Crux v18n03 Mar
Crux v18n03 Mar
Crux v18n03 Mar
Mathematicorum
Published by the Canadian Mathematical Society.
http://crux.math.ca/
Problems: 1721-1730 74
GENERAL INFORMATION
Crux Mathematicorum is a problem-solving journal at the senior secondary and university under-
graduate levels for those who practice or teach mathematics. Its purpose is primarily educational
but it serves also those who read it for professional, cultural or recreational reasons.
Problem proposals, solutions and short notes intended for publications should be sent to the Editors-
in-Chief:
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION
Crux is published monthly (except July and August). The 1991 subscription rate for ten issues is
$ 20.00 for members of the Canadian Mathematical Society and $40.00, for non-members. Back
issues: $4.00 each. Bound Volumes with index: volumes 1 & 2 (combined) and each of 3, 7, 8 &
9: $10.00 (Volumes 4, 5, 6 & 10 are out-of-print). All prices are in Canadian dollars. Cheques and
money orders, payable to the CANADIAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, should be sent to the
Managing Editor:
Graham P. Wright
Canadian Mathematical Society
577 King Edward
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIN 6N5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The support of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of Calgary and of
the Department of Mathematics of the University of Ottawa is gratefully acknowledged.
All communications about this column should be sent to Professor R.E. Woodrow,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, T2N lty.
Last month we gave some problems from China and from Ireland. This month we
continue each set. First we give five more problems used in the competition to determine
the Irish 1990 I.M.O. team. Thanks go to Andy Liu of The University of Alberta for
collecting and forwarding them.
M O R E S E L E C T I O N Q U E S T I O N S F O R T H E 1990 I R I S H I.M.O. T E A M
1 . Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with right angle at A. Let X be the foot of
the perpendicular from A to EC and Y the midpoint of XC. Let AB be extended to D
so that AB = ED. Prove that DX is perpendicular to AY.
2. The real number x satisfies all the inequalities
4 . Let ABC be a triangle and let the internal bisectors of the angles at A and B
meet the sides EG and AC at D and 25, respectively* Let CF and CG be the perpendiculars
from C to the lines BE and AD, respectively. Prove that the line FG is parallel to AB.
5* Let n = 2k — 1 where k > 6 is an integer. Let T be the set of all n-tuples
(xux2j... , xn) where Xi is 0 or 1 (t = 1,2,..., n). For x = (a?i,..., xn) and y = ( j h , . . . , yn)
in T, let d(x,y) denote the number of integers j with 1 < j < n such that Xj ^ yj. (In
particular, rf(x5x) = 0). Suppose that there exists a subset S of T with 2^ elements which
has the following property: given any element x in T, there is a unique element y in S
with d(x,y) < 3. Prove that n = 23,
*
The next problems were translated and forwarded to us by Edward T.H. Wang,
Wilfrid Laurier University. Thanks to Professor Wang!
1988 C H I N E S E O L Y M P I A D T R A I N I N G C A M P
Second Test
1 . Divide each side of an equilateral triangle ABC into n equal parts. Connect the
dividing points to produce line segments which are parallel to the sides of A ABC. Call
such a configuration a triangular grid of length n.
(a) How many rhombuses of side length \BC\/n are contained in a triangular grid
of length n?
(b) How many parallelograms are contained in a triangular grid of length n?
2« For a finite sequence A of O's and l f s f let f(A) denote the sequence obtained from
A by replacing each 1 by 0,1 ? and each 0 by 1,0; e.g., /((1 ? 0,0,1)) = (0? 1,1? 0,1,0,0,1).
Let fn(A) denote the nth iterate of / on A. Determine the number in / n ( ( l ) ) of two
consecutive terms which are 0,0.
3« A mathematics teacher wants her two intelligent students S and P to derive
the exact value of a 2-digit natural number n by revealing the number of positive divisors
of n to S and the sum of the digits of n to P. A brief conversation between S and P goes
as follows:
Pi I can not determine n.
Si I can't either but I know whether n is even or not.
Pi Now I know what n is.
Si So do I now.
Suppose both students are honest and have perfect logical reasoning for whatever they say.
Determine n and justify your answer.
Third Test
1 . Suppose the inscribed circle of AA1A2A3 touches the sides ^ 2 ^ 3 , A3A1 and
A1A2 at 2\, T2 and I3 respectively. Prom the midpoints Mi, M 2 and M 3 of A2A3j A3A1
and A1A2, draw lines perpendicular to 72T3, T3T1, and T1T2 respectively. Prove that these
three perpendicular lines are concurrent at a point P and determine the location of P.
2» Consider a quadrilateral ABCD inscribed in a circle. Suppose we fix A and C
and move B and D along the arcs AC and CA in the clockwise direction in such a way
that BC = CD. Let M denote the point of intersection of AC and BD. Find the locus of
the circumcenter of triangle AMB.
3* Let P = A1A2 .. - A2n be a regular 2n-gon, n > 2. If i x , i 2 , . . . , «2n denotes a per-
mutation of 1,2,..., 2n, then the polygon Q = A^ A{2... Ai2nAil (whether convex or not)
is called an accompanying 2n-gon of P. Prove that there always exists an accompanying
2n-gon Q of P such that exactly one pair of sides of Q are parallel to each other.
67
Fourth Test
1 . Suppose Xi$x2i***iXn are positive reals with sum equal to 1. Determine the
minimum value of the function
1
f{xux29 ...,*»)= T . I * , + TT T ^ i + 9 ''
1 + x2 + • • • + xn 1 + xx + x3 + h xn
1 + Xi + X2 + • • • + Xn-i
and find all n-tuples (#j ? a?2 ? ..., xn) which yield this minimum value.
2* (a) Prove that there exist positive real numbers A such that [An] and n have the
same parity for all positive integers n. ([•] denotes the greatest integral part function.)
(b) Find one such number A,
3* Suppose convex hexagon ABCDEF can be inscribed in a circle. Prove that a
necessary and sufficient condition for the three diagonals AD, BE and CF to be concurrent
is AB<CD<EF = BC<DB° FA.
$ * *
Before turning to solutions from the readers we give a comment about a recent
number of Crux. This certainly leaves me with egg on my face! Professor Francisco Bellot,
Valladolid (Spain) points out that the six problems sent in by Florentin Smarandache and
published under the title of the Turkish Mathematical Olympiad last December [1991:
289-290] had appeared three years earlier as the problems of the 29th International Math-
ematical Olympiad [1988: 196-197]. There must have been some error in translation from
the Turkish. I thought the last problem looked interesting and familiar (and did track
down its solution in the November 1991 number). Too bad 1 didn't follow the reference
given there back to the 1988 source where all six occur! 1 am relieved that some readers
have better memories than I do.
9|C 3p 3|C
Last month we discussed solutions to some problems from the October 1990 number
of Crux. No sooner had the column been finalized than a packet of solutions arrived from
Michael Selby, University of Windsor, Here is his solution to a problem not discussed last
issue. (He sent in solutions to numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 as well.)
2 . [1990: 225] 25th Spanish Mathematics Olympiad.
In the square ABCD% let M and B be the midpoints of AB and CD, respectively.
Consider the distance preserving transformation T of points in the plane of the square such
that T(A) = if, T(H) = B, and T(D) = M. Is there a straight line 1 which is preserved
by T (i.e. T(l) = 1)1 Is there a point X of the plane with T(X) = XI
68
We are given T((0,2)) = (1,0), r((0,0)) = (1,2) and T((1,0)) = (2,2). Then
|r((0,l))-T((0,0))| = l = |T((0,l))-(l,2)|.
Hence T((0,1)) = (1,1). Next consider T((l, 1)). Then
|(a,/9)-r((0,l))|-|*|-|(a,/9)-(1,1)1, (1)
|(a,0) - T((l, 1))| = \x - 1 j = |(o, ft) - (2,1)|. (2)
Therefore
( a - l ) 2 + ( / ? - l ) 2 = x2 and (a - 2)2 + (0 - I) 2 = (x - I) 2 .
Thus
(a~l)2-(a-2)2 = x2-(x-l)2
and so a = x + 1 and /? = 1. This gives T((a?, 1)) = (x + 1,1), proving the claim.
There is no point X such that T(X) = X. For a contradiction, suppose T(X) = X,
for some X. Then
This gives
\T(X) - (2,1)| = \T(X) - (1,1)| = \T(X) - (0,1)|.
69
This means that T{X) lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (0,1)
and (1,1), i.e. x = 1/2, and the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (1,1)
and (2,1), namely x = 3/2, This is impossible. Hence T(X) ^ X for any X,
Before turning to solutions to problems from the December 1990 number of Crux,
1 must correct the records since two solutions got misplaced, Edward T.H. Wang, Wilfrid
Laurier University^ Waterloo, Ontario? submitted a solution to # 2 of the 1990 Asian Pacific
Mathematical Olympiad similar to the solution given last number [1992: 40]. Senng-Jin
Bang, Seoul, Republic of Korea, sent a solution to # 2 of the Fourth Nordic Mathematical
Olympiad for which we gave a solution last issue [1992: 42].
4c 4s 4s
We next give solutions to four of the problems of the 20th Austrian Mathematical
Olympiad, Advanced Level [1990: 289-290].
1 • Let Sn be the set of all the 2n numbers of the type
2±^2±~v^± T7: .
Here the number 2 appears n + 1 times and there are n square roots preceded by +1 or
-1.
(a) Show that all members of Sn are real.
(b) Compute the product Pn of all members of Sn.
Solution by Edward T.H. Wang, Wilfrid Laurier University? Waterloo, Ontario.
(a) We show by induction on n that 0 < x < 4 for all x € Sn and for all n. Since
Si = {2 + ^^2 — V2} ? the assertion holds for n = 1. Suppose it holds for some n > 1.
Since S n+ i = {2 ± y/x : x € Sn} where y/x is real such that 0 < y/x < 2 by the induction
hypothesis, we immediately see that 0 < y < 4 for all y € 5^+1.
(b) We show by induction on n that Pn = 2 for all n. This is clear for n = 1.
Suppose that Pn = 2 for some n > 1. For x = 2 + y/y where y G Sn-i (if n = 1, this
means y = 2), let us write x = 2 - yjy. Since Sn+t = {2 ± V^ : * € &n} and since
(2 + V£)(2 - v ^ ) = 4 - ^ = 2 - y ^ = x , ( 2 + V^)(2 - v ^ ) = 4 - x - 2 + y ^ = x, we
have P n + i = Pn = 2, by the induction hypothesis.
2 , Determine all triples (a 9 6 ? c) of whole numbers such that a • 6 • c = 1989 and
a + 6 - c = 89.
Solutions by Stewart Metchette, Culver City, California; and by Edward T.H. Wang,
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario. We give Wang*s solution.
If whole numbers mean positive integers, then the only solutions are (39,51,1)
and (51,39,1). If they mean integers, then there are four more solutions: (39, - 1 , -51),
( 5 1 , - 1 , - 3 9 ) , ( - 1 , 3 9 , - 5 1 ) and ( - 1 , 5 1 , - 3 9 ) .
Let (a,ft,c) be a solution. Assume first that a,ft,and c are all positive. (Clearly none
of them can be zero.) From the prime power decomposition 1989 = 3 2 x 13 X 17, we see
70
x2 + 2yz = x
y2 + 2xz = y
z2 + 2xy = z.
giving that a?, y and z are the three roots of w 3 — w2 + k = 0 where k = 2xj/z. This is
plainly a contradiction.
We may now assume, by symmetry, that x = y. Since x2+2xz = x and 2 2 -f2# 2 = z
we have that x + 2J2T = 1 (since x ^ 0) and z2 + 2(1 — 2z) 2 = z giving z = 2/3 and
a? = — l / 3 = j / o r z = l / 3 and x = 1/3 = y. The solutions are therefore
{(0,0,0), ( I , | , I ) , ( l , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , l , 0 ) , ( 0 , 0 , l ) , ( - i , - i , | ) , ( ? , - i , - i ) , ( - I , | - i ) } .
/ ( / ( * ) ) + / ( * ) = 2n + 6
(N 0 = {0,1,2,...}).
Solutions by Seung-Jin Bang, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and by Edward T.H. Wang,
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario. We first give Bang's solution.
