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    Nerve Impulse and Action Potential

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    Lai Ba

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    Nerve Impulse and Action Potential

    Uploaded by

    Lai Ba
    8 views19 pages

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    Nerve Impulse and Action potential

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views19 pages

    Nerve Impulse and Action Potential

    Uploaded by

    Lai Ba

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    NERVE IMPLUSE AND ACTION

    POTENTIAL

    Instructor: Ms. Ayesha Mehmood


    Consultant Clinical Psychologist
    Visiting Faculty, IIUI Psychology Dept.
    Function of the Nervous System
    sensory input

    motor input
    sensory receptor

    effector

    integration
    Anatomical Division of Nervous System

    Central Nervous System (CNS)


    • brain
    • spinal cord
    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    • cranial nerves
    • spinal nerves
    dendrite

    cell body

    Myelin
    sheath axon Synapse
    Nodes of Ranvier

    Schwann
    Axon Cells
    sensory
    neuron

    interneuron sensory
    receptors
    effector

    motor
    neuron
    • A Simple Nerve Circuit – the Reflex Arc.
    – A reflex is an autonomic response.
    • Measuring Membrane Potentials.

    – An unstimulated cell usually have a resting


    potential of -70mV.
    • Ungated ion channels allow ions to diffuse
    across the plasma membrane.
    – These channels are always open.
    Nerve impulses propagate
    themselves along an axon
    • The action potential is repeatedly
    regenerated along the length of the axon.
    – An action potential achieved at one region of the
    membrane is sufficient to depolarize a
    neighboring region above threshold.
    • Thus triggering a new action potential.
    • The refractory period assures that impulse conduction
    is unidirectional.
    • Saltatory conduction.
    – In myelinated neurons only unmyelinated
    regions of the axon depolarize.
    • Thus, the impulse moves faster than in unmyelinated
    neurons.
    Ca2+ Presynaptic
    neuron
    Postsynaptic
    membrane

    Synaptic vesicles
    containing
    neurotransmitters
    Neural integration occurs at the
    cellular level
    • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
    depolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
    – The binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic
    receptors open gated channels that allow Na+ to
    diffuse into and K+ to diffuse out of the cell.
    • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
    hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
    – The binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic
    receptors open gated channels that allow K+ to
    diffuse out of the cell and/or Cl- to diffuse into the
    cell.
    • Acetylcholine- slows heart rate; PNS
    • Glutamate- most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain
    • Aspartate- in CNS an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of
    proteins
    • GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter
    • Glycine- inhibitory neurotransmitter
    • Norepinephrine- awakening from deep sleep
    • Epinephrine- increase heart rate tyrosine
    • Dopamine- movement of skeletal muscles
    • Seratonin- sensory perception, temp regulation, mood, sleep
    • Nitric oxide- may play a role in memory and learning
    • Enkephalin- inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of
    substance P
    • Substance P- enhances perception of pain

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