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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.
1) Which statement best describes a parameter? 1) _______
A) A parameter is a sample size that guarantees the error in estimation is within acceptable
limits.
B) A parameter is a level of confidence associated with an interval about a sample mean or
proportion.
C) A parameter is an unbiased estimate of a statistic found by experimentation or polling.
D) A parameter is a numerical measure of a population that is almost always unknown and
must be estimated.
2) A study was conducted to determine what proportion of all college students considered 2) _______
themselves as full-time students. A random sample of 300 college students was selected and 210
of the students responded that they considered themselves full-time students. Which of the
following would represent the target parameter of interest?
A) p B) μ
3) Parking at a large university can be extremely difficult at times. One particular university is 3) _______
trying to determine the location of a new parking garage. As part of their research, officials are
interested in estimating the average parking time of students from within the various colleges on
campus. Which of the following would represent the target parameter of interest?
A) p B) μ
Answer the question True or False.

4) For data with two outcomes (success or failure), the binomial proportion of successes is likely to 4) _______
be the parameter of interest.
A) True B) False
5) For quantitative data, the target parameter is most likely to be the mode of the data. 5) _______
A) True B) False
Solve the problem.

6) What is when α = 0.02? 6) _______
A) 2.575 B) 2.33 C) 1.645 D) 1.96
7) What is the confidence level of the following confidence interval for μ? 7) _______
± 2.33
A) 98% B) 78% C) 233% D) 67%
8) The registrar's office at State University would like to determine a 95% confidence interval for 8) _______
the mean commute time of its students. A member of the staff randomly chooses a parking lot
and surveys the first 125 students who park in the chosen lot on a given day. The confidence
interval is
A) not meaningful because the sampling distribution of the sample mean is not normal.
B) meaningful because the sample size exceeds 30 and the Central Limit Theorem ensures
normality of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
C) not meaningful because of the lack of random sampling.
D) meaningful because the sample is representative of the population.
9) A 90% confidence interval for the mean percentage of airline reservations being canceled on the da y of the
flight is 9) __
(1.1%, __
3.2%). __
What is _
the point
estimator
of the
mean
percenta
ge of
reservati
ons that
are
canceled
on the
day of
the
flight?
A) 2.1% B) 1.60% C) 1.05% D) 2.15%
10) A 90% confidence interval for the average salary of all CEOs in the electronics industry was 10) ______
constructed using the results of a random survey of 45 CEOs. The interval was
To make more useful inferences from the data, it is desired to reduce the
width of the confidence interval. Which of the following will result in a reduced interval width?
A) Increase the sample size and increase the confidence level.
B) Decrease the sample size and decrease the confidence level.
C) Increase the sample size and decrease the confidence level.
D) Decrease the sample size and increase the confidence level.
11) Suppose a large labor union wishes to estimate the mean number of hours per month a union 11) ______
member is absent from work. The union decides to sample 468 of its members at random and
monitor the working time of each of them for 1 month. At the end of the month, the total number
of hours absent from work is recorded for each employee. Which of the following should be
used to estimate the parameter of interest for this problem?
A) A large sample confidence interval for μ. B) A large sample confidence interval for p.
C) A small sample confidence interval for D) A small sample confidence interval for p.
μ.
12) Explain what the phrase 95% confident means when we interpret a 95% confidence interval for 12) ______
μ.
A) The probability that the sample mean falls in the calculated interval is 0.95.
B) 95% of similarly constructed intervals would contain the value of the sampled mean.
C) In repeated sampling, 95% of similarly constructed intervals contain the value of the
population mean.
D) 95% of the observations in the population fall within the bounds of the calculated interval.
13) Parking at a large university can be extremely difficult at times. One particular university is Lo 95%
trying to determine the location of a new parking garage. As part of their research, officials are Var CI
interested in estimating the average parking time of students from within the various colleges on iabl Mean
campus. A survey of 338 College of Business (COBA) students yields the following descriptive e Up 95%
information regarding the length of time (in minutes) it took them to find a parking spot. Note N CI
that the "Lo 95%" and "Up 95%" refer to the endpoints of the desired confidence interval. SD
Parking 13) ___
Time ___
338
9.1944
10.466
11.738
11.885
Universit
y
officials
have
determin
ed that
the
confiden
ce
interval
would be
more
useful if
the
interval
were
narrower
. Which
of the
followin
g
changes
in the
confiden
ce level
would
result in
a
narrower
interval?
A) The university could increase their confidence level.
B) The university could decrease their confidence level.
14) A retired statistician was interested in determining the average cost of a $200,000.00 term life 14) ______
insurance policy for a 60-year-old male non-smoker. He randomly sampled 65 subjects
(60-year-old male non-smokers) and constructed the following 95 percent confidence interval for
the mean cost of the term life insurance: ($850.00, $1050.00). What value of alpha was used to
create this confidence interval?
A) 0.025 B) 0.10 C) 0.01 D) 0.05
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
15) Suppose (1,000, 2,100) is a 95% confidence interval for μ. To make more useful inferences 15) _____________
from the data, it is desired to reduce the width of the confidence interval. Explain why
an increase in sample size will lead to a narrower interval of the estimate of μ.
16) One way of reducing the width of a confidence interval is to reduce the confidence level. 16) ______
A) True B) False
17) The Central Limit Theorem guarantees an approximately normal sampling distribution for the 17) ______
sample mean for large sample sizes, so no knowledge about the distribution of the population is
necessary for the corresponding interval to be valid.
A) True B) False
18) Since the population standard deviation σ is almost always known, we use it instead of the 18) ______
sample standard deviation s when finding a confidence interval.
A) True B) False
19) The confidence coefficient is the relative frequency with which the interval estimator encloses 19) ______
the population parameter when the estimator is used repeatedly a very large number of times.
A) True B) False
20) The confidence level is the confidence coefficient expressed as a percentage. 20) ______
A) True B) False
Solve the problem.

21) What is the confidence coefficient in a 95% confidence interval for μ? 21) ______
A) .95 B) .05 C) .475 D) .025
22) Which information is not shown on the screen below? 22) ______
A) the sample size B) the confidence level

C) the sample standard deviation D) the sample mean
23) Find for the given value of α. 23) ______

α = 0.04
A) 1.75 B) 2.33 C) 0.18 D) 2.05
24) Determine the confidence level for the given confidence interval for μ. 24) ______
± 1.88
A) 3% B) 97% C) 98.5% D) 94%
25) A random sample of n measurements was selected from a population with unknown mean μ 25) ______
and known standard deviation σ. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for μ for the given
situation. Round to the nearest hundredth when necessary.
n = 100, = 74, σ = 25
A) 74 ± 49 B) 74 ± 4.11 C) 74 ± 4.9 D) 74 ± 0.49
26) A 90% confidence interval for the average salary of all CEOs in the electronics industry was 26) ______
constructed using the results of a random survey of 45 CEOs. The interval was
Give a practical interpretation of the interval.
A) 90% of the sampled CEOs have salaries that fell in the interval $110,389 to $128,192.
B) 90% of all CEOs in the electronics industry have salaries that fall between $110,389 to
$128,192.
C) We are 90% confident that the mean salary of all CEOs in the electronics industry falls in
the interval $110,389 to $128,192.
D) We are 90% confident that the mean salary of the sampled CEOs falls in the interval
$110,389 to $128,192.
27) A random sample of 250 students at a university finds that these students take a mean of 15.3 27) ______
credit hours per quarter with a standard deviation of 1.6 credit hours. Estimate the mean credit
hours taken by a student each quarter using a 95% confidence interval. Round to the nearest
thousandth.
A) 15.3 ± .198 B) 15.3 ± .010 C) 15.3 ± .013 D) 15.3 ± .157
28) A random sample of 250 students at a university finds that these students take a mean of 14.3 28) ______
credit hours per quarter with a standard deviation of 1.7 credit hours. The 95% confidence
interval for the mean is Interpret the interval.
A) The probability that a student takes 14.089 to 14.511 credit hours in a quarter is
B) We are 95% confident that the average number of credit hours per quarter of students at
the university falls in the interval 14.089 to 14.511 hours.
C) 95% of the students take between 14.089 to 14.511 credit hours per quarter.
D) We are 95% confident that the average number of credit hours per quarter of the sampled
students falls in the interval 14.089 to 14.511 hours.
29) The director of a hospital wishes to estimate the mean number of people who are admitted to the 29) ______
emergency room during a period. The director randomly selects 49 different
periods and determines the number of admissions for each. For this sample, and
Estimate the mean number of admissions per period with a 90% confidence
interval.
A) 17.2 ± .643 B) 17.2 ± 5.875 C) 17.2 ± 1.175 D) 17.2 ± .168
30) Suppose a large labor union wishes to estimate the mean number of hours per month a union 30) ______
member is absent from work. The union decides to sample 348 of its members at random and
monitor the working time of each of them for 1 month. At the end of the month, the total number
of hours absent from work is recorded for each employee. If the mean and standard deviation of
the sample are hours and hours, find a 99% confidence interval for the true mean
number of hours a union member is absent per month. Round to the nearest thousandth.
A) 7.5 ± .186 B) 7.5 ± .026 C) 7.5 ± .258 D) 7.5 ± .483
31) Parking at a large university can be extremely difficult at times. One particular university is Var CI
trying to determine the location of a new parking garage. As part of their research, officials are iabl Mean
interested in estimating the average parking time of students from within the various colleges on e Up 95%
campus. A survey of 338 College of Business (COBA) students yields the following descriptive N CI
information regarding the length of time (in minutes) it took them to find a parking spot. Note SD
that the "Lo 95%" and "Up 95%" refer to the endpoints of the desired confidence interval. Lo Parking
95%Time
338 31) ___
9.1944 ___
10.466
11.738
11.885
Give a
practical
interpret
ation for
the 95%
confiden
ce
interval
given
above.
A) We are 95% confident that the average parking time of all COBA students falls between
9.19 and 11.74 minutes.
B) We are 95% confident that the average parking time of the 338 COBA students surveyed
falls between 9.19 and 11.74 minutes.
C) 95% of the COBA students had parking times that fell between 9.19 and 11.74 minutes.
D) 95% of the COBA students had parking times of 10.466 minutes.
32) Parking at a large university can be extremely difficult at times. One particular university is 32) ______
trying to determine the location of a new parking garage. As part of their research, officials are
interested in estimating the average parking time of students from within the various colleges on
campus. A survey of 338 College of Business (COBA) students yields the following descriptive
information regarding the length of time (in minutes) it took them to find a parking spot. Note
that the "Lo 95%" and "Up 95%" refer to the endpoints of the desired confidence interval.
Variable N Lo 95% CI Mean Up 95% CI SD