71
/ m + 1 ( n ) = fm(f(n)) = a m / ( / ( n ) ) + 6 m /(n) + c*
= Om(2n + 6 - /(n)) + 6 m /(n) + ^ = (bm - am)f(n) + 2amn + (6a m + c m ),
we see that a m + i = bm — am, bm+\ = 2a m , c„+i = eaTO+Cn. Solving the resulting recurrence
relations, with a% = 1, &i = cj = 0, yields
Since
Now suppose / ( l ) = /. Then f(l) = 8 — I from (2). Furthermore, / can not be even for
otherwise I + 2 = f(l) = 8 — / =W = 5, a contradiction. Thus / ( l ) = 1,3,5 or 7. As
before, using (2) repeatedly, we find that:
(a) / ( l ) = 1 =*> / ( l ) = 7, a contradiction.
(b) / ( l ) = 5 =$- /(5) = 3, a contradiction as in (ii).
(c) / ( l ) = 7 =» /(7) = 1 =*- / ( I ) = 19, a contradiction.
72
To complete this month's Corner we give solutions to the four problems of the 20th
Austrian Mathematical Olympiad, Final Round, Beginner's Level [1990: 290].
1* Let a, 6, c, df where a < 6 < c < d, be natural numbers such that a+b+c+d = 30.
Find the maximum value of the product P = a • 6 • c • rf.
Solution and generalization by Charlton Wang, student at Waterloo Collegiate
Institute, and Edward T.H. Wang, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario.
Generalization: For positive integers n and k let
k
S = {(&i,&2?• • •?&&) * 0 < &i < ^2 < • • • <fljfej5 Z a ^ = n5 a« positive integers}.
i=i
[Editor's Note. The problem was also solved by Stewart Metchette, Culver City, California,
and a further solution with other generalizations was sent in by an anonymous solver.]
2« Let a and b be non-negative real numbers such that a2 + b2 = 4. Show that
a+b+2
and determine when equality occurs.
73
we have
ab a+b-2 a+ b
-1.
a+b+2 2 2
Hence it suffices to show that a + b < 2%/2 and determine when we have equality. By the
arithmetic-geometric-mean inequality
a 6 = V o 2 6 2 < ^ - ^ = 2-
Therefore (a + ft)2 = a 2 + b2 + 2ab < 8 from which a + b < 2\/2 follows. Clearly equality
occurs if and only if a = 6 = y/2,
3* Let a be a real number. Show that if the equation x2 — ax + a = 0 has two real
solutions x\ and &2? then
x\ + x\ >2(a?i + x 2 ) 9
Solutions by Seung-Jin Bang, Seoul, Republic of Korea; by Bob Prielipp, University
of Wisconsin-Oshkosh; and by Edward T.H. Wang, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo,
Ontario.
If a?i, X2 are the two real roots of x2 — ax + a = 0 where a is real, then £i + X2 =
a = a?i^2. Now we have
x
i + xl "" 2(^1 + ^2) = ^i + ^2 "" 2^i^2 = (^1 — ^2) 2 > 0.
4 . Show that for any triangle each exradius is less than four times the circumradius.
Solutions by Bob Prielipp, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh; and by Edward T.H,
Wang, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario. We give Wang's solution.
Let O denote the center of the exterior
circle tangent to BC and the lines extended
from AB and AC. Let R denote the radius
of this circle and let R denote the circumradius
of A ABC. Also let H denote the foot of the
perpendicular from O to BC. Then from
a = BH + CH
B C
= R'Ctan — + tan —
2 2)
74
we get
(tanf+ tanf)
Since it is well known that a = 2i2sin A we have
1 1 B O
# < 4 i 2 « * - s i n ( £ + C) = - s i n A < t a n — + tan —
1 . /19 „ x 5 C . 5 C . C B . B +C
& - sm{B + C) cos — cos — < sin — cos — + sin — cos — = sin — - —
/B + C\ BB C ,
4=^ cos ( — - — \ 1 cos — cos — < 1
-1 cos —«
/ 2
which is clearly true since 0 < ^f^ < TT/2.
* * *
That concludes the solutions we have on file for the 1990 volume of Crux. The
Olympiad Season is nigh; please collect and send me your national and regional contests
as well as your "nice" solutions to problems from the Corner.
PROBLEMS
Problem proposals and solutions should he sent to B. Sands, Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N IN4.
Proposals should, whenever possible, be accompanied by a solution, references, and other
insights which are likely to be of help to the editor. An asterisk (*) after a number indicates
a problem submitted without a solution.
Original problems are particularly sought. But other interesting problems may also
be acceptable provided they are not too well known and references are given as to their
provenance. Ordinarily, if the originator of a problem can be located, it should not be
submitted by somebody else without permission.
To facilitate their consideration, your solutions, typewritten or neatly handwritten
on signed, separate sheets, should preferably be mailed to the editor before October 1,
1992, although solutions received after that date will also be considered until the time when
a solution is published.
= (B x C) 2 + (C x A) 2 + (A x B) 2 + (B x C + C x A + A x B) 2 .
75
A-JI(2*-1) and B - g (g _^ . ^ •
1728. Proposed by D.J. Smeenk, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands.
AD, BE and CF are the altitudes of an acute triangle ABC, and H is its ortho-
centre. Points Kj L, M lie on EF, FD, DE respectively. Show that AK, BL and CM meet
in a point of the Euler line of AABC if
(i) K, X, M are the points where the incircle of ADEF touches the sides of ADEF;
(ii) Kj Ly M are the feet of the altitudes of ADEF.
76
where a^b^c^s are the sides and semiperimeter of a triangle, and the sum is cyclic over the
sides.
SOLUTIONS
No problem is ever permanently closed. The editor will always be pleased to consider
for publication new solutions or new insights on past problems.
1 5 8 0 * . [1990: 240; 1991: 308] Proposed by Ji Chen, Ningbo University, China.
For every convex ra-gon, if one circle with centre O and radius R contains it and
another circle with centre I and radius r is contained in it, prove or disprove that
£2>r2sec2~+702.
n
77
where
a,- = a,--i + Oi-i + 0«? t = 2 , 3 , . . . , n,
n
tsl
For given i?, d? and a = a i , these equations determine 0f- and r. If we can eliminate the 0{
we will have r as a function of i2, d and a.
For triangles the critical r Is given by Euler's formula
E 2 = 2ri2 + cf2.
Now consider the case n = 4. Here also, we can get an explicit expression for r.
The equations (3) are
where in (6) and (7) we have used J2i=i 0* = *"• Subtracting (5) from (4),
or
R sin I — - — J sin I — - — I = o sin I — —— I sin [a + (?i + — - —
Hence
dsin/3
tan
ffl-
so (since fl > d and |(02 - 0i)/2| < TT/2)
R — dcos (3
so by (8)
C S U
° V 2 J (i2-<fcos/3)cos(^)+dsin/?sin(^) F'
so
—dsin7
tan
( * * * ) i2 — dcos'j
and
. /0 -M -rfsin7 jd4-93\ R-dcos-f
0
4
Sm = C S
l"2~j ~ G ~' °
where
G2 = (J? - dcos7) 2 + (cisln7) 2 = R2 - 2Rdcos 7 + d2*
By adding, (6) and (7) yield
QS
i 2 1CQSI 2 J = •"" c o s li r —Y~ jcos[~2—) +r?
so
'03 + M r
cos
* / COS cfsin7
rG rG
(R-dcos 7)(i2 + dcos 7) - d2 sin2 7 2
£ - <P
cos + 02\ r
(—j=
sin 1 — - — 1 — w«» 1
r- ^ 1— _ .
Therefore
r 2G2 f:
2
(R ~~(Pf + -S5
F2 = 1.
and
2 = F 2 (i? 2 - <py
(10)
F*G2 + (R? - d 2 ) 2
We have
Using (8),
G2 = ^ + 4<Wsin^
80
R2 - d2 i?2 - rf2
for p > 0 and 0 < x < ?r/2. (The case p = 1 is problem E3306, American Math. Monthly,
solution in March 1991, pp. 264-267.)
Solution by Jeff Higham, student, University of Toronto.
