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But this defect was far from being a fatal one. For though the
theory did not explain, it did not contradict, dispersion. The
suppositions on which the calculations had been conducted, and the
analogy of sound, were obviously in no small degree precarious. The
velocity of propagation might differ for different rates of undulation, in
virtue of many causes which would not affect the general theoretical
results.
Many such hypothetical causes were suggested by various
eminent mathematicians, as solutions of this conspicuous difficulty.
But without dwelling upon these conjectures, it may suffice to notice
that hypothesis upon which the attention of mathematicians was
soon concentrated. This was the hypothesis of finite intervals
between the 127 particles of the ether. The length of one of those
undulations which produce light, is a very small quantity, its mean
value being 1⁄50,000th of an inch; but in the previous investigations of
the consequences of the theory, it had been assumed that the
distance from each other, of the particles of the ether, which, by their
attractions or repulsions, caused the undulations to be propagated,
is indefinitely less than this small quantity;—so that its amount might
be neglected in the cases in which the length of the undulation was
one of the quantities which determined the result. But this
assumption was made arbitrarily, as a step of simplification, and
because it was imagined that, in this way, a nearer approach was
made to the case of a continuous fluid ether, which the supposition
of distinct particles imperfectly represented. It was still free for
mathematicians to proceed upon the opposite assumption, of
particles of which the distances were finite, either as a mathematical
basis of calculation, or as a physical hypothesis; and it remained to
be seen if, when this was done, the velocity of light would still be the
same for different lengths of undulation, that is, for different colors.
M. Cauchy, calculating, upon the most general principles, the motion
of such a collection of particles as would form an elastic medium,
obtained results which included the new extension of the previous
hypothesis. Professor Powell, of Oxford, applied himself to reduce to
calculation, and to compare with experiment, the result of these
researches. And it appeared that, on M. Cauchy’s principles, a
variation in the velocity of light is produced by a variation in the
length of the wave, provided that the interval between the molecules
of the ether bears a sensible ratio to the length of an undulation. 125
Professor Powell obtained also, from the general expressions, a
formula expressing the relation between the refractive index of a ray,
and the length of a wave, or the color of light. 126 It then became his
task to ascertain whether this relation obtained experimentally; and
he found a very close agreement between the numbers which
resulted from the formula and those observed by Fraunhofer, for ten
different kinds of media, namely, certain glasses and fluids. 127 To
these he afterwards added ten other cases of crystals observed by
M. Rudberg. 128 Mr. Kelland, of Cambridge, