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Chapter 7
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance
to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the
most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and
those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the textbook?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care.
What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?
28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
True False
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
True False
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they
used this word 20 twenty years ago.
True False
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common
ancestor.
True False
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
True False
True False
True False
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
True False
True False
True False
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
True False
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
True False
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
True False
True False
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
True False
True False
True False
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savanna.
True False
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
True False
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this
relationship?
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm
they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys
and prosimians.
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid
traits appeared during this time?
58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that
seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils
provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
Chapter 7 Key
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular
relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share
the most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes),
and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #1
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
Kottak - Chapter 07 #3
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #4
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
Kottak - Chapter 07 #6
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and
gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #7
8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
Kottak - Chapter 07 #8
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the
textbook?
10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
Kottak - Chapter 07 #11
12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive
care. What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
Kottak - Chapter 07 #13
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
Kottak - Chapter 07 #14
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
Kottak - Chapter 07 #17
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #18
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
Kottak - Chapter 07 #21
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
Kottak - Chapter 07 #24
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the
trees?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
Kottak - Chapter 07 #29
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #30
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
Kottak - Chapter 07 #32
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
34. Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and
poaching.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #34
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #35
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when
they used this word 20 twenty years ago.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #36
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a
common ancestor.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #37
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #38
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #39
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #40
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #41
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #42
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #43
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #44
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #45
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #46
47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #47
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #48
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #49
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #50
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the
savanna.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #51
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #52
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that
confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New
World monkeys and prosimians.
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived
hominoid traits appeared during this time?
Category # of Questions
Kottak - Chapter 07 58
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relations with France, 164; ii. 357;
growth of their power, 187, 188;
career in Palestine, 239;
their work for England, 490, 492.
See Elias, Fulk, Geoffrey, Guy, Henry, Hermengard,
Ingelger, Lambert, Matilda, Odo, Robert, Sibyl,
William
Annonain, Pont de l’, ii. 200, 201
Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury, i. 8, 9;
his struggle with Henry I., 15–18;
consecrates Malchus to Waterford, ii. 89;
dies, i. 63;
proposal to canonize him, ii. 14
Aquitaine, its relations with France, i. 123, 145, 383, 456, 457; ii.
202;
extent and history, i. 454;
granted to Richard, ii. 62;
rebels in (1173), 136;
country and people, 201, 203–205;
its importance for England, 201;
relations with Henry II., 203, 205;
risings in, 58, 109, 220;
submits, 230;
proposal to give it to John, 233;
restored to Richard, 247.
See Eleanor, Odo, Richard, William
Aquitania, i. 99, 454
Aragon, see Alfonso, Ramirez, Petronilla
Arcelles, see Saher
Archambald, brother of Sulpice of Amboise, i. 194
Architecture, English, in twelfth century, i. 55
Aremburg of Maine, betrothed to Geoffrey Martel II., i. 226;
marries Fulk V., 232;
dies, 245
Argentan, i. 373; ii. 79, 80
Aristotle, study of, in the middle ages, ii. 466, 467
Arles, see Bertha, Burgundy, Provence, William
Armagh, synod at, ii. 105.
See Malachi
Arms, Assize of, ii. 177, 178
Arnold, count of Aerschot, i. 362
Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, i. 500;
persuades Henry II. to acknowledge Pope Alexander, 501;
advises Henry to appeal against Thomas, ii. 65;
rebels, 140
Arques, i. 342; ii. 405, 406, 425
Arthur, King, i. 33;
Henry II.’s correspondence with, ii. 57 note 2{226}, 447;
invention and translation of, 447, 448;
romances of, 448, 449
Arthur, son of Geoffrey and Constance of Britanny, born, ii. 245;
recognized by Richard as his heir, 295;
in custody of Philip, 370;
joins Richard, 374;
acknowledged in Anjou, Touraine and Maine, 389;
does homage to Philip, 390;
quarrels with Philip and goes to John, 394;
flies, 395;
does homage to John, 397;
knighted, 404;
meets the Lusignans at Tours, 405;
besieges Mirebeau, 406;
captured, ib.;
imprisoned, 407;
death, 408, 429, 430;
its consequences, 409
Arundel, i. 10, 309.