The result is clearly true for p = 0, so assume p > 0. By the Power Means Inequality
[or just the A.M.-G.M. inequality],
Since 0 < x < TT/2, we show that the right side of (1) is > 2 by showing sin2 x tan x > x3}
or upon rearrangement,
/sinx\ 3 ^ /rtX
(—J >cos*. (2)
Writing the Taylor series for (sin#)/£ and cos a?, (2) is equivalent to
(3
K+iH^-M-"- >
Now
81
and
x2 , x4 ^ ^ x2 xA
2! + 4! ^ 2 +
24 ?
thus (3) certainly holds if
xu
T
2 24 - \ 6/ 2 ^ 12 216 5
or equivalently x2 < 9, which is true for 0 < x < ic/2. This completes the proof.
Also solved by RICHARD I. HESS, Rancho Pahs Verdes, California; WALTHER
JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbruck, Austria; MARGIN E. KUGZMA, Warszawa,
Poland; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong Kong; CHRIS WILDHAGEN, Rotterdam, The Nether-
lands; and the proposer. Partial solutions were sent in by SEUNG-JIN BANG, Seoul,
Republic of Korea; G FESTRAETS-HAMOIR, Brussels, Belgium; and VEDULA K
MURTY, Penn State University at Harrisburg (all for p > 1 only); and by GUO-GANG
GAO, Universite de Montreal (p a positive integer).
For inequality (2), the proposer referred to his problem 141 ? Pi Mu Epsilon Journal
4 (1966) 182, and also to item 3,4.18, p, 238 of D»S. Mitrinovic, Analytic Inequalities,
Also solved (usually about the same way) by ILIYA BLUSKOV, Technical Univer-
sity, Gabrovo, Bulgaria; JORDIDOU, Barcelona, Spain; PETER HURTHIG, Columbia
College, Burnaby, B.C.; MARCIN E. KUCZMA, Warszawa, Poland; ANDY LIU,
University of Alberta; MARIA ASCENSldN L6PEZ CHAMORRO, LB. Leopoldo Cano,
Valladolid, Spain; P. PENNING, Delft, The Netherlands; D.J. SMEENK, Zaltbommel,
The Netherlands; DAN SOKOLOWSKY, Williamsburg, Virginia; and the proposer,
<jj^ ^£ %&£ <JL> *k^
{ 2(n — an)
an — 1 if an > 2rc.
Computing successively for the number 2, with a\ = 2, we obtain
a\ = 2 a2 = 1 dz = 2 a 4 = 2 a 5 = 4
ae = 2 a? = 8 ag = 1 &9 = 14 aio = 9
a n = 2 ai2 = 18 aiz = 11 au = 4 a i 5 = 20
a i 6 = 9 an = 14 ais = 6 a\$ = 24 a2o = 9
=
G&21 = 2 2 CJ22 = 1 #23 42 c&24 = 37 a2$ = 25!
Thus 2 disappears after the 25th row.
83
After this I asked my computer for some further information. Here is the result.
9 • 2* - U - 10 is expelled on row 3 • 2k - 3.
Meanwhile this problem also attracted the attention of David Gale, editor of the
Mathematical Entertainments column of the Mathematical Intelligencer. The result is that
his column on pp. 54-56 of the January 1992 issue is largely devoted to this problem and
related problems. It is an instructive and highly entertaining read (true to billing) and is
most recommended.
84
LFAB = 90° - LB AH
= 90° - LHAD = LBHE. A D v
Since BD is the exterior bisector of lABD, IHBE = LEBG = lABF. Thus the triangles
FAB and BHE are similar, and lAFB = lAEB, Therefore AFE is an isosceles right-
angled triangle, and AF = AE,
Also solved by MIGUEL AMENGUAL COVAS, Gala Figuera, Mallorca, Spain;
SAM BAETHGE, Science Academy, Austin, Texas; SEUNG-JIN BANG, Seoul, Repub-
lic of Korea; FRANCISCO BELLOT ROSADO, LB. Emilio Ferrari, Valladolid, Spain;
ILIYA BLUSKOV, Technical University, Gabrovo, Bulgaria; JORDI DOU, Barcelona,
Spain; C. FBSTRABTS-HAMOIR, Brussels, Belgium; IAN GOLDBERG, student, Uni-
versity of Toronto Schools; JEFF HIGHAM, student, University of Toronto; L.J. HUT,
Groningen, The Netherlands; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbruck,
Austria; MARGIN E, KUCZMA, Warszawa, Poland; ANDY LIU, University of Alberta;
P. PENNING, Delft, The Netherlands; TOSHIO SEIMIYA, Kawasaki, Japan; and the
proposer,
Liu points out that the problem is a partial converse of problem 6 of the November
1985 Senior Tournament of the Towns.
Therefore
p\(xpml + a*""2 + • • • + x + 1);
but by assumption pk^n\(x — 1), so
We put Oi(ri) = Q,. Let V be the vertex of a and T; the contacts of 0 S with a side
of a. Consider the inversion / of centre V and power P = VO -r2. We have /(ft) = ft,
I(ili) = ft4, J(n a ) = «3, and so 7(Ti) = T4,1(T2) = T3. Thus VTX-VT4 = P = VT2• VT3.
Since rt = VT,- • tan(a/2),
A/so solved by FRANCISCO BELLOT ROSADO, LB. Emilio Ferrari, and MARIA
ASCENSION L6PEZ CHAMORRO, LB. Leopoldo Cano, Valladolid, Spain; C.
FESTRAETS-HAMOIR, Brussels, Belgium; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium,
Innsbruck, Austria; MARCIN E. KUCZMA, Warszawa, Poland; P. PENNING, Delft,
The Netherlands; D.J. SMEENK, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands; DAN S0K0L0WSKY,
Williamsburg, Virginia; J.B. WILKER, Scarborough College, West Hill, Ontario; and the
proposer. Two other readers sent in incorrect solutions.
The solutions of Festraets-Hamoir, Wilker, and the proposer were similar to the
above solution.
a + b + c = c + BS + b + CS
>AQ + BQ + AR + CR
= AP + PQ + BQ + AP + PR + CR
>x + y + x + z = 2x + y + z. (1)
Since 0 < k < 1, by the weighted power mean inequality we have
2^T(2^X) + yk + zk h^-2^x + y+
2*=T + 1 + 1 "~ ^ 2^r + 1 + 1
so
zfc + / + ** = 2 ^ ( 2 r i * s ) +y* + z*< ( 2 ^ t + 2 ) 1 _ (2x + y + z)k. (2)
Also, since 0 < k < 1 and la < a + 6 + c, etc.,
fc
2fc(afc +frfc+ c ) _ ^ / 2a \k >Tp_J®_ = 2
k
(a + b + c) ^\a + b + c) ~^a +b+c '
where the sums are cyclic, and so
21-k{a + b + c)k<ak + bk + ck. (3)
B U B
Let the triangle be ABC with center M and m^ ? mg, rrtc the medians through A,
B, C* Further let k be the circle through A, M, £ ; i.e., ZAQS = 120° for all Q on k
between A and B in the triangle. Let the side lengths of ABC be 2 and the height y/3.
For P , without loss of generality let CA < c^ < cc be the lengths of the three
cevians and SAI £B 5 £C the angles between the cevians and the corresponding medians. It
follows that 6A < £B < £c and therefore, for given c^, P must lie between the intersection
of CB with rriA and A [on the heavy segments in the figures]. Since CQ is increasing with £c5
the minimum of CB/CC is attained when 6c is largest, i.e. at P on k when e^ = e# (= e).
Let ec = V > £•
Now let 3 = tane and i = tan 17. Then
c 5 = 1/3sece and cc == v^secrfj so
i + v/3s\2 A - V s Y = 1.
kl + V5t,
This leads to
cB 2y/2
cc ~ 3
1
(^H^H-- ^))-
Let t = (a — b)/(a + 6); then
«
2a , 26
a+b t + 1 and a+bT = 1 - t.
So the inequality (1) is equivalent to
or
(2 i)V (2)
s(3^sC) "- '
91
JfcJ 1 * 1 1J
(2*+ !)(* + !) " U + 1/1 J
V 2A + 1
Thus, to prove that (3) holds when k Is replaced by k + 1 it Is enough to prove that
2n - 2k - 1
< 2n - 1.
2k+ 1
This inequality is equivalent to 2n — 2k — 1 < Akn — 2fc + 2rc — 1, i.e., 4&n > 0, which is
true.
If t = 0 then we have equality in (2). We show that equality never holds in (2)
when * ^ 0 and n > 2. It is enough to show that Q*] < u ) ( 2 n — I) 2 . This inequality is
equivalent to 4n > 0. Therefore equality holds in (1) only if n = 1 or a = 6.