Parking Time 338 9.1944 10.466 11.738 11.885
Explain what the phrase "95% confident" means when working with a 95% confidence interval.
A) In repeated sampling, 95% of the population means will fall within the interval created.
B) 95% of the observations in the population will fall within the endpoints of the interval.
C) In repeated sampling, 95% of the intervals created will contain the population mean.
D) In repeated sampling, 95% of the sample means will fall within the interval created.
the mean cost of the term life insurance: ($850.00, $1050.00). State the appropriate interpretation
for this confidence interval. Note that all answers begin with "We are 95 percent confidence
that…"
A) The term life insurance cost for all 60-year-old male non-smokers' insurance policies falls
between $850.00 and $1050.00
B) The average term life insurance costs for all 60-year-old male non-smokers falls between
$850.00 and $1050.00
C) The average term life insurance cost for sampled 65 subjects falls between $850.00 and
$1050.00
D) The term life insurance cost of the retired statistician's insurance policy falls between
$850.00 and $1050.00
the mean cost of the term life insurance: ($850.00, $1050.00). Explain what the phrase "95 percent
confident" means in this situation.
A) 95 percent of all the life insurance costs will fall within the specified interval.
B) 95 percent of all retired statisticians are underinsured.
C) In repeated sampling, the mean of the population will fall within the specified intervals 95
percent of the time.
D) In repeated sampling, 95 percent of the intervals constructed would contain the value of
the true population mean.
35) How much money does the average professional football fan spend on food at a single football 35) ______
game? That question was posed to 60 randomly selected football fans. The sampled results
show that the sample mean was $70.00 and prior sampling indicated that the population
standard deviation was $17.50. Use this information to create a 95 percent confidence interval for
the population mean.
A) B)
70 ± 1.671 70 ± 1.645
C) D)
70 ± 1.960 70 ± 1.833
36) How much money does the average professional football fan spend on food at a single 36) _____________
football game? That question was posed to 43 randomly selected football fans. The
sample results provided a sample mean and standard deviation of and $2.85,
respectively. Find and interpret a 99% confidence interval for μ.
37) To help consumers assess the risks they are taking, the Food and Drug Administration 37) _____________
(FDA) publishes the amount of nicotine found in all commercial brands of cigarettes. A
new cigarette has recently been marketed. The FDA tests on this cigarette yielded a
mean nicotine content of 26.2 milligrams and standard deviation of 2.9 milligrams for a
sample of cigarettes. Find a 95% confidence interval for μ.
38) The following data represent the scores of a sample of 50 randomly chosen students on a 38) _____________
standardized test.
39 48 55 63 66 68 68 69 70 71
71 71 73 74 76 76 76 77 78 79
79 79 79 80 80 82 83 83 83 85
85 86 86 88 88 88 88 89 89 89
90 91 92 92 93 95 96 97 97 99
a. Write a 95% confidence interval for the mean score of all students who took the
test.
b. Identify the target parameter and the point estimator.
39) Suppose that 100 samples of size n = 50 are independently chosen from the same exp actually contain
population and that each sample is used to construct its own 95% confidence interval for ect μ?
an unknown population mean μ. How many of the 100 confidence intervals would you to
39) _____________
40) A random sample of n = 100 measurements was selected from a population with 40) _____________
unknown mean μ and standard deviation σ. Calculate a 95% confidence interval if =
26 and = 16.
41) A random sample of n = 144 measurements was selected from a population with 41) _____________
unknown mean μ and standard deviation σ. Calculate a 90% confidence interval if =
3.55 and s = .49.
42) A random sample of 80 observations produced a mean = 35.4 and a standard 42) _____________
deviation s = 3.1.
a. Find a 90% confidence interval for the population mean μ.

b. Find a 95% confidence interval for μ.
c. Find a 99% confidence interval for μ.
d. What happens to the width of a confidence interval as the value of the confidence
coefficient is increased while the sample size is held fixed?
43) Suppose you selected a random sample of n = 7 measurements from a normal 43) _____________
distribution. Compare the standard normal z value with the corresponding t value for a
90% confidence interval.
44) Suppose you selected a random sample of n = 29 measurements from a normal 44) _____________
distribution. Compare the standard normal z value with the corresponding t value for a
45) An educator wanted to look at the study habits of university students. As part of the research, 45) ______
data was collected for three variables - the amount of time (in hours per week) spent studying,
the amount of time (in hours per week) spent playing video games and the GPA - for a sample of
20 male university students. As part of the research, a 95% confidence interval for the average
GPA of all male university students was calculated to be: (2.95, 3.10). Which of the following
statements is true?
A) In construction of the confidence interval, a t-value with 20 degrees of freedom was used.
B) In construction of the confidence interval, a z-value with 20 degrees of freedom was used.
C) In construction of the confidence interval, a z-value was used.
D) In construction of the confidence interval, a t-value with 19 degrees of freedom was used.
46) Find the value of such that the following statement is true: P(- ≤t≤ ) = .99 where df = 9. 46) ______
A) 1.833 B) 2.2821 C) 3.250 D) 2.262
A) 2.947 B) 2.131 C) 1.753 D) 2.602
A) 1.345 B) 2.624 C) 2.145 D) 1.761
49) Let be a specific value of t. Find such that the following statement is true: P(t ) = .05
≥
where
df = 20. 49) ___
___
A) 1.729 B) -1.729 C) 1.725 D) -1.725
50) Let t0 be a particular value of t. Find a value of t0 such that P(t ≤ t0 or t ≥ t0) = .1 where 50) _____________
df = 14.
51) Let t0 be a particular value of t. Find a value of t0 such that P(t ≤ t0) = .005 where df = 9. 51) _____________
52) Private colleges and universities rely on money contributed by individuals and corporations for 52) ______
their operating expenses. Much of this money is invested in a fund called an endowment, and
the college spends only the interest earned by the fund. A recent survey of eight private colleges
in the United States revealed the following endowments (in millions of dollars): 77.8, 45.1, 243.4,
489.5, 113.9, 187.6, 102.4, and 210.2. What value will be used as the point estimate for the mean
endowment of all private colleges in the United States?
A) 183.738 B) 8 C) 1469.9 D) 209.986
53) Fifteen SmartCars were randomly selected and the highway mileage of each was noted. The 53) ______
analysis yielded a mean of 47 miles per gallon and a standard deviation of 5 miles per gallon.
Which of the following would represent a 90% confidence interval for the average highway
mileage of all SmartCars?
A) B) C) D)
47 ± 1.753 47 ± 1.645 47 ± 1.761 47 ± 1.345
game? That question was posed to ten randomly selected football fans. The sampled results
show that the sample mean and sample standard deviation were $70.00 and $17.50, respectively.
Use this information to create a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean.
A) B)
70 ± 2.228 70 ± 2.262
C) D)
70 ± 1.833 70 ± 1.960
55) You are interested in purchasing a new car. One of the many points you wish to consider is the 55) ______
resale value of the car after 5 years. Since you are particularly interested in a certain foreign
sedan, you decide to estimate the resale value of this car with a 95% confidence interval. You
manage to obtain data on 17 recently resold 5-year-old foreign sedans of the same model. These
17 cars were resold at an average price of $12,610 with a standard deviation of $700. What is the
95% confidence interval for the true mean resale value of a 5- year-old car of this model?
A) 12,610 ± 2.110(700/ ) B) 12,610 ± 1.960(700/ )
C) 12,610 ± 2.120(700/ ) D) 12,610 ± 2.120(700/ )
56) You are interested in purchasing a new car. One of the many points you wish to consider is the and ficient
resale value of the car after 5 years. Since you are particularly interested in a certain foreign the in
sedan, you decide to estimate the resale value of this car with a 90% confidence interval. You con order
manage to obtain data on 17 recently resold 5-year-old foreign sedans of the same model. These fide to
17 cars were resold at an average price of $12,630 with a standard deviation of $800. Suppose nce guarant
that the interval is calculated to be How could we alter the sample size coef ee a
decrease 56) ___
in the ___
width of
the
interval?
A) Increase the sample size and increase the confidence coefficient.
B) Increase the sample size but decrease the confidence coefficient.
C) Keep the sample size the same but increase the confidence coefficient.
D) Decrease the sample size but increase the confidence coefficient.
game? That question was posed to 10 randomly selected football fans. The sample results
provided a sample mean and standard deviation of $14.00 and $2.50, respectively. Use this
information to construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean.
A) 14 ± 1.383(2.50/ ) B) 14 ± 1.796(2.50/ )
C) 14 ± 1.833(2.50/ ) D) 14 ± 1.812(2.50/ )
58) A marketing research company is estimating the average total compensation of CEOs in the 58) ______
service industry. Data were randomly collected from 18 CEOs and the 99% confidence interval
for the mean was calculated to be Explain what the phrase "99%
confident" means.
A) 99% of the similarly constructed intervals would contain the value of the sample mean.
B) % of the sample means from similar samples fall within the interval.
C) 99% of the population values will fall within the interval.
D) In repeated sampling, 99% of the intervals constructed would contain μ.
for the mean was calculated to be What additional assumption is
necessary for this confidence interval to be valid?
A) The sample standard deviation is less than the degrees of freedom.
B) The population of total compensations of CEOs in the service industry is approximately
normally distributed.
C) The distribution of the sample means is approximately normal.
D) None. The Central Limit Theorem applies.
for the mean was calculated to be What would happen to the confidence
interval if the confidence level were changed to 98%?
A) The interval would get wider.
B) The interval would get narrower.
C) There would be no change in the width of the interval.
D) It is impossible to tell until the 98% interval is constructed.
61) A computer package was used to generate the following printout for estimating the mean sale NCE = SAMPLE
price of homes in a particular neighborhood. `S
95
X = sale_price CO
NFI
SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46,300 DE UPPER
LIMIT = 61) ___
53,913.6 ___
S
AMPLE
MEAN
OF X =
46,300
LOWER
LIMIT =
38,686.4
At what
level of
reliabilit
y is the
confiden
ce
interval
made?
A) 52.5% B) 95% C) 5% D) 47.5%
62) A computer package was used to generate the following printout for estimating the mean sale 62) ______
price of homes in a particular neighborhood.
X = sale_price
SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46,400

SAMPLE STANDARD DEV = 13,747
SAMPLE SIZE OF X = 15
CONFIDENCE = 90
UPPER LIMIT = 52,650.6

SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46,400
LOWER LIMIT = 40,149.4
Which of the following is a practical interpretation of the interval above?

A) We are 90% confident that the true sale price of all homes in this neighborhood fall
between $40,149.40 and $52,650.60.
B) 90% of the homes in this neighborhood have sale prices that fall between $40,149.40 and
$52,650.60.
C) We are 90% confident that the mean sale price of all homes in this neighborhood falls
between $40,149.40 and $52,650.60.
D) All are correct practical interpretations of this interval.
63) A computer package was used to generate the following printout for estimating the mean sale
price of homes in a particular neighborhood. CO
NFI UPPER
X = sale_price DE LIMIT
NC =
SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46,600 E=
SAMPLE STANDARD DEV = 13,747
SAMPLE SIZE OF X = 15 95 54,213.6
0 63) ___
S ___
AMPLE
MEAN
OF X =
46,600
LOWER
LIMIT =
38,986.40
A friend
suggests
that the
mean
sale price
of homes
in this
neighbor
hood is
Commen
t on your
friend's
suggesti
on.
A) Your friend is correct, and you are 100% certain.
B) Your friend is wrong, and you are 95% certain.
C) Your friend is correct, and you are 95% certain.
D) Based on this printout, all you can say is that the mean sale price might be
64) To help consumers assess the risks they are taking, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 64) ______
publishes the amount of nicotine found in all commercial brands of cigarettes. A new cigarette
has recently been marketed. The FDA tests on this cigarette yielded mean nicotine content of
27.3 milligrams and standard deviation of 2.1 milligrams for a sample of cigarettes.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean nicotine content of this brand of cigarette.
A) 27.3 ± 1.712 B) 27.3 ± 1.614 C) 27.3 ± 1.679 D) 27.3 ± 1.583
65) Private colleges and universities rely on money contributed by individuals and corporations for 65) ______
their operating expenses. Much of this money is invested in a fund called an endowment, and
the college spends only the interest earned by the fund. A recent survey of eight private colleges
in the United States revealed the following endowments (in millions of dollars): 60.2, 47.0, 235.1,
490.0, 122.6, 177.5, 95.4, and 220.0. Summary statistics yield and
Calculate a 99% confidence interval for the mean endowment of all private colleges in the United
States.
A) 180.975 ± 169.672 B) 180.975 ± 176.955
C) 180.975 ± 189.173 D) 180.975 ± 181.387
66) An educator wanted to look at the study habits of university students. As part of the research, GP male
data was collected for three variables - the amount of time (in hours per week) spent studying, A univers
the amount of time (in hours per week) spent playing video games and the GPA - for a sample of of ity
20 male university students. As part of the research, a 95% confidence interval for the average all student
s was 66) ___
calculate ___
d to be:
(2.95,
3.10).
The
researche
r claimed
that the
average
GPA of
all male
students
exceeded
2.94.
Using
the
confiden
ce
interval
supplied
above,
how do
you
respond
to this
claim?
A) We are 95% confident that the researcher is incorrect.
B) We are 95% confident that the researcher is correct.
C) We cannot make any statement regarding the average GPA of male university students at
the 95% confidence level.
D) We are 100% confident that the researcher is incorrect.
67) An educator wanted to look at the study habits of university students. As part of the research, 67) ______
data was collected for three variables - the amount of time (in hours per week) spent studying,
the amount of time (in hours per week) spent playing video games and the GPA - for a sample of
20 male university students. As part of the research, a 95% confidence interval for the average
GPA of all male university students was calculated to be: (2.95, 3.10). What assumption is
necessary for the confidence interval analysis to work properly?
A) The population that we are sampling from needs to be a t-distribution with n-1 degrees of
freedom.
B) The sampling distribution of the sample mean needs to be approximately normally
distributed.
C) The Central Limit theorem guarantees that no assumptions about the population are
necessary.
D) The population that we are sampling from needs to be approximately normally distributed.
68) You are interested in purchasing a new car. One of the many points you wish to sed same model.
consider is the resale value of the car after 5 years. Since you are particularly interested ans These 17 cars
in a certain foreign sedan, you decide to estimate the resale value of this car with a 95% of were resold at
confidence interval. You manage to obtain data on 17 recently resold 5-year-old foreign the an average price
of 68) ___
$13,200 ___
with a ___
standard ___
deviation _
of $700.
Create a
95%
confiden
ce
interval
for the
true
mean
resale
value of
a
5-year-ol
d car of
that
model.
69) A marketing research company is estimating the average total compensation of CEOs in 69) _____________
the service industry. Data were randomly collected from 18 CEOs and the 90%
confidence interval was calculated to be Give a practical
interpretation of the confidence interval.
70) A marketing research company is estimating the average total compensation of CEOs in 70) _____________
the service industry. Data were randomly collected from 18 CEOs and the 95%
confidence interval was calculated to be Based on the interval
above, do you believe the average total compensation of CEOs in the service industry is
more than
71) A computer package was used to generate the following printout for estimating the 71) _____________
mean sale price of homes in a particular neighborhood.
X = sale_price
SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46300

SAMPLE STANDARD DEV = 13747
SAMPLE SIZE OF X = 25
CONFIDENCE = 90
UPPER LIMIT = 51003.90

SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46300
LOWER LIMIT = 41596.10
A friend suggests that the mean sale price of homes in this neighborhood is $47,000.
Comment on your friend's suggestion.
72) The following random sample was selected from a normal population: 9, 11, 8, 10, 14, 8. 72) _____________
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean μ.
73) The following sample of 16 measurements was selected from a population that is 73) _____________
approximately normally distributed.
Construct a 90% confidence interval for the population mean.
74) A marketing research company is estimating which of two soft drinks college students prefer. A 74) ______
random sample of 141 college students produced the following confidence interval for the
proportion of college students who prefer drink Is this a large enough sample for
this analysis to work?
A) No.
B)
Yes, since both n ≥ 15 and n ≥ 15.
C) Yes, since n = 141 (which is 30 or more).
D) It is impossible to say with the given information.
random sample of 329 college students produced the following 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of college students who prefer one of the colas: What additional
assumptions are necessary for the interval to be valid?
A) The sample was randomly selected from an approximately normal population.
B) The population proportion has an approximately normal distribution.
C) No additional assumptions are necessary.
D) The sample proportion equals the population proportion.
76) What type of car is more popular among college students, American or foreign? One hundred 76) ______
fifty-nine college students were randomly sampled and each was asked which type of car he or
she prefers. A computer package was used to generate the printout below for the proportion of
college students who prefer American automobiles.
SAMPLE PROPORTION = .396226

SAMPLE SIZE = 159
UPPER LIMIT = .46492

LOWER LIMIT = .331153
Is the sample large enough for the interval to be valid?

A) No, the sample size should be at 10% of the population.
B) Yes, since n > 30.
C)
Yes, since n and n are both greater than 15.
D) No, the population of college students is not normally distributed.
77) A study was conducted to determine what proportion of all college students considered 77) ______
of the students responded that they considered themselves full-time students. A computer
program was used to generate the following 95% confidence interval for the population
proportion: (0.64814, 0.75186). The sample size that was used in this problem is considered a
large sample. What criteria should be used to determine if n is large?
A)
Both n ≥ 15 and n ≥ 15.
B) If n > 25, then n is considered large.
C) When working with proportions, any n is considered large.
D) If n > 30, then n is considered large.
78) 78) _____________
For n = 40 and = .35, is the sample size large enough to construct a confidence for p?
79) 79) _____________

80) 80) _____________

81) 81) ______
The sampling distribution for is approximately normal for a large sample size n, where n is
considered large if both n ≥ 15 and n(1 - ) ≥ 15.
A) True B) False
82) When the sample size is small, confidence intervals for a population proportion are more reliable 82) ______
when the population proportion p is near 0 or 1.
A) True B) False
Solve the problem.

random sample of n college students produced the following 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of college students who prefer drink A: (.453, .493). Identify the point estimate for
estimating the true proportion of college students who prefer that drink.
A) .473 B) .493 C) .0 2 D) .453
she prefers. A computer package was used to generate the printout below for the proportion of
college students who prefer American automobiles.

SAMPLE SIZE = 159
UPPER LIMIT = .464240

LOWER LIMIT = .331153
What proportion of the sampled students prefer foreign automobiles?

A) .383277 B) .331153 C) .464240 D) .616723
85) What type of car is more popular among college students, American or foreign? One hundred T = .472
she prefers. A computer package was used to generate the printout below of a 95% confidence UP LOWE
interval for the proportion of college students who prefer American automobiles. PE R
R LIMIT
SAMPLE PROPORTION = .396 LI = .320
SAMPLE SIZE = 159 MI
Which of 85) ___
the ___
followin
g is a
correct
practical
interpret
ation of
the
interval?
A) We are 95% confident that the proportion of all college students who prefer foreign cars
falls between and .
B) We are 95% confident that the proportion of all college students who prefer American cars
falls between and .
C) 95% of all college students prefer American cars between and of the time.
D) We are 95% confident that the proportion of the 159 sampled students who prefer
American cars falls between and .
she prefers. A computer package was used to generate the printout below of a 90% confidence
interval for the proportion of college students who prefer American automobiles.

SAMPLE SIZE = 159
UPPER LIMIT = .460

LOWER LIMIT = .332
Based on the interval above, do you believe that 31% of all college students prefer American
automobiles?
A) Yes, and we are 90% confident of it. B) No, and we are 100% sure of it.
C) Yes, and we are 100 %sure of it. D) No, and we are 90% confident of it.
87) A newspaper reported on the topics that teenagers most want to discuss with their parents. The 87) ______
findings, the results of a poll, showed that 46% would like more discussion about the family's
financial situation, 37% would like to talk about school, and 30% would like to talk about
religion. These and other percentages were based on a national sampling of 508 teenagers.
Estimate the proportion of all teenagers who want more family discussions about school. Use a
99% confidence level.
A) .37 ± .055 B) .63 ± .055 C) .63 ± .002 D) .37 ± .002
88) A newspaper reported on the topics that teenagers most want to discuss with their parents. The 88) ______
findings, the results of a poll, showed that 46% would like more discussion about the family's
financial situation, 37% would like to talk about school, and 30% would like to talk about
religion. These and other percentages were based on a national sampling of 549 teenagers. Using
99% reliability, can we say that more than 30% of all teenagers want to discuss school with their
parents?
A) Yes, since the values inside the 99% confidence interval are greater than .30.
B) No, since the value .30 is not contained in the 99% confidence interval.
C) No, since the value .30 is not contained in the 99% confidence interval.
D) Yes, since the value .30 falls inside the 99% confidence interval.
89) A random sample of 4000 U.S. citizens yielded 2280 who are in favor of gun control legislation. 89) ______
Find the point estimate for estimating the proportion of all Americans who are in favor of gun
control legislation.
A) 4000 B) .5700 C) 2280 D) .4300
90) A random sample of 4000 U.S. citizens yielded 2250 who are in favor of gun control legislation. 90) ______
Estimate the true proportion of all Americans who are in favor of gun control legislation using a
A) .5625 ± .4048 B) .5625 ± .0129 C) .4375 ± .4048 D) .4375 ± .0129
91) A university dean is interested in determining the proportion of students who receive some sort 91) ______
of financial aid. Rather than examine the records for all students, the dean randomly selects 200
students and finds that 118 of them are receiving financial aid. Use a 95% confidence interval to
estimate the true proportion of students who receive financial aid.
A) .59 ± .002 B) .59 ± .068 C) .59 ± .474 D) .59 ± .005
92) A university dean is interested in determining the proportion of students who receive some sort 92) ______
students and finds that 118 of them are receiving financial aid. The 95% confidence interval for p
is Interpret this interval.
A) 95% of the students receive between 52% and 66% of their tuition in financial aid.
B) We are 95% confident that the true proportion of all students receiving financial aid is
between and
C) We are 95% confident that 59% of the students are on some sort of financial aid.
D) We are 95% confident that between 52% and 66% of the sampled students receive some sort
of financial aid.
93) A confidence interval was used to estimate the proportion of statistics students who are female. 93) ______
A random sample of 72 statistics students generated the following 99% confidence interval:
State the level of reliability used to create the confidence interval.
A) between 43.8% and 64.2% B) 99%
C) 72% D) 64.2%
94) A confidence interval was used to estimate the proportion of statistics students who are female. 94) ______
A random sample of 72 statistics students generated the following 90% confidence interval:
Based on the interval, is the population proportion of females equal to 48%?
A) No, and we are 90% sure of it.
B) Maybe. 48% is a believable value of the population proportion based on the information
above.
C) Yes, and we are 90% sure of it.
D) No, the proportion is 54%.
95) A study was conducted to determine what proportion of all college students considered 95) ______
of the students responded that they considered themselves full-time students. A computer
program was used to generate the following 95% confidence interval for the population
proportion: (0.64814, 0.75186). Which of the following practical interpretations is correct for this
confidence interval?
A) We are 95% confident that the percentage of all college students who consider themselves
full-time students was 0.700.
B) We are 95% confident that the percentage of the 300 students who responded that they
considered themselves full-time students was 0.700.
C) We are 95% confident that the percentage of all college students who consider themselves
full-time students falls between 0.648 and 0.752.
D) We are 95% confident that the percentage of the 300 students who responded that they
considered themselves full-time students falls between 0.648 and 0.752.
96) The U.S. Commission on Crime randomly selects 600 files of recently committed crimes 96) _____________
in an area and finds 380 in which a firearm was reportedly used. Find a 99% confidence
interval for p, the true fraction of crimes in the area in which some type of firearm was
reportedly used.
97) A newspaper reports on the topics that teenagers most want to discuss with their 97) _____________
parents. The findings, the results of a poll, showed that 46% would like more discussion
about the family's financial situation, 37% would like to talk about school, and 30%
would like to talk about religion. These and other percentages were based on a national
sampling of 505 teenagers. Estimate the proportion of all teenagers who want more
family discussions about religion. Use a 90% confidence level.
98) A random sample of 50 employees of a large company was asked the question, "Do you 98) _____________
participate in the company's stock purchase plan?" The answers are shown below.
yes no no yes no no yes yes no no

no yes yes yes no yes no no yes yes
no yes yes no yes yes no yes yes yes
yes no no yes yes yes yes yes no yes
no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes
Use a 90% confidence interval to estimate the proportion of employees who participate
in the company's stock purchase plan.
99) We intend to estimate the average driving time of a group of commuters. From a previous study, 99) ______
we believe that the average time is 42 minutes with a standard deviation of 12 minutes. We want
our 99 percent confidence interval to have a margin of error of no more than plus or minus 3
minutes. What is the smallest sample size that we should consider?
A) 107 B) 319 C) 11 D) 9
100) A local men's clothing store is being sold. The buyers are trying to estimate the percentage of 100) _____
items that are outdated. They will choose a random sample from the 100,000 items in the store's
inventory in order to determine the proportion of merchandise that is outdated. The current
owners have never determined the percentage of outdated merchandise and cannot help the
buyers. How large a sample do the buyers need in order to be 95% confident that the margin of
error of their estimate is about 5%?
A) 769 B) 196 C) 1537 D) 385
101) A confidence interval was used to estimate the proportion of statistics students who are female. 101) _____
A random sample of 72 statistics students generated the following confidence interval:
Using the information above, what sample size would be necessary if we wanted to
estimate the true proportion to within 3% using 99% reliability?
A) 1916 B) 1831 C) 1769 D) 1842
102) Sales of a new line of athletic footwear are crucial to the success of a company. The company 102) _____
wishes to estimate the average weekly sales of the new footwear to within $300 with 90%
reliability. The initial sales indicate that the standard deviation of the weekly sales figures is
approximately $1100. How many weeks of data must be sampled for the company to get the
information it desires?
A) 7 weeks B) 23 weeks C) 37 weeks D) 10,915 weeks
103) The director of a hospital wishes to estimate the mean number of people who are admitted to the 103) _____
emergency room during a period. The director randomly selects 64 different 24-hour
periods and determines the number of admissions for each. For this sample, and
If the director wishes to estimate the mean number of admissions per period to within
1 admission with 90% reliability, what is the minimum sample size she should use?
A) 44 B) 7 C) 11 D) 27
104) A previous random sample of 4000 U.S. citizens yielded 2250 who are in favor of gun control 104) _____
legislation. How many citizens would need to be sampled for a 95% confidence interval to
estimate the true proportion within 2%?
A) 2364 B) 2209 C) 2498 D) 2401
105) A university dean is interested in determining the proportion of students who receive some sort 105) _____
students and finds that 118 of them are receiving financial aid. If the dean wanted to estimate the
proportion of all students receiving financial aid to within 1% with 90% reliability, how many
students would need to be sampled?
A) 6546 B) 3980 C) 66 D) 1584
106) After elections were held, it was desired to estimate the proportion of voters who regretted that 106) _____
they did not vote. How many voters must be sampled in order to estimate the true proportion to
within 2% at the 90% confidence level? Assume that we believe this proportion lies
close to 30%.
A) n = 2401
B) n = 1421
C) n = 1692
D) n = 2017
E) Cannot determine because no estimate of p or q exists in this problem.
107) Suppose it is desired to estimate the average time a customer spends in a particular store to 107) _____
within 5 minutes (e.g., + 5 minutes) at 99% reliability. It is estimated that the standard deviation
of the times is 15 minutes. How large a sample should be taken to get the desired interval?
A) n = 299 B) n = 60 C) n = 25 D) n = 35
108) It is desired to estimate the average time it takes Statistics students to finish a computer project 108) _____
to within two hours at 90% reliability. It is estimated that the standard deviation of the times is
14 hours. How large a sample should be taken to get the desired interval?
A) n = 133 B) n = 325 C) n = 189 D) n = 231
109) It is desired to estimate the proportion of college students who feel a sudden relief now that their 109) _____
statistics class is over. How many students must be sampled in order to estimate the true
proportion to within 2% at the 90% confidence level?
A) n = 189
B) Cannot determine because no estimate of p or q exists in this problem
C) n = 2401
D) n = 1692
E) n = 133
110) A local men's clothing store is being sold. The buyers are trying to estimate the 110) ____________
percentage of items that are outdated. They will choose a random sample from the
100,000 items in the store's inventory in order to determine the proportion of
merchandise that is outdated. The current owners have never determined the percentage
of outdated merchandise and cannot help the buyers. How large a sample do the buyers
need in order to be 95% confident that the margin of error of their estimate is within 3%?
111) Suppose you wanted to estimate a binomial proportion, p, correct to within .03 with 111) ____________
probability 0.90. What size sample would need to be selected if p is known to be
approximately 0.7?
112) The standard deviation of a population is estimated to be 295 units. To estimate the 112) ____________
population mean to within 46 units with 95% reliability, what size sample should be
selected?
113) Sales of a new line of athletic footwear are crucial to the success of a newly formed 113) ____________
company. The company wishes to estimate the average weekly sales of the new
footwear to within $150 with 90% reliability. The initial sales indicate that the standard
deviation of the weekly sales figures is approximately $1500. How many weeks of data
must be sampled for the company to get the information it desires?
114) In the construction of confidence intervals, if all other quantities are unchanged, an increase in 114) _____
the sample size will lead to a __________ interval.
A) biased B) wider C) less significant D) narrower

115) One way of reducing the width of a confidence interval is to reduce the size of the sample taken. 115) _____
A) True B) False
116) If no estimate of p exists when determining the sample size for a confidence interval for a 116) _____
proportion, we can use .5 in the formula to get a value for n.
A) True B) False
Solve the problem.
117) What is the rule of thumb for the finite population correction factor? 117) ____________
118) When is the finite population correction factor used? 118) ____________
119) Calculate the percentage of the population sampled if n = 250 and N = 1000. Should the 119) ____________
standard error in this situation be multiplied by a finite population correction factor?
Explain.
120) Calculate the percentage of the population sampled if n = 100 and N = 10,000. Should the 120) ____________
standard error in this situation be multiplied by a finite population correction factor?
Explain.
121) Calculate the finite population correction factor for n = 300 and N = 1500. 121) _____
A) 2.000 B) .8944 C) .4472 D) .8000
122) Suppose the population standard deviation is known to be σ = 150. Calculate the standard error 122) _____
of when n = 300 and N = 1500.
A) 7.75 B) 3.87 C) 17.32 D) 6.92
123) Suppose you want to estimate a population mean μ and that = 145, s = 21, n = 750, and N = 123) _____
4000. Find an approximate 95% confidence interval for μ.
A) 145 ± 0.30 B) 145 ± 1.38 C) 145 ± 2.71 D) 145 ± 0.66
124) A sociologist develops a test to measure attitudes towards public transportation, and 47 124) _____
randomly selected subjects are given the test. Their mean score is 76.2 and their standard
deviation is 21.4. Construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the mean score of all
such subjects.
A) 76.2 ± 6.24 B) 76.2 ± 0.91 C) 76.2 ± 3.12 D) 76.2 ± 6.87
125) 125) _____

Suppose you want to estimate a population proportion p where = 0.61, n = 1000, and N = 7500.
Find an approximate 95% confidence interval for p.
A) 0.61 ± .056 B) 0.61 ± .036 C) 0.61 ± .046 D) 0.61 ± .029
126) A survey of 865 voters in one state reveals that 408 favor approval of an issue before the 126) _____
legislature. Construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of all
voters in the state who favor approval.
A) 0.47 ± 0.017 B) 0.47 ± 0.034 C) 0.47 ± 0.049 D) 0.47 ± 0.025
127) 127) _____
For the given combination of α and degrees of freedom (df), find the value of that would
be used to find the lower endpoint of a confidence interval for .
α = 0.05, df = 13
A) 23.3367 B) 22.3621 C) 24.7356 D) 5.0087
128) 128) _____
For the given combination of α and degrees of freedom (df), find the value of that
would be used to find the upper endpoint of a confidence interval for .
α = 0.01, df = 6
A) 0.675727 B) 18.5476 C) 0.872085 D) 0.411740
129) Given the values of , s, and n, form a 99% confidence interval for . 129) _____
= 16.9, s = 8.6, n = 24
A) (4.75, 19.4) B) (38.5, 183.69) C) (40.18, 191.68) D) (40.85, 166.84)
130) Given the values of , s, and n, form a 99% confidence interval for σ. 130) _____
= 17.3, s = 7.5, n = 24
A) (29.28, 139.71) B) (5.41, 11.82) C) (5.57, 11.26) D) (3.9, 18.63)
131) The daily intakes of milk (in ounces) for ten old children selected at random from one scho ol
were: 131) ____
21.7 _
27.9
12.2
25.7
16.9
17.7
12.2
31.1
14.0
28.0
Find a
99%
confiden
ce
interval
for the
standard
deviation
, σ, of the
daily
milk
intakes
of all
olds at
this
school.
Round to
the
nearest
hundredt
h when
necessar
y.
A) (4.24, 14.50) B) (4.38, 16.14) C) (0.95, 3.51) D) (4.38, 14.50)
132) The mean systolic blood pressure for a random sample of 28 women aged 18-24 is 114.9 mm Hg 132) _____
and the standard deviation is 13.1 mm Hg. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the standard
deviation σ, of the systolic blood pressures of all women aged 18-24. Round to the nearest
hundredth when necessary.
A) (10.22, 18.34) B) (11.23, 15.99) C) (10.75, 16.94) D) (10.59, 16.54)
133) The mean replacement time for a random sample of 12 CD players is 8.6 years with a standard 133) _____
deviation of 3.4 years. Construct the 99% confidence interval for the population variance, .
Assume the data are normally distributed, and round to the nearest hundredth when necessary.
A) (2.18, 6.99) B) (1.4, 14.37) C) (5.14, 41.64) D) (4.75, 48.85)
134) A random sample of 15 crates have a mean weight of 165.2 pounds and a standard deviation of 134) _____
15.3 pounds. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population standard deviation σ.
Assume the population is normally distributed, and round to the nearest hundredth when
necessary.
A) (11.76, 22.33) B) (2.86, 6.17) C) (125.47, 582.24) D) (11.2, 24.13)
135) The volumes (in ounces) of juice in eight randomly selected juice bottles are as follows: 135) _____
15.7 15.0 15.1 15.8
15.4 15.2 15.5 15.6
Find a 99% confidence interval for the standard deviation, σ, of the volumes of juice in all such
bottles. Round to the nearest hundredth when necessary.
A) (0.19, 0.88) B) (0.16, 0.66) C) (0.17, 0.77) D) (0.17, 0.66)
1) D
2) A
3) B
4) A
5) B
6) B
7) A
8) C
9) D
10) C
11) A
12) C
13) B
14) D
15) An increase in the sample size reduces the sampling variation of the point estimate as it is calculated as The
larger the sample size, the smaller this variation which leads to narrower intervals.
16) A
17) A
18) B
19) A
20) A
21) A
22) B
23) D
24) D
25) C
26) C
27) A
28) B
29) C
30) D
31) A
32) C
33) B
34) D
35) C
36) For confidence coefficient .99, 1 - α ⇒ α = 1 - .99 = .01.
⇒ α/2 = .01/2 = .005 ⇒ = 2.575. The confidence interval is:
± = 16.00 ± 2.575 = 16.00 ± 1.119 = ($14.88, $17.12)
We are 99% confident that the average amount a fan spends on food at a single professional football game is
between $14.88 and $17.12.
37) For confidence coefficient .95, 1 - α = .95 ⇒ α = 1 - .95 = .05.
α/2 = .05/2 = .025. ⇒ = = 1.96. The 95% confidence interval is:
± = 26.2 ± 1.96 ⇒ 26.2 ± .583 = (25.617, 26.783)

38) a. The sample mean is 79.98 and the sample standard deviation is 12.34.
The
± 1.96 ≈ 79.98 ± 3.42.
inter
b. The target parameter is the mean score of all students who took the test, and the point estimator is the
val is
sample mean 79.98.
79.98
39) 95% of the 100 samples, or 95, are expected to produce a confidence interval that contains μ.
40)
± = 26 ± 1.96 = 26 ± .784
41)
± = 3.55 ± 1.645 = 3.55 ± .067
42)
a. ± = 35.4 ± 1.645 = 35.4 ± .57
b. ± = 35.4 ± 1.96 = 35.4 ± .68
c. ± = 35.4 ± 2.575 = 35.4 ± .89

d. increases
43) z: 1.645 and t: 1.943; The t value is considerably bigger than the z value.
44) z: 1.96 and t: 2.048; The t value is a little bigger than the z value.
45) D
46) C
47) B
48) D
49) C
50) t0 = 1.761; Use table for t.050 with 14 degrees of freedom.
51) t0 = 3.250; Use table for t.005 with 9 degrees of freedom.
52) A
53) C
54) B
55) C
56) B
57) C
58) D
59) B
60) B
61) B
62) C
63) D
64) B
65) B
66) B
67) D
68) For confidence coefficient .95, 1 - α ⇒ α = 1 - .95 = .05.
α/2 = 0.05/2 = 0.025. With df = n - 1 = 17 - 1 = 16, = 2.120. The 95% confidence interval is:
x± = 13,200 ± 2.120 = (12,840.08, 13,559.92)

this interval to be valid, we must assume that the population of resale values for all 5-year-old cars of this model
For follows an approximately normal distribution.
69) We are 90% confident that the average total compensation of CEOs in the service industry is contained in the
interval $2,181,260 to $5,836,180.
70) Since all of the values in the interval are greater than $1,500,000, it seems very likely that the mean is greater than
$1,500,000, but we can't be 100% certain.
71) Your friend could be correct. $47,000 is contained in the 90% confidence interval. It cannot be ruled out as a possible
value for the mean sales price.
72)
= 10; s = 2.28; ± = 10 ± 2.571 = 10 ± 2.393
73)
= 80; s = 8.367; ± = 80 ± 1.753 = 80 ± 3.667
74) B
75) C
76) C
77) A
78)
No; n = 14 < 15
79)
Yes; n = 18 > 15 and n = 22 > 15
80)
No; n = 8 < 15
81) A
82) B
83) A
84) D
85) B
86) D
87) A
88) A
89) B
90) B
91) B
92) B
93) B
94) B
95) C
96) Let p = the true fraction of crimes in the area in which some type of firearm was reportedly used.
= = .6333 and =1- = 1 - .6333 = .3667.
The confidence interval for p is ± .

For confidence coefficient .99, 1 - α = .99 ⇒ α = 1 - .99 = .01.
α/2 = .01/2 = .005.
= = 2.575. The 99% confidence interval is:
.6333 ± 2.575 = .6333 ± .0507

97) For confidence coefficient .90, 1 - α = .90 ⇒ α = 1 - .90 = .1.
α/2 = .1/2 = .05.
. The 90% confidence interval for p is:
=
=
± ⇒ .30 ± 1.645 ⇒ .30 ± .0335
1.645
98)
= = .64; The confidence interval is .64 ± 1.645 ≈ .64 ± .112.
99) A
100) D
101) B
102) C
103) C
104) A
105) A
106) B
107) B
108) A
109) D
110)
To determine the sample size necessary to estimate p, we use n = pq

α/2 = .05/2 = .025.
= = 1.96.
Since no estimate of p exists, we use p = q = .5.
n= (.5)(.5) = 1067.11111. Round up to n = 1068.

111)
To determine the sample size necessary to estimate p, we use n = p(1 - p).

α/2 = .1/2 = .05.
= = 1.645.
n= (.70)(1 - .70) = 631.405833. Round up to n = 632.

112)
To determine the sample size necessary to estimate μ, we use n = .

α/2 = .05/2 = .025.
= = 1.96.
n= = 157.9940. Round up to n = 158.

113)
To determine the sample size necessary to estimate μ, we use n = .

α/2 = .1/2 = .05.
= = 1.645.
n= = 270.6025. Round up to n = 271.

114) D
115) B
116) A
117) Use the finite population correction factor when: n/N > .05.
118) The finite population correction factor is used when the sample size is large relative to the size of the population.
119) 25%; Yes, more than 5% of the population was sampled.
120) 1%; No, less than 5% of the population was sampled.
121) B
122) A
123) B
124) A
125) D
126) B
127) C
128) A
129) B
130) B
131) B
132) C
133) D
134) D
135) C
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short one, but the preceding long run had not been without effect.
How long or how fast we flew in pursuit, the intense excitement of
the chase prevented me from knowing. I only knew that even the
greyhounds were left behind, until finally my good steed placed
himself and me close alongside the game. It may be because this
was the first I had seen, but surely of the hundreds of thousands of
buffaloes which I have since seen, none have corresponded with him
in size and lofty grandeur. My horse was above the average size, yet
the buffalo towered even above him. I had carried my revolver in my
hand from the moment the race began. Repeatedly could I have
placed the muzzle against the shaggy body of the huge beast, by
whose side I fairly yelled with wild excitement and delight, yet each
time would I withdrawn the weapon, as if to prolong the enjoyment of
the race. It was a race for life or death, yet how different the award
from what could be imagined. Still we sped over the springy turf, the
high breeding and mettle of my horse being plainly visible over that
of the huge beast that struggled by his side. Mile after mile was
traversed in this way, until the rate and distance began to tell
perceptibly on the bison, whose protruding tongue and labored
breathing plainly betrayed his distress. Determined to end the chase
and bring down my game, I again placed the muzzle of the revolver
close to the body of the buffalo, when, as if divining my intention, and
feeling his inability to escape by flight, he suddenly determined to
fight, and at once wheeled, as only a buffalo can, to gore my horse.
So sudden was this movement, and so sudden was the
corresponding veering of my horse to avoid the attack, that to retain
my control over him I hastily brought up my pistol hand to the
assistance of the other. Unfortunately as I did so my finger, in the
excitement of the occasion, pressed the trigger, discharged the
pistol, and sent the fatal ball into the very brain of the noble animal I
rode. Running at full speed he fell dead in the course of his leap.
Quick as thought I disengaged myself from the stirrups and found
myself whirling through the air over and beyond the head of my
horse. My only thought, as I was describing this trajectory, and my
first thought on reaching terra firma, was, “What will the buffalo do
with me?” Although at first inclined to rush upon me, my strange
procedure seemed to astonish him. Either that, or pity for the utter
helplessness of my condition, inclined him to alter his course and
leave me alone to my own bitter reflections.
In a moment the danger into which I had unluckily brought
myself stood out in bold relief before me. Under ordinary
circumstances the death of my horse would have been serious
enough. I was strongly attached to him; had ridden him in battle
during a portion of the late war; yet now his death, except in its
consequences, was scarcely thought of. Here I was, alone in the
heart of the Indian country, with warlike Indians known to be in the
vicinity. I was not familiar with the country. How far I had travelled, or
in what direction from the column, I was at a loss to know. In the
excitement of the chase I had lost all reckoning. Indians were liable
to pounce upon me at any moment. My command would not note my
absence probably for hours. Two of my dogs overtook me, and with
mute glances first at the dead steed, then at me, seemed to inquire
the cause of this strange condition of affairs. Their instinct appeared
to tell them that we were in misfortune. While I was deliberating what
to do, the dogs became uneasy, whined piteously, and seemed
eager to leave the spot. In this desire I sympathized with them, but
whither should I go? I observed that their eyes were generally turned
in one particular direction; this I accepted as my cue, and with one
parting look at my horse, and grasping a revolver in each hand, I set
out on my uncertain journey. As long as the body of my horse was
visible above the horizon, I kept referring to it as my guiding point,
and in this way contrived to preserve my direction. This resource
soon failed me, and I then had recourse to weeds, buffalo skulls, or
any two objects I could find on my line of march. Constantly my eyes
kept scanning the horizon, each moment expecting, and with reason
too, to find myself discovered by Indians.
I had travelled in this manner what seemed to me about three or
four miles, when far ahead in the distance I saw a column of dust
rising. A hasty examination soon convinced me that the dust was
produced by one of three causes: white men, Indians, or buffalo.
Two to one in my favor at any rate. Selecting a ravine where I could
crawl away undiscovered should the approaching body prove to be
Indians, I called my dogs to my side and concealed myself as well as
I could to await developments. The object of my anxious solicitude
was still several miles distant. Whatever it was, it was approaching in
my direction, as was plainly discernible from the increasing columns
of dust. Fortunately I had my field-glass slung across my shoulder,
and if Indians I could discover them before they could possibly
discover me. Soon I was able to see the heads of mounted men
running in irregular order. This discovery shut out the probability of
their being buffaloes, and simplified the question to white men or
Indians. Never during the war did I scan an enemy’s battery or
approaching column with half the anxious care with which I watched
the party then approaching me. For a long time nothing satisfactory
could be determined, until my eye caught sight of an object which,
high above the heads of the approaching riders, told me in
unmistakable terms that friends were approaching. It was the cavalry
guidon, and never was the sight of stars and stripes more welcome.
My comrades were greatly surprised to find me seated on the ground
alone and without my horse. A few words explained all. A
detachment of my men, following my direction, found my horse and
returned with the saddle and other equipments. Another horse, and
Richard was himself again, plus a little valuable experience, and
minus a valuable horse.
In retracing our steps later in the day, in search of water
sufficient for camping purposes, we marched over nine miles of our
morning route, and at two P. M. of April 16 we went into camp. From
this point I wrote a despatch to General Hancock and sent it back by
two of my scouts, who set out on their journey as soon as it was
dark. It was determined to push on and reach the Smoky Hill route
as soon as possible, and give the numerous stage stations along
that route notice of the presence of warlike Indians. This was before
the Pacific Railroad or its branches had crossed the Plains. Resting
our animals from two until seven P. M., we were again in the saddle
and setting out for a night march, our only guide being the north star.
We hoped to strike the stage route near a point called Downie’s
Station. After riding all night we reached and crossed about daylight
the Smoky Hill river, along whose valley the stage route runs. The
stations were then from ten to fifteen miles apart; if Indians had
crossed this line at any point the station men would be informed of it.
To get information as to this, as well as to determine where we were,
an officer with one company was at once despatched on this
mission. This party had scarcely taken its departure and our pickets
been posted, before the entire command of tired, sleepy cavalrymen,
scouts, and Delawares had thrown themselves on the ground and
were wrapped in the deepest slumber. We had slept perhaps an
hour or more, yet it seemed but a few moments, when an alarm shot
from the lookout and the startling cry of “Indians!” brought the entire
command under arms.
V.
ALTHOUGH in search of Indians and supposed to be always
prepared to encounter them, yet the warning shot of the sentry,
followed as it was by his cry of “Indians!” could not but produce the
greatest excitement in camp. Where all had been quiet before—men
sleeping and resting after their long night march, animals grazing
unsuspectingly in the midst of the wagons and tents which thickly
dotted the Plain here and there—all was now bustle if not confusion.
Herders and teamsters ran to their animals to conduct them inside
the limits of camp. The troopers of one platoon of each company
hastened to secure the cavalry horses and provide against a
stampede, while those of the remaining platoons were rapidly
marshalled under arms by their troop officers, and advanced in the
direction from which the lookout reported the enemy to be
approaching.
All this required but a few moments of time. Recovering from the
first shock of surprise, we endeavored, one and all, to discover the
number and purpose of the foes who had in so unceremonious a
manner disturbed our much-needed slumbers.
Daylight had just dawned, but the sun was not yet high enough
to render a satisfactory view of the country possible. This difficulty
was aggravated, too, by a dull heavy mist, which hung like a curtain
near the horizon. Yet in spite of all these obstructions we could
clearly perceive, at a distance of perhaps a mile, the dim outlines of
numerous figures—horsemen evidently—approaching our camp, not
as if simply on the march, but in battle array. First came a deployed
line of horsemen, followed in rear, as we could plainly see, by a
reserve, also mounted and moving in compact order.
It required no practised eye to comprehend that be they who or
what they might, the parties advancing in this precise and
determined manner upon us were doing so with hostile purpose, and
evidently intended to charge into our camp unless defeated in their
purpose. No time was to be lost. Dispositions to meet the coming
attack were rapidly made. To better observe the movements and
determine the strength of the approaching parties, an officer
ascended the knoll occupied by the lookout.
We had often heard of the high perfection of some of the Indian
tribes in military evolutions and discipline, but here we saw
evidences which went far to convince us that the red man was not
far behind his more civilized brother in the art of war. Certainly no
troops of my command could have advanced a skirmish line or
moved a reserve more accurately than was done in our presence
that morning.
As yet we had no means of determining to what tribe the
attacking party belonged. We were satisfied they must be either
Sioux or Cheyennes, or both; in either case we should encounter
troublesome foes. But for the heavy mist we could have
comprehended everything. Soon we began receiving reports from
the officer who had ascended the lookout. First, there were not more
than eighty horsemen to be seen. This number we could easily
dispose of. Next, the attacking parties seemed to have changed their
plan; a halt was ordered, and two or three horsemen seemed to be
advancing to the front as if to parley, or reconnoitre our position.
Then the skirmishers were suddenly withdrawn and united with the
reserve, when the entire party wheeled about and began to move off.
This was mystifying in the extreme, but a couple of young cavalry
officers leaped into their saddles and taking a few mounted troopers
with them dashed after our late enemies, determined to learn more
about them than they seemed willing we should.
A brisk gallop soon cleared away the mystery, and furnished
another proof of the deceptive effects produced by the atmosphere
on the Plains. Those who have read the preceding article will
remember that at the termination of the night march which brought
us to our present camp, an officer was despatched with one troop of
cavalry to find the nearest stage station on the overland route, near
which we knew we must then be. Our camp lay on the Smoky Hill
river. The stage route, better known as the “Smoky Hill route,” was
known to be but a few miles north of us. To determine our exact
locality, as we had been marching by compass over a wild country
and in the night-time, and to learn something regarding the Indians,
this officer was sent out. He was selected for this service because of
his professed experience on and knowledge of the Plains. He had
set out from our camp an hour or more before daylight, but losing his
bearings had marched his command in a semicircle until daylight
found him on the side of our camp opposite that from which he had
departed. The conical Sibley tent used in my command, resembling
the Indian lodge from which it was taken, seen through the peculiar
and uncertain morning atmosphere of that region, had presented to
his eyes and to those of his men the appearance of an Indian village.
The animals grazing about our camp might well have been taken for
the ponies of the Indians. Besides, it was well known that large
encampments of Indians were in the part of the country over which
we were marching. The bewilderment of this detachment, then, was
not surprising considering the attending circumstances. Had the
officer in command been young and inexperienced, his mishap might
have been credited to these causes; but here was an officer who had
grown gray in the service, familiar with the Plains and with Indians,
yet so completely misled by appearances as to mistake his camp,
which he had left but an hour before, for an Indian village.
Few officers laboring under the same impression would have
acted so creditably. He and his men imagined they had discovered
the camp of the Indians whom we had been pursuing, and although
believing their enemies outnumbered them ten to one, yet their zeal
and earnestness prompted them, instead of sending to their main
camp for reinforcements, thereby losing valuable time and probable
opportunities to effect a surprise, to make a dash at once into the
village. And it was only the increasing light of day that enabled them
to discover their mistake and saved us from a charge from our own
troopers. This little incident will show how necessary experienced
professional guides are in connection with all military movements on
the Plains. It was a long time before the officer who had been so
unlucky as to lose his way heard the last of it from his brother
officers.
The remainder of his mission was completed more successfully.
Aided by daylight, and moving nearly due north, he soon struck the
well-travelled overland route, and from the frightened employés at
the nearest station he obtained intelligence which confirmed our
worst fears as to the extent of the Indian outbreak. Stage stations at
various points along the route had been attacked and burned, and
the inmates driven off or murdered. All travel across the Plains was
suspended, and an Indian war with all its barbarities had been forced
upon the people of the frontier.
As soon as the officer ascertaining these facts had returned to
camp and made his report, the entire command was again put in
motion and started in the direction of the stage route, with the
intention of clearing it of straggling bands of Indians, reopening the
main line of travel across the Plains, and establishing if possible
upon the proper tribes the responsibility for the numerous outrages
recently committed. The stage stations were erected at points along
the route distant from each other from ten to fifteen miles, and were
used solely for the shelter and accommodation of the relays of
drivers and horses employed on the stage route. We found, in
passing over the route on our eastward march, that only about every
fourth station was occupied, the occupants of the other three having
congregated there for mutual defence against the Indians, the latter
having burned the deserted stations.
From the employés of the company at various points we learned
that for the few preceding days the Indians had been crossing the
line, going toward the north in large bodies. In some places we saw
the ruins of the burned stations, but it was not until we reached
Lookout Station, a point about fifteen miles west of Fort Hays, that
we came upon the first real evidences of an Indian outbreak. Riding
some distance in advance of the command, I reached the station
only to find it and the adjacent buildings in ashes, the ruins still
smoking. Near by I discovered the bodies of the three station-
keepers, so mangled and burned as to be scarcely recognizable as
human beings. The Indians had evidently tortured them before
putting an end to their sufferings. They were scalped and horribly
disfigured. Their bodies were badly burned, but whether before or
after death could not be determined. No arrow, or other article of
Indian manufacture, could be found to positively determine what
particular tribe was the guilty one. The men at other stations had
recognized some of the Indians passing as belonging to the Sioux
and Cheyennes, the same we had passed from the village on
Pawnee Fork.
Continuing our march, we reached Fort Hays, from which point I
despatched a report to General Hancock, on the Arkansas,
furnishing him all the information I had gained concerning the
outrages and movements of the Indians. As it has been a question of
considerable dispute between the respective advocates of the Indian
peace and war policy, as to which party committed the first overt act
of war, the Indians or General Hancock’s command, I quote from a
letter on the subject written by Major-General Hancock to General
Grant, in reply to a letter of inquiry from the latter when commanding
the armies of the United States. General Hancock says:
“When I learned from General Custer, who investigated these
matters on the spot, that directly after they had abandoned the
villages they attacked and burned a mail station on the Smoky Hill,
killed the white men at it, disembowelled and burned them, fired into
another station, endeavored to gain admittance to a third, fired on
my expressmen both on the Smoky Hill and on their way to Larned, I
concluded that this must be war, and therefore deemed it my duty to
take the first opportunity which presented to resent these hostilities
and outrages, and did so by destroying their villages.”
The first paragraph of General Hancock’s special field order
directing the destruction of the Indian village read as follows:
“II. As a punishment for the bad faith practised by the
Cheyennes and Sioux who occupied the Indian village at this place,
and as a chastisement for murders and depredations committed
since the arrival of the command at this point, by the people of these
tribes, the village recently occupied by them, which is now in our
hands, will be utterly destroyed.”
SATANTA, SECOND CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS.
From these extracts the question raised can be readily settled.

This act of retribution on the part of General Hancock was the signal
for an extensive pen and ink war, directed against him and his
forces. This was to be expected. The pecuniary loss and deprivation
of opportunities to speculate in Indian commodities, as practised by
most Indian agents, were too great to be submitted to without a
murmur. The Cheyennes, Arrapahoes, and Apaches had been
united under one agency; the Kiowas and Comanches under
another. As General Hancock’s expedition had reference to all of
these tribes, he had extended invitations to each of the two agents to
accompany him into the Indian country, and be present at all
interviews with the representatives of these respective tribes, for the
purpose, as the invitation states, of showing the Indians “that the
officers of the Government are acting in harmony.”
These agents were both present at General Hancock’s
headquarters. Both admitted to General Hancock in conversation
that Indians had been guilty of all the outrages charged against
them, but each asserted the innocence of the particular tribes under
his charge, and endeavored to lay their crimes at the door of their
neighbors. The agent of the Kiowas and Comanches declared to the
department commander that “the tribes of his agency had been
grossly wronged by having been charged with various offences
which had undoubtedly been committed by the Cheyennes,
Arrapahoes, and Apaches, and that these tribes deserved severe
and summary chastisement for their numerous misdeeds, very many
of which had been laid at the doors of his innocent tribes.”
Not to be outdone in the profuse use of fair words, however, the
agent of the three tribes thus assailed informed General Hancock
that his three tribes “were peacefully inclined, and rarely committed
offences against the laws, but that most unfortunately they were
charged in many instances with crimes which had been perpetrated
by other tribes, and that in this respect they had suffered heavily
from the Kiowas, who were the most turbulent Indians of the Plains,
and deserved punishment more than any others.”
Here was positive evidence from the agents themselves that the
Indians against whom we were operating were guilty, and deserving
of severe punishment. The only conflicting portion of the testimony
was as to which tribe was most guilty. Subsequent events proved,
however, that all of the five tribes named, as well as the Sioux, had
combined for a general war throughout the Plains and along our
frontier. Such a war had been threatened to our post commanders
along the Arkansas on many occasions during the winter. The
movement of the Sioux and Cheyennes toward the north indicated
that the principal theatre of military operations during the summer
would be between the Smoky Hill and Platte rivers. General Hancock
accordingly assembled the principal chiefs of the Kiowas and
Arrapahoes in council at Fort Dodge, hoping to induce them to
remain at peace and observe their treaty obligations.
The most prominent chiefs in council were Satanta, Lone Wolf,
and Kicking Bird of the Kiowas, and Little Raven and Yellow Bear of
the Arrapahoes. During the council extravagant promises of future
good conduct were made by these chiefs. So effective and
convincing was the oratorical effort of Satanta, that at the termination
of his address the department commander and staff presented him
with the uniform coat, sash, and hat of a major-general. In return for
this compliment Satanta, within a few weeks after, attacked the post
at which the council was held, arrayed in his new uniform. This said
chief had but recently headed an expedition to the frontier of Texas,
where, among other murders committed by him and his band, was
that known as the “Box massacre.” The Box family consisted of the
father, mother, and five children, the eldest a girl about eighteen, the
youngest a babe. The entire family had been visiting at a neighbor’s
house, and were returning home in the evening, little dreaming of the
terrible fate impending, when Satanta and his warriors dashed upon
them, surrounded the wagon in which they were driving, and at the
first fire killed the father and one of the children. The horses were
hastily taken from the wagon, while the mother was informed by
signs that she and her four surviving children must accompany their
captors. Mounting their prisoners upon led horses, of which they had
a great number stolen from the settlers, the Indians prepared to set
out on their return to the village, then located hundreds of miles
north. Before departing from the scene of the massacre, the savages
scalped the father and child, who had fallen as their first victims. Far
better would it have been had the remaining members of the family
met their death in the first attack. From the mother, whom I met when
released from her captivity, after living as a prisoner in the hands of
the Indians for more than a year, I gathered the details of the
sufferings of herself and children.
Fearing pursuit by the Texans, and desiring to place as long a
distance as possible between themselves and their pursuers, they
prepared for a night march. Mrs. Box and each of the three elder
children were placed on separate horses and securely bound. This
was to prevent escape in the darkness. The mother was at first
permitted to carry the youngest child, a babe of a few months, in her
arms, but the latter, becoming fretful during the tiresome night ride,
began to cry. The Indians, fearing the sound of its voice might be
heard by pursuers, snatched it from its mother’s arms and dashed its
brains out against a tree, then threw the lifeless remains to the
ground and continued their flight. No halt was made for twenty-four
hours, after which the march was conducted more deliberately. Each
night the mother and three children were permitted to occupy one
shelter, closely guarded by their watchful enemies.
After travelling for several days this war party arrived at the point
where they rejoined their lodges. They were still a long distance from
the main village, which was near the Arkansas. Each night the scalp
of the father was hung up in the lodge occupied by the mother and
children. A long and weary march over a wild and desolate country
brought them to the main village. Here the captives found that their
most serious troubles were to commence. In accordance with Indian
custom, upon the return of a successful war party, a grand assembly
of the tribe took place. The prisoners, captured horses, and scalps
were brought forth, and the usual ceremonies, terminating in a scalp
dance, followed. Then the division of the spoils was made. The
captives were apportioned among the various bands composing the
tribe, so that when the division was completed the mother fell to the
possession of one chief, the eldest daughter to that of another, the
second, a little girl of probably ten years, to another, and the
youngest, a child of three years, to a fourth. No two members of the
family were permitted to remain in the same band, but were each
carried to separate villages, distant from each other several days’
march. This was done partly to prevent escape.
No pen can describe the painful tortures of mind and body
endured by this unfortunate family. They remained as captives in the
hands of the Indians for more than a year, during which time the
eldest daughter, a beautiful girl just ripening into womanhood, was
exposed to a fate infinitely more dreadful than death itself. She first
fell to one of the principal chiefs, who, after robbing her of that which
was more precious than life, and forcing her to become the victim of
his brutal lust, bartered her in return for two horses to another chief;
he again, after wearying of her, traded her to a chief of a neighboring
band; and in that way this unfortunate girl was passed from one to
another of her savage captors, undergoing a life so horribly brutal
that, when meeting her upon her release from captivity, one could
only wonder how a young girl, nurtured in civilization and possessed
of the natural refinement and delicacy of thought which she
exhibited, could have survived such degrading treatment.
The mother and second daughter fared somewhat better. The
youngest, however, separated from mother and sisters, and thrown
among people totally devoid of all kind feeling, spent the time in
shedding bitter tears. This so enraged the Indians that, as a
punishment as well as preventive, the child was seized and the soles
of its naked feet exposed to the flames of the lodge fire until every
portion of the cuticle was burned therefrom. When I saw this little girl
a year afterward, her feet were from this cause still in a painful and
unhealed condition. These poor captives were reclaimed from their
bondage through the efforts of officers of the army, and by the
payment of a ransom amounting to many hundreds of dollars.
The facts relating to their cruel treatment were obtained by me
directly from the mother and eldest daughter immediately after their
release, which occurred a few months prior to the council held with
Satanta and other chiefs. To prove something of the character of the
Cheyennes, one of the principal tribes with which we were at war, I
will give the following extract from an official communication
addressed by me to General Hancock prior to the surrender of the
little Indian boy of whom mention was made in a former article. My
recommendation was not deemed practicable, as it had been
promised by us in treaty stipulation to return the boy unconditionally.
“Having learned that a boy belonging to the Cheyenne tribe of
Indians is in the possession of the military authorities, and that it is
the intention of the Major-General commanding the department to
deliver him up to the above-named tribe, I would respectfully state
that a little white girl aged from four to seven years is held captive by
the Cheyenne Indians, and is now in the possession of ‘Cut Nose,’ a
chief of said tribe.
“The child referred to has been in the hands of the Indians a year
or more. She was captured somewhere in the vicinity of Cache la
Poudre, Colorado. The parents’ name is Fletcher. The father
escaped with a severe wound, the mother and two younger children
being taken prisoners. The Indians killed one of the children outright,
and the mother, after subjecting her to tortures too horrible to name.
“The child now held by the Indians was kept captive. An elder
daughter made her escape and now resides in Iowa. The father
resides in Salt Lake City. I have received several letters from the
father and eldest daughter and from friends of both, requesting me to
obtain the release of the little girl, if possible. I would therefore
request that it be made a condition of the return of the Indian boy
now in our possession, that the Cheyennes give up the white child
referred to above.”
This proposition failing in its object, and the war destroying all
means of communication with the Indians and scattering the latter
over the Plains, all trace of the little white girl was lost, and to this
day nothing is known of her fate. At the breaking out of the Indian
difficulty “Cut Nose” with his band was located along the Smoky Hill
route in the vicinity of Monument Station. He frequently visited the
stage stations for purposes of trade, and was invariably
accompanied by his little captive. I never saw her, but those who did
represented her as strikingly beautiful; her complexion being fair, her
eyes blue, and her hair of a bright golden hue, she presented a
marked contrast to the Indian children who accompanied her. “Cut
Nose,” from the delicate light color of her hair, gave her an Indian
name signifying “Little Silver Hair.” He appeared to treat her with
great affection, and always kept her clothed in the handsomest of
Indian garments. All offers from individuals to ransom her proved
unavailing. Although she had been with the Indians but a year, she
spoke the Cheyenne language fluently, and seemed to have no
knowledge of her mother tongue.
The treatment of the Box and Fletcher families is not given as
isolated instances, but is referred to principally to show the character
of the enemy with whom we were at war. Volume after volume might
be filled in recounting the unprovoked and merciless atrocities
committed upon the people of the frontier by their implacable foe, the
red man. It will become necessary, however, in making a truthful
record of the principal events which transpired under my personal
observation, to make mention of Indian outrages surpassing if
possible in savage cruelty any yet referred to.
As soon as General Hancock had terminated his council with the
Kiowas and Arrapahoes, he marched with the remaining portion of
the expedition across from the Arkansas to Fort Hays, where my
command was then encamped, arriving there on the third of May.
Here, owing to the neglect or delay of the officers of the
Quartermaster’s Department in forwarding the necessary stores, the
cavalry was prevented from undertaking any extensive movement,
but had to content itself for the time being in scouting the adjacent
country.
The time, however, was well employed in the preparation of men
and animals for the work which was to be assigned them.
Unfortunately, desertions from the ranks became so frequent and
extensive as to cause no little anxiety.
To produce these, several causes combined. Prominent among
them was the insufficiency and inferior quality of the rations
furnished the men. At times the latter were made the victims of fraud,
and it was only by the zealous care and watchfulness of the officers
immediately over them, that their wants were properly attended to.
Dishonest contractors at the receiving depots further east had
been permitted to perpetrate gross frauds upon the Government, the
result of which was to produce want and suffering among the men.
For example, unbroken packages of provisions shipped from the
main depot of supplies, and which it was impracticable to replace
without loss of time, were when opened discovered to contain huge
stones for which the Government had paid so much per pound
according to contract price. Boxes of bread were shipped and issued
to the soldiers of my command, the contents of which had been
baked in 1861, yet this was in 1867. It is unnecessary to state that
but little of this bread was eaten, yet there was none at hand of
better quality to replace it. Bad provisions were a fruitful cause of
bad health. Inactivity led to restlessness and dissatisfaction. Scurvy
made its appearance, and cholera attacked neighboring stations. For
all these evils desertion became the most popular antidote. To such
an extent was this the case, that in one year one regiment lost by
desertion alone more than half of its effective force.
General Hancock remained with us only a few days before
setting out with the battery for his headquarters at Fort Leavenworth.
Supplies were pushed out and every preparation made for resuming
offensive movements against the Indians. To find employment for the
few weeks which must ensue before breaking up camp was
sometimes a difficult task. To break the monotony and give horses
and men exercise, buffalo hunts were organized, in which officers
and men joined heartily. I know of no better drill for perfecting men in
the use of firearms on horseback, and thoroughly accustoming them
to the saddle, than buffalo-hunting over a moderately rough country.
No amount of riding under the best of drill-masters will give that
confidence and security in the saddle, which will result from a few
spirited charges into a buffalo herd.
The command, consisting of cavalry alone, was at last in
readiness to move. Wagons had been loaded with reserve supplies,
and we were only waiting the growth of the spring grass to set out on
the long march which had previously been arranged. On the first of
June, with about three hundred and fifty men and a train of twenty
wagons, I left Fort Hays and directed our line of march toward Fort
McPherson, on the Platte river, distant by the proposed route two
hundred and twenty-five miles. The friendly Delawares accompanied
us as scouts and trailers, but our guide was a young white man
known on the Plains as “Will Comstock.” No Indian knew the country
more thoroughly than did Comstock. He was perfectly familiar with
every divide, water-course, and strip of timber for hundreds of miles
in either direction. He knew the dress and peculiarities of every
Indian tribe, and spoke the languages of many of them. Perfect in
horsemanship, fearless in manner, a splendid hunter, and a
gentleman by instinct, as modest and unassuming as he was brave,
he was an interesting as well as valuable companion on a march
such as was then before us. Many were the adventures and
incidents of frontier life with which he was accustomed to entertain
us when around the camp-fire or on the march. Little did he then
imagine that his own life would soon be given as a sacrifice to his
daring, and that he, with all his experience among the savages,
would fall a victim of Indian treachery.
VI.
IT had been decided that my command should thoroughly scout the
country from Fort Hays near the Smoky Hill river, to Fort McPherson,
on the Platte; thence describe a semicircle to the southward, touching
the head waters of the Republican, and again reach the Platte at or
near Fort Sedgwick, at which post we would replenish our supplies;
then move directly south to Fort Wallace, on the Smoky Hill, and from
there march down the overland route to our starting-point at Fort Hays.
This would involve a ride of upwards of one thousand miles.
As is usually the case, the first day’s march was not to be a long
one. The troops, under charge of the officer second in command,
Colonel Wickliffe Cooper, left camp and marched up the valley of Big
Creek a distance of eighteen miles, and there encamped. Two
companies of cavalry and a small force of infantry were to constitute
the garrison to remain behind. When the troops composing my
command left, it became necessary to rearrange the camp and provide
new dispositions for defence. My wife, who always accompanied me
when in camp or on the march except when I was engaged in active
pursuit of Indians, had rejoined me soon after my arrival at Fort Hays.
She was accompanied by a young lady friend from the East, a
schoolmate, who had been tempted by the novelties of wild Western
life to make her a visit in camp. As there were other ladies in camp,
wives of officers who were to remain with the garrison, my wife and
friend decided to remain and await our return, rather than go back to
the protection and luxuries of civilization. To arrange for their comfort
and superintend the locating of their tents, I remained behind my
command, intending to wait until after midnight, and then, guided by
the moonlight, ride on and overtake my command before it should
commence its second day’s march. I retained with me two soldiers,
one scout, and four of the Delawares.
As soon as the command moved, the portion to remain at Fort
Hays was drawn in near the few buildings which constituted the fort. All
of the cavalry and a portion of the infantry were to encamp in the valley
and not far from the stream. For three-quarters of a mile on either side
the valley consisted of a level unbroken plain; then a low bluff was
encountered, succeeded by a second plain of less extent. This was
bordered by a higher and more broken bluff than the first. Fortunately,
in selecting the ground on which the tents intended for the ladies were
to stand, I had chosen a little knoll, so small as to be scarcely
perceptible, yet the only elevated ground to be found. It was within a
few steps of the bank of the stream, while the main camp was located
below and nearer the bluff. For safety a few soldiers were placed in
camp a short distance above. In ordinary times the banks of Big Creek
are at this point from twenty-five to forty feet above the water, and a
person accustomed to the slow and gradual rise and fall which prevails
along the beds of streams in the Eastern States, can with difficulty
realize the suddenness with which the deep and narrow channels of
watercourses on the Plains become filled to overflowing. In proportion
to the surface of the country or the watersheds, the watercourses or
channels are few, too few to accommodate the drainage necessities
during the wet season. The bank on which the little knoll stood was, by
actual measurement, thirty-six feet above ordinary water mark. The
knoll was probably three or four feet above the level of the valley.
Surely this location might be considered well enough protected
naturally against the rainy season. So I thought, as I saw the working
party putting the finishing touches to the bright white canvas house,
which to all intents and purposes was to be to me, even in absence,
my army home.
I confidently expected to return to this camp at the termination of
my march. I will be pardoned if I anticipate events and terminate its
history now. A few days after my command had marched, a heavy
storm set in, the rain pouring down in a manner resembling a
waterspout. The immediate effect of the heavy shower was not at once
noticeable near the camp at Fort Hays, as the heaviest rainfall had
occurred far above that point. But in the night-time, after the entire
camp except the guards had long since retired and fallen asleep, the
stream, overcharged by the rushing volumes from above, soon
became transformed from a mild and murmuring brook into an

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Statistics for Business and Economics

12th Edition McClave Test Bank

Statistics for Business and Economics 12th Edition

Statistics for Business and Economics 13th Edition

Statistics for Business and Economics 13th Edition

Statistics 12th Edition McClave Test Bank

Statistics for Business and Economics Revised 12th

Statistics for Business and Economics 12th Edition

Statistics for Business and Economics Revised 12th

First Course in Statistics 12th Edition McClave Test

Answer the question True or False.

Solve the problem.

Solve the problem.

A) the sample size B) the confidence level

23) Find for the given value of α. 23) ______

Variable N Lo 95% CI Mean Up 95% CI SD

a. Find a 90% confidence interval for the population mean μ.

SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46,400

UPPER LIMIT = 52,650.6

Which of the following is a practical interpretation of the interval above?

SAMPLE MEAN OF X = 46300

UPPER LIMIT = 51003.90

Construct a 90% confidence interval for the population mean.

SAMPLE PROPORTION = .396226

UPPER LIMIT = .46492

Is the sample large enough for the interval to be valid?

79) 79) _____________

80) 80) _____________

Solve the problem.

SAMPLE PROPORTION = .383277

UPPER LIMIT = .464240

What proportion of the sampled students prefer foreign automobiles?

SAMPLE PROPORTION = .396

UPPER LIMIT = .460

yes no no yes no no yes yes no no

Answer the question True or False.

125) 125) _____

127) 127) _____

128) 128) _____

± = 16.00 ± 2.575 = 16.00 ± 1.119 = ($14.88, $17.12)

± = 26.2 ± 1.96 ⇒ 26.2 ± .583 = (25.617, 26.783)

b. ± = 35.4 ± 1.96 = 35.4 ± .68

c. ± = 35.4 ± 2.575 = 35.4 ± .89

x± = 13,200 ± 2.120 = (12,840.08, 13,559.92)

= = .6333 and =1- = 1 - .6333 = .3667.

The confidence interval for p is ± .

.6333 ± 2.575 = .6333 ± .0507

To determine the sample size necessary to estimate p, we use n = pq

n= (.5)(.5) = 1067.11111. Round up to n = 1068.

To determine the sample size necessary to estimate p, we use n = p(1 - p).

n= (.70)(1 - .70) = 631.405833. Round up to n = 632.

To determine the sample size necessary to estimate μ, we use n = .

n= = 157.9940. Round up to n = 158.

To determine the sample size necessary to estimate μ, we use n = .

n= = 270.6025. Round up to n = 271.

From these extracts the question raised can be readily settled.

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