, i. 318, 320
Baldwin of Redvers, i. 284
Balliol, see Bernard, Jocelyn
Ballon, ii. 394
Bamborough, i. 288
Bar, i. 167
Barcelona, county of, i. 462.
See Raymond-Berengar
Barnwell priory, ii. 463
Barri, see Gerald, William
Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, i. 506
Bath, i. 35, 296.
See Adelard
Bayeux, i. 11, 307.
See Ralf
Baynard’s Castle, i. 44
Beauchamp, see Miles
Beaugency, council at, i. 392
Beaulieu abbey (Hants), ii. 400
Beaulieu abbey (Touraine), i. 154, 155, 168
Beaumont, see Hermengard
Beauvais, council at, i. 502
Becket, see Gilbert, Rohesia, Thomas
Bedford, i. 320
Bela III., king of Hungary, marries Margaret of France, ii. 235
Bellême, house of, i. 204.
See Robert
Benedictines contrasted with the Cistercians, i. 73
“Bene-work,” i. 57
Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard I., ii. 295, 296
Bermondsey, council at, i. 427
Bernard, S., abbot of Clairvaux, i. 70, 72;
his influence, 359;
relations with Rome, 360, 361;
with S. Malachi, ii. 94;
plans for England, i. 364;
pleads for Gerald of Montreuil, 388;
recommends John of Salisbury to Abp. Theobald, 483;
death, 400
Bernard de Balliol, ii. 145, 161
Berry, its feudal relations, ii. 202;
war in, 245, 251, 252
Bertha of Arles, widow of Odo I. of Blois, marries King Robert, i.
149;
separated, ib.
Bertha, daughter of Odo of Blois, wife of Alan of Britanny, i. 205;
of Hugh II. of Maine, 206
Bertha, daughter of Conan III. of Britanny, i. 449
Bertrada of Montfort, marries Fulk Rechin, i. 223, 224;
elopes with King Philip, 224;
suspected of contriving her stepson’s death, 228;
her policy, 232
Bertrand de Born, ii. 204, 205;
stirs up revolt in Aquitaine, 209, 220, 366;
his sirvente for Toulouse, 211, 212;
sets the young king against Richard, 222;
submits, 231;
enters a monastery, 371
Bertrand, count of Toulouse and Tripoli, i. 455
Beverley, i. 30, 37, 38.
See Alfred
Béziers, see Raymond
Bigod, see Hugh
Biota of Maine, i. 217, 218, 254
Bishops, English, their political position, i. 20;
appeal against Thomas, ii. 67.
See Church
Blanche of Castille, daughter of Alfonso and Eleanor, ii. 395,
397
Blanche, see Adelaide
Blanchelande, i. 223, 257
Bloet, see Robert
Blois, counts of, their rivalry with Anjou, i. 145, 150, 188;
their character, 150.
See Adela, Bertha, Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald, William
Blondel, ii. 324
Bodmin, gild at, ii. 469
“Bogis,” Peter, ii. 421, 422
Bohun, see Humfrey
Bologna, university of, ii. 460;
S. Thomas at, i. 379
Bonmoulins, conference at, ii. 254, 255
Bonneville, i. 307;
council at, ii. 157
“Boon-work,” i. 57
Bordeaux, see William
Born, see Bertrand
Bosham, see Herbert
Boulogne, see Matilda, Matthew, Mary, William
Bourbon, see Hermengard
Bourges, its feudal relations, ii. 202
Bourgthéroulde, battle of, i. 241
Brabantines, ii. 223
Breakspear, see Nicolas
Breffny, ii. 97
Brenneville, battle of, i. 237
Brian Boroimhe, king of Munster, ii. 85
Brian Fitz-Count, i. 243, 328, 396;
his “book,” 369
Bridgenorth, sieges of, i. 10, 429, 430
Brissarthe, i. 103
Bristol, i. 33, 34, 295, 296;
its slave-trade, 35, ii. 87;
Stephen’s attempt on, i. 296, 297;
ill-doings of its garrison, 297;
Dermot of Leinster at, ii. 98, 99;
Henry II.’s charters to, 118
Britanny, i. 99;
its extent under Herispoë, 102 note 1{236}, 130;
civil wars in, 115;
Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 211, 212;
claimed by Eudo of Porhoët and Conan of Richmond, 449;
granted by Henry II. to Conan, 451;
Henry’s designs on, 452, 453;
conquered by Henry, ii. 57, 58;
rebels in (1173), 137;
barons of, appeal to Philip against John, 408.
See Alan, Arthur, Conan, Constance, Eleanor, Geoffrey,
Herispoë, Hoel, Juhel, Nomenoë, Odo, Solomon
Broc, see Ralf
Bruce, see Adam, Robert
Brulon, see Geoffrey
Burchard, count of Vendôme, i. 149, 189
Burgundy, kingdom of, granted to Richard I., ii. 331.
See Hugh, Robert, Rudolf.
Cadoc, ii. 416, 421, 425

Cadwallader, brother of Owen of North Wales, i. 435
Caen, surrendered to Henry I., i. 11;
to Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307;
to Philip, ii. 424;
hospital, i. 471; ii. 198;
palace, ii. 196, 197.
See Robert
Cæsarodunum, see Tours
Cahors, i. 464, 466
Calixtus II., Pope, i. 237
Cambridge, ii. 462, 463
Camville, see Gerard
Candé, i. 228
Canons, Austin or Augustinian, their origin, i. 64, 65;
character, 43, 66, 357;
in England, 66–69.
See Aldgate, Barnwell, Carlisle, Chiche, Kirkham, Nostell,
Oseney, Oxford, Smithfield
Canons, White, i. 357
Canon law, its effects in England, ii. 18
Canterbury, canons of Laon visit, i. 30;
plot to kill Henry Fitz-Empress at, 403;
Thomas elected at, ii. 3;
privilege of the archbishop to crown the king, 62;
S. Thomas slain at, 79;
Henry II.’s penance at, 159;
Louis VII. at, 216;
Philip of Flanders at, 235;
Richard at, 328;
John crowned at, 400.
See Anselm, Baldwin, Geoffrey, Hubert, John, Ralf, Richard,
Roger, Theobald, Thomas, Walter, William
Capua, see Peter
Caputii, ii. 223, 224
Carcassonne, see Raymond Trencavel
Carham, i. 286, 287, 292.
See Wark
Carlisle, i. 36, 37;
S. Godric at, 76;
council at, 300;
Henry Fitz-Empress knighted at, 377;
meeting of Henry and Malcolm IV. at, 462;
besieged by William the Lion, ii. 153, 154;
meeting of William and Henry at, 237;
earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282;
claimed by Ralf of Chester, 314;
see of, 37, 69
Carrick, ii. 109, 111
Carthusians, ii. 435, 436 note 1{2171}
Carucage of 1194, ii. 328, 329, 342;
the Great, 352–354
Carucate, ii. 352
Cashel, metropolis of Munster, ii. 94;
council at, 115
Castille, see Alfonso, Blanche, Constance, Eleanor
Castle Cary, i. 295, 298
Celestine II., Pope, i. 355, 356
Celestine III., Pope, ii. 303, 304, 312, 351
Celle, see Peter
Cenomanni (Aulerci), i. 201, 202
Cenomannia, see Maine
Châlus, ii. 382, 385
Champagne, see Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald
Chancellor, the, his office, i. 22, 419.
See Geoffrey, Matthew, Nigel, Ralf, Robert, Roger, Waldric,
William
Charles the Bald, Emperor, i. 99, 102, 103, 105
Charles the Fat, king of West-Frankland and Emperor, i. 104
Charles the Simple, king of West-Frankland, i. 104
Charter of Henry I., i. 8;
Henry II., 427;
Stephen, 279, 284
Chartres, see Blois
Château-Gaillard, ii. 375–380;
siege, 416–423;
John’s buildings at, 413, 421, 422
Châteaudun, i. 156.
See Landry
Châteaulandon, see Gâtinais
Château-du-Loir, i. 390.
See Gervase
Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe, i. 267
Châteauneuf, see Tours
Châteauroux, ii. 211, 213, 245, 251
Châtillon, conference at, ii. 253
Chaumont-sur-Loire, i. 272 note 1{662}, 471
Chef-Boutonne, battle of, i. 215, 252, 253
Cherbourg, siege of, i. 340
Chester, i. 36;
its slave-trade, ib., ii. 87;
meeting of Henry II. and Malcolm IV. at, i. 438;
privileges granted to its burghers at Dublin, ii. 484;
earldom of, its peculiar character, i. 313, 314.
See Hugh, Ralf
Chiche, priory of S. Osyth at, i. 68, 80
Chichester, see Hilary
Chinon won by Fulk Nerra, i. 167;
Geoffrey the Bearded imprisoned at, 221;
bequeathed to Geoffrey Plantagenet II., 394, 444;
councils at, ii. 58, 64;
Henry II.’s buildings at, 197, 200;
treasury at, plundered by Richard, 246;
Henry II. at, 263, 267;
given up to John, 388, 395;
taken by Philip, 426
Chouzy, conference at, ii. 13
Christchurch or Twinham, i. 32
Chrodegang of Metz, rule of, i. 65
Chronicle, English, i. 81, 82
Church, English, under Henry I., i. 63;
the Augustinian revival, 64–69;
the Cistercian revival, 69–74;
new sees, 68, 69;
its national character, 80;
political position of the bishops, 20;
condition during the anarchy, 347–360;
relations with Rome, 378;
position at accession of Henry II., 474;
vacant sees (1161), 503;
Henry’s schemes of reform, ii. 17–20;
question of the “two swords,” ib. 22, 23;
quarrel of Henry and Thomas, its effects, 46–50;
course of the revival after Theobald’s death, 432;
condition in Henry II.’s later years, 433–438.
See Clergy
Church, Irish, its early glory, ii. 82, 86;
condition in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 91–93;
settlement at Synod of Kells, 94;
submits to Henry II., 115
Circuits, see Justices
Cirencester, i. 330, 333
Cistercians or White Monks, their origin, i. 69, 70;
in England, 71;
work and influence, 74, 358, 359;
quarrel with John, ii. 396, 399, 400;
fall, 434, 435.
See Cîteaux, Clairvaux, Fountains, Newminster, Pontigny,
Rievaux, Tintern, Waverley
Cîteaux, i. 70
Clairvaux (abbey), i. 70; ii. 70, 94
Clairvaux (castle), ii. 222, 224
Clare, see Baldwin, Gilbert, Isabel, Richard, Roger, Walter
Clarendon, council of, ii. 25–28, 44, 45;
Constitutions of, 26, 27;
condemned by the Pope, 42;
Assize of, 46, 122, 123
Cleobury, i. 429
Clergy, their position under Henry I., i. 63, 64;
regular and secular, 64, 65;
attitude in the civil war, 321;
criminal clerks, ii. 19.
See Church
Clerkenwell, council at, ii. 241
Clontarf, battle of, ii. 85
Cogan, see Miles
Coinage, debasement under Stephen, i. 293;
new, in 1149, 402 note 1{1204};
in 1158, 453
Colechurch, see Peter
Cöln, gildhall of its citizens in London, ii. 485.
See Reginald
Colombières, conference at, ii. 265, 266
Commune of Le Mans, i. 222;
Gloucester, ii. 469;
London, 309, 310, 344;
York, 469
Conan the Crooked, count of Rennes and duke of Britanny, i.
121;
his war with Geoffrey Greygown, 122, 137–139;
with Fulk the Black, 146–148
Conan II., duke of Britanny, i. 211, 212, 220
Conan III., duke of Britanny, i. 449
Conan, earl of Richmond, claims Britanny, i. 449;
duke, 451;
dies, ii. 80
Conquereux, first battle of, i. 122, 138;
second, 147, 148
Connaught invaded by Miles Cogan, ii. 184.
See Roderic, Terence
Conrad III., Emperor, i. 361
Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 320, 321
Consilt, battle of, i. 436
Constables, see Henry, Humfrey
Constance of Arles, wife of Robert I. of France, i. 155;
her parents, 190, 192;
her policy, 160, 164
Constance of Britanny, daughter of Conan IV., betrothed to
Geoffrey, son of Henry II., ii. 57;
married, 233;
marries Ralf of Chester, 369;
imprisoned, 370;
joins Arthur in Anjou, 389;
does homage to Philip, 390;
marries Guy of Thouars, 395;
dies, 404, note 4{2050}
Constance of Castille, second wife of Louis VII. of France, i.
446, 468
Constance of France, daughter of Louis VI., betrothed to
Stephen’s son Eustace, i. 384;
marries him, 394;
marries Raymond V. of Toulouse, 458
Constance, heiress of Sicily, ii. 319
Constantine, Donation of, ii. 95
Constitutions of Clarendon, ii. 26, 27;
condemned by the Pope, 42