(b) Let c be a real number and suppose for all real a and 6 and for some positive
integer n that
static) ckt2k.
Janous notes that the inequality is true for n G [0, l/2]U[l,oo); that it is an identity
for n = 1/2 and n = 1; and that the inequality is reversed for n £ (1/2,1) and, in this
case, 2n — 1 cannot be replaced by a larger constant.
TB = BP = rt tan(B/2)
and
CU = QC = r2tan(C/2)}
so
a + n tan — -f r 2 tan — = I U = •= — — • — = s,
rt tan(B/2) + r2 tan(C/2) = s - a,
and
&i = tan(£/2), fc2 = tan(C/2)
solves part (b). For part (a), if B = C then clearly ri + r 2 is constant. The constant itself
can be found from the result above, but it is simpler to consider the case that £ is parallel
to BC: both radii are then h/2 and the sum is equal to h.
Also solved by BENO ARBEL, TeUAviv University, Israel; SAM BAETHGE,
Science Academy, Austin, Texas; SEUNG-JIN BANG, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
FRANCISCO BELLOT ROSADO, LB. Emilio Ferrari, Valladolid, Spain; ILIYA
93
n 4. l i — i
rc n
where r& and rc are exradii. This can be obtained from Penning's solution.
The problem generalizes problem 2.1.11, page 25, of H. Fukagawa and D. Pedoe,
Japanese Temple Geometry Problems (Charles Babbage Research Centre, Winnipeg, 1989J,
in which AABC is equilateral
E(\A n J3| : A = J3) Pr(A = J3) + E(\A nB\:A?B) Pr(A ^ B). (1)
From above, E(\A f) B\ : A and B may be equal) = n/4. By a similar argument we find
that E(\A fl B\ : A = B) = n/2. Pr(A = B) = 2~ n , since [n] has T subsets. Substituting
into (1), and rearranging, we get
E(\AnB\:A?B)=nf^~]1)) .
n2n-l(2n"1 - 1 ) . . . (2n~l - m + 1)
if the subsets are all different
2n(2n-l)...{2n-rn + l)
Since 0ZAX = 03B and LAx03B = 2a, &AxBOz and AA 1 A 3 0 2 are similar, so that
AA1BA3 and AA1O3O2 are similar by SAS. Therefore,
BA3 BAi 203Aisina _ .
=2sma
0^-0^1= 03AX ' ^
where the middle equality makes use of the isosceles ABO3A1; furthermore
so
(V2 + l ) ( n + r 3 ) < 2 i 2
or
ri + r$ <
In the same way we have
r2 + r 4 < 2 ( V 2 - 1 ) J ? ,
so that
n + r 2 + r 3 + r 4 < 4(V2 - 1)12.
Equality only if the lines go through O.
Also solved by SEUNG-JIN BANG, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ILIYA BLUSKOV,
Technical University, Gabrovo, Bulgaria; JORDIDOU, Barcelona, Spain; HANS EN GEL-
HAUPT, Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium, Bamberg, Germany; RICHARD I. HESS, Rancho
Pahs Verdes, California; JEFF HIGH AM, student, University of Toronto; WALTHER
JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbruck, Austria; MARGIN E. KUCZMA, Warszawa,
Poland; TOM LEINSTER, New College, Oxford University, England; PAVLOS
MARAGOUDAKIS, student, University of Athens, Greece; DANIEL REISZ, Vincelles,
Champs-sur-Yonne, France; K.R.S. SASTRY, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; TOSHIO SEIMIYA,
Kawasaki, Japan; D.J. SMEENK, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands; and the proposer.
Engelhaupt, Kuczma, Maragoudakis and Reisz sent in solutions nearly as nice as
Bejlegaard's. Most other solutions were quite a bit more involved!
Janous obtained two generalizations: one, with a hypersphere in n-space partitioned
into 2n parts (with inradii ri ? r2 9 .. *,r2n) by n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes through
an interior point; the other involving the planar situation but with n rays starting at an
interior point and making equal angles, rather than four. The resulting inequalities for the
sum of the inradii are mostly obtainable as above, and are left to the reader to work out.
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