See William
Assize of Arms, ii. 177, 178;
of Clarendon, 122, 123;
of the Forest, 177;
Great, 122;
Henry Fitz-Aylwine’s, 485;
of Measures, 348;
of Mort d’ancester, 172;
of Northampton, 172, 173;
later developements, 338–340
Aubigny, see William
Aubrey de Vere, i. 305
Augustinians, see Canons
Aulerci Cenomanni, i. 201, 202
Aumale, see William
Austin canons, see Canons
Austria, see Leopold
Autun, see Lambert
Auvergne, its feudal relations, ii. 202, 203;
attacked by Philip, 252;
Richard gives up his claims upon, 361
Auxerre, Thomas Becket studies at, i. 379
Avesgaud, bishop of Le Mans, i. 159 note 4{343}, 204, 205
Avice of Gloucester betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 184;
married, 282;
divorced, 398
Avranches, ii. 81
Axholm, ii. 152, 155
Azay, conference at, ii. 263
Baggamore, i. 291
“Baille-hache,” i. 353, 354
Bailleul, see Bernard, Jocelyn
Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, i. 246
Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239
Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239, 247
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, takes the cross, ii. 248;
preaches the crusade in Wales, 249;
opposes John’s marriage, 282;
dies, 296, 297;
his proposed college, 437
Baldwin, count of Flanders, i. 235
Baldwin of Clare, i. 318, 320
Baldwin of Redvers, i. 284
Balliol, see Bernard, Jocelyn
Ballon, ii. 394
Bamborough, i. 288
Bar, i. 167
Barcelona, county of, i. 462.
See Raymond-Berengar
Barnwell priory, ii. 463
Barri, see Gerald, William
Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, i. 506
Bath, i. 35, 296.
See Adelard
Bayeux, i. 11, 307.
See Ralf
Baynard’s Castle, i. 44
Beauchamp, see Miles
Beaugency, council at, i. 392
Beaulieu abbey (Hants), ii. 400
Beaulieu abbey (Touraine), i. 154, 155, 168
Beaumont, see Hermengard
Beauvais, council at, i. 502
Becket, see Gilbert, Rohesia, Thomas
Bedford, i. 320
Bela III., king of Hungary, marries Margaret of France, ii. 235
Bellême, house of, i. 204.
See Robert
Benedictines contrasted with the Cistercians, i. 73
“Bene-work,” i. 57
Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard I., ii. 295, 296
Bermondsey, council at, i. 427
Bernard, S., abbot of Clairvaux, i. 70, 72;
his influence, 359;
relations with Rome, 360, 361;
with S. Malachi, ii. 94;
plans for England, i. 364;
pleads for Gerald of Montreuil, 388;
recommends John of Salisbury to Abp. Theobald, 483;
death, 400
Bernard de Balliol, ii. 145, 161
Berry, its feudal relations, ii. 202;
war in, 245, 251, 252
Bertha of Arles, widow of Odo I. of Blois, marries King Robert, i.
149;
separated, ib.
Bertha, daughter of Odo of Blois, wife of Alan of Britanny, i. 205;
of Hugh II. of Maine, 206
Bertha, daughter of Conan III. of Britanny, i. 449
Bertrada of Montfort, marries Fulk Rechin, i. 223, 224;
elopes with King Philip, 224;
suspected of contriving her stepson’s death, 228;
her policy, 232
Bertrand de Born, ii. 204, 205;
stirs up revolt in Aquitaine, 209, 220, 366;
his sirvente for Toulouse, 211, 212;
sets the young king against Richard, 222;
submits, 231;
enters a monastery, 371
Bertrand, count of Toulouse and Tripoli, i. 455
Beverley, i. 30, 37, 38.
See Alfred
Béziers, see Raymond
Bigod, see Hugh
Biota of Maine, i. 217, 218, 254
Bishops, English, their political position, i. 20;
appeal against Thomas, ii. 67.
See Church
Blanche of Castille, daughter of Alfonso and Eleanor, ii. 395,
397
Blanche, see Adelaide
Blanchelande, i. 223, 257
Bloet, see Robert
Blois, counts of, their rivalry with Anjou, i. 145, 150, 188;
their character, 150.
See Adela, Bertha, Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald, William
Blondel, ii. 324
Bodmin, gild at, ii. 469
“Bogis,” Peter, ii. 421, 422
Bohun, see Humfrey
Bologna, university of, ii. 460;
S. Thomas at, i. 379
Bonmoulins, conference at, ii. 254, 255
Bonneville, i. 307;
council at, ii. 157
“Boon-work,” i. 57
Bordeaux, see William
Born, see Bertrand
Bosham, see Herbert
Boulogne, see Matilda, Matthew, Mary, William
Bourbon, see Hermengard
Bourges, its feudal relations, ii. 202
Bourgthéroulde, battle of, i. 241
Brabantines, ii. 223
Breakspear, see Nicolas
Breffny, ii. 97
Brenneville, battle of, i. 237
Brian Boroimhe, king of Munster, ii. 85
Brian Fitz-Count, i. 243, 328, 396;
his “book,” 369
Bridgenorth, sieges of, i. 10, 429, 430
Brissarthe, i. 103
Bristol, i. 33, 34, 295, 296;
its slave-trade, 35, ii. 87;
Stephen’s attempt on, i. 296, 297;
ill-doings of its garrison, 297;
Dermot of Leinster at, ii. 98, 99;
Henry II.’s charters to, 118
Britanny, i. 99;
its extent under Herispoë, 102 note 1{236}, 130;
civil wars in, 115;
Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 211, 212;
claimed by Eudo of Porhoët and Conan of Richmond, 449;
granted by Henry II. to Conan, 451;
Henry’s designs on, 452, 453;
conquered by Henry, ii. 57, 58;
rebels in (1173), 137;
barons of, appeal to Philip against John, 408.
See Alan, Arthur, Conan, Constance, Eleanor, Geoffrey,
Herispoë, Hoel, Juhel, Nomenoë, Odo, Solomon
Broc, see Ralf
Bruce, see Adam, Robert
Brulon, see Geoffrey
Burchard, count of Vendôme, i. 149, 189
Burgundy, kingdom of, granted to Richard I., ii. 331.
See Hugh, Robert, Rudolf.
Danegeld, i. 25;
abolished, ii. 16, 44
David I., king of Scots, i. 95;
invades England, 282, 286, 287, 288;
defeated at Cowton Moor, 289–291;
treaties with Stephen, 282, 300;
joins the Empress in London, 323;
escapes from Winchester, 328;
knights Henry Fitz-Empress, 377;
dies, 399
David, prince of North-Wales, marries Henry II.’s sister Emma, ii.
181
David, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 454
David, brother of William of Scotland, ii. 140, 153;
claims on Huntingdon and Northampton, 154
David or Hugh, count of Maine, i. 124, 140
David’s, S., bishops of, see David, Peter
Defensor of Le Mans, i. 202
Denis, S., see Suger
Denmark, see Ingebiorg
Déols, ii. 211
Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork or South Munster, ii. 114
Dermot Mac-Maelnambo, king of Leinster, ii. 87, 88
Dermot Mac-Murrough, king of Leinster, ii. 97;
seeks aid of Henry II., 98;
returns to Ireland, 100;
successes in Ossory etc., 102;
summons Richard of Striguil, 103;
dies, 106
Dervorgil, wife of Tighernan O’Ruark, ii. 97
Devizes, i. 304, 321, 330
Dialogus de Scaccario, i. 26
Diceto, see Ralf
Dinan, see Joceas
Dodo, bishop of Angers, i. 109, 133
Dol, ii. 148
Domfront, i. 6, 208, 209
Donatus, bishop of Dublin, ii. 87
Doncaster, earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282
Donell O’Brien, king of Limerick or North Munster, ii. 102, 103,
109, 111, 114
Donell O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90
Donell Kavanagh, ii. 109, 112
Dorchester, see Remigius
Dover, i. 295, 299;
chief mart of the wool trade, 52;
Geoffrey of York arrested at, ii. 305, 306.
See Simon, William
Drausius, S., ii. 65
Dress, English, in twelfth century, i. 56
Dreux, see Robert
Drogo of Nantes, son of Alan Barbetorte, i. 115, 116
Dublin, its origin, ii. 83;
metropolis of Leinster, 94;
taken by Dermot etc., 105;
attacked by wikings, 106;
blockaded by Roderic O’Conor, 109;
Henry II. at, 114, 115;
colonized by Henry, 118;
privileges of the Chester merchants at, 484.
See Donatus, Godred, Gregory, Laurence, Patrick
Dudley, i. 295, 298
Dulcia of Gévaudan, i. 463
Dunstan, S., lives of, i. 80
Dunster, i. 295
Durham, S. Godric at, i. 77;
cathedral, 80;
treaty made at, 300;
customs of the bishop’s estates in 1183, ii. 478–480.
See Hugh, Ralf, Simeon, William