Corbeil, see William
Cork, its origin, ii. 83.
See Dermot
Cornwall, see Reginald, William
Coroners, their origin, ii. 338, 339
Councils, see Argentan, Armagh, Beaugency, Beauvais,
Bermondsey, Bonneville, Carlisle, Cashel, Clarendon,
Clerkenwell, Chinon, Geddington, Gloucester,
Inispatrick, Kells, Lisieux, London, Neufmarché,
Northampton, Nottingham, Oxford, Pavia, Pipewell,
Poitiers, Rathbreasil, Tours, Wallingford, Westminster,
Woodstock, Würzburg, York
Council, the Great, its character, i. 20
Courcy, see John, William
Coutances, see Walter
Coventry, see Hugh
Cowton Moor, i. 289
Cricklade, i. 335
Cross, S., see Winchester
Crowmarsh, i. 336, 396
Crown, pleas of the, ii. 337
Crusade, the second, i. 361–363;
in Spain, proposed by Louis VII. and Henry II., 453, 497;
the third, ii. 318–321
Curia Regis, see King’s Court
Customs, “paternal,” i. 16;
royal, ii. 22, 26, 27;
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i. 37
Cyprus, ii. 317, 321
Danegeld, i. 25;
abolished, ii. 16, 44
David I., king of Scots, i. 95;
invades England, 282, 286, 287, 288;
defeated at Cowton Moor, 289–291;
treaties with Stephen, 282, 300;
joins the Empress in London, 323;
escapes from Winchester, 328;
knights Henry Fitz-Empress, 377;
dies, 399
David, prince of North-Wales, marries Henry II.’s sister Emma, ii.
181
David, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 454
David, brother of William of Scotland, ii. 140, 153;
claims on Huntingdon and Northampton, 154
David or Hugh, count of Maine, i. 124, 140
David’s, S., bishops of, see David, Peter
Defensor of Le Mans, i. 202
Denis, S., see Suger
Denmark, see Ingebiorg
Déols, ii. 211
Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork or South Munster, ii. 114
Dermot Mac-Maelnambo, king of Leinster, ii. 87, 88
Dermot Mac-Murrough, king of Leinster, ii. 97;
seeks aid of Henry II., 98;
returns to Ireland, 100;
successes in Ossory etc., 102;
summons Richard of Striguil, 103;
dies, 106
Dervorgil, wife of Tighernan O’Ruark, ii. 97
Devizes, i. 304, 321, 330
Dialogus de Scaccario, i. 26
Diceto, see Ralf
Dinan, see Joceas
Dodo, bishop of Angers, i. 109, 133
Dol, ii. 148
Domfront, i. 6, 208, 209
Donatus, bishop of Dublin, ii. 87
Doncaster, earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282
Donell O’Brien, king of Limerick or North Munster, ii. 102, 103,
109, 111, 114
Donell O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90
Donell Kavanagh, ii. 109, 112
Dorchester, see Remigius
Dover, i. 295, 299;
chief mart of the wool trade, 52;
Geoffrey of York arrested at, ii. 305, 306.
See Simon, William
Drausius, S., ii. 65
Dress, English, in twelfth century, i. 56
Dreux, see Robert
Drogo of Nantes, son of Alan Barbetorte, i. 115, 116
Dublin, its origin, ii. 83;
metropolis of Leinster, 94;
taken by Dermot etc., 105;
attacked by wikings, 106;
blockaded by Roderic O’Conor, 109;
Henry II. at, 114, 115;
colonized by Henry, 118;
privileges of the Chester merchants at, 484.
See Donatus, Godred, Gregory, Laurence, Patrick
Dudley, i. 295, 298
Dulcia of Gévaudan, i. 463
Dunstan, S., lives of, i. 80
Dunster, i. 295
Durham, S. Godric at, i. 77;
cathedral, 80;
treaty made at, 300;
customs of the bishop’s estates in 1183, ii. 478–480.
See Hugh, Ralf, Simeon, William
Eadgyth or Edith, S., i. 33

Eadgyth, see Matilda
Eadmer, i. 80, 88
Eadward the Confessor, king of England, his prophecy, i. 1;
his laws demanded by the citizens of London, 324
Eadwulf, prior of Nostell and confessor to Henry I., i. 68;
bishop of Carlisle, 69
Ealdhelm, S., i. 84, 86, 90;
life by Faricius, 81
Earldoms created by Stephen, i. 293
Edith, see Eadgyth
Edmund’s, S., Henry II. at, i. 430;
massacre of Jews at, ii. 289;
its customs, 473, 474;
merchant-gild, 481;
dispute with Ely, 482, 483
Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of William IX., marries Louis VII.
of France, i. 383;
divorced, 392;
marries Henry, 393;
claims on Toulouse, 457, 458;
attempt to divorce her from Henry, ii. 61;
turns against him, 129;
imprisoned, 135;
Richard gives up Aquitaine to, 235;
regent for Richard, 273, 282;
arranges his marriage, 295, 296;
negotiates at Rome, 303;
returns to England, 314;
ravages Anjou, and does homage to Philip, 390;
goes to Spain, 396;
retires to Fontevraud, 405;
besieged in Mirebeau, 406;
dies, 426
Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alfonso of Castille, ii. 60,
189
Eleanor of Britanny, daughter of Geoffrey and Constance, ii.
244, 325, 371
Elias, count of Maine, i. 224, 225;
war with William Rufus, 225, 226;
Le Mans surrendered to, 227;
relations with Henry I., 11, 227, 233;
marriages,255;
death, 233
Elias of Anjou, son of Fulk V., i. 343
Elias of Saint-Saëns, i. 235
Elizabeth of Hainaut, first wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 217, 234,
note 7{1115}
Elizabeth of Vendôme, first wife of Fulk Nerra, i. 152
Ely, see of, founded, i. 68;
quarrel with S. Edmund’s, ii. 482, 483.
See Geoffrey, Nigel
Emma, daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 181
Emperors, see Charles, Conrad, Frederic, Henry, Otto
Engelram of Trie, i. 467
England under the Angevins, i. 1–3;
relations with Rome, 15;
with Normandy, 23, 24;
invaded by Robert Curthose, 9;
journey of canons of Laon in, 30–35;
its peace under Henry I., 48;
Flemings settle in, 52;
town life in twelfth century, 54, 55;
rural life, 56–62;
revival under Henry I., 64–95;
religious revival during the anarchy, 356–358;
effects of the second Crusade, 362;
rebels in (1173), ii. 138, 139;
loyal barons in, 144, 145;
rebel castles in the north, 152;
royal strongholds, 153;
condition of rural population under the Angevins, 473–480;
fusion of races, 489;
growth of national feeling, 489.
See Church, Literature, Towns, Trade.
See also Eadward, Eleanor, Henry, John, Jane, Matilda,
Richard, Stephen, William
“English” and “French,” i. 24
“English” and “Normans,” different meanings of, i. 23, 24
English and Normans, fusion of, i. 24, 48, 49; ii. 489, 490
Englishry, presentment of, abolished, ii. 489
Essex, see Geoffrey, Henry, William
Este, see Hugh
Euclid, Adelard of Bath’s version of, ii. 95
Eudo, count of Porhoët, i. 449
Eugene III., Pope, i. 361;
deposes S. William and consecrates Henry Murdac, 366;
suspends Henry of Winchester and threatens Stephen, 368;
makes Abp. Theobald legate, 380;
forbids the crowning of Eustace, 391;
dies, 400
Eustace, son of Stephen, king of England, does homage to
Louis VI. for Normandy, i. 286;
knighted, 377;
goes to York, 380;
his prospects, 382;
goes to France, 383;
betrothed to Constance, 384;
attacks Normandy, 385;
receives homage, 391;
proposal to crown him, ib.;
marriage, 394;
character, 398;
death, 399
Eustace Fitz-John, i. 72, 288
Eva, daughter of Dermot Mac-Murrough, ii. 104
Evreux ceded to Henry I., i. 11, 62;
betrayed to Almeric of Montfort, 236;
fired by Henry I., ib., 237;
granted to Almeric, 238;
taken by Philip Augustus, ii. 389;
ceded to him, 396.
See Simon
Exchequer, court of, i. 21;
organization under Bishop Roger, 25–27;
headquarters, 31;
Black Book of, ii. 125;
the Norman Exchequer, 194, 197
Exeter, i. 32, 284.
See Bartholomew
Eynesford, see William
Falaise besieged by Henry I., i. 11;

attacked by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307;
submits, 338;
treaties at, ii. 165, 166;
Arthur imprisoned at, 407;
submits to Philip, 424
Faricius, abbot of Abingdon, i. 68 note 1{187}, 81
Farringdon, i. 335
Faye, see Ralf
Ferm of the shire, i. 25;
of towns, 29
Ferrers, see Robert
Ferté-Bernard, La, conference at, ii. 257
Finchale, i. 77, 78
Fitz-Alan, see William
Fitz-Aldhelm, see William
Fitz-Aylwine, see Henry
Fitz-Count, see Brian, Richard
Fitz-David, see Miles
Fitz-Duncan, see William
Fitz-Gerald, see Maurice
Fitz-John, see Eustace, William
Fitz-Osbert, see William
Fitz-Peter, see Geoffrey, Simon
Fitz-Ralf, see William
Fitz-Stephen, see Robert, William
Fitz-Urse, see Reginald
Flambard, see Ralf
Flanders granted to William the Clito, i. 243;
trade with England, 30, 51, 52.
See Baldwin, Matthew, Philip, Theodoric
Flèche, La, i. 222, 223, 256, 257
Flemings, their settlements in England and Wales, i. 52, 53;
in England under Stephen, 285;
plot to kill Henry, 403;
expelled, 427;
land in Suffolk, ii. 155;
at Hartlepool, 162
Fleury, abbey, i. 112
Florence, S., of Saumur, i. 162
Florence of Worcester, i. 82, 88, 89, 90
Foliot, see Gilbert
Folkmoot of London, i. 45
Fontevraud, i. 248;
Henry II. buried at, ii. 270–272;
Richard buried at, ii. 386;
Eleanor at, 385, 405
Forest, assizes of, i. 285; ii. 171, 177, 356
Fornham, battle at, ii. 150
Foss-Dyke, i. 40
Foss-Way, i. 38
Fougères, see Ralf
Fountains abbey, i. 71–73;
burnt, 366
France, duchy of, see French
France, kingdom of, character of its early history, i. 144;
condition under Hugh Capet, 145;
under Louis VI., 230;
relations with Normandy, 24, 111;
with Toulouse, 457, 458;
with Rome, 501, 502;
union with Aquitaine, 383;
its developement, ii. 357–361.
See Adela, Constance, Henry, Hugh, Louis, Margaret, Mary,
Odo, Philip, Robert
Frankland, West, northmen in, i. 100.
See Charles, Lothar, Louis, Odo, Robert, Rudolf
Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor, supports antipope Victor IV., i.
498;
relations with Henry II., 499; ii. 55, 60, 238;
banishes Henry the Lion, 238, 257;
takes the cross, 256;
dies, 318
French, dukes of the, extent of their duchy, i. 103, 105;
underfiefs, 105;
claims upon Maine, 124.

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2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?

A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats

A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution

6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

7. The tribe hominini consists of

8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?

A. relatively large brain size

A. fewer offspring and bipedalism

11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?

12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?

A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools

14. Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?

A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight

16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that

A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as

19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?

A. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

A. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

21. Which of the following is NOT a threat to endangered primates?

A. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.

23. How is individual fitness measured?

A. With techniques developed for anthropometry.

A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

A. visual predation hypothesis

27. A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that

A. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

A. Hominins first appear during this epoch.

30. Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?

A. Miocene (24-5 m.y.a.)

32. What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?

A. they are descended from gorillas.

39. All primates share a common arboreal heritage.

40. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

42. Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.

43. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

49. Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

50. We live in the Cenozoic era.

2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?

A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats

A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution

6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

7. The tribe hominini consists of

A. relatively large brain size

A. fewer offspring and bipedalism

11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?

A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools

14. Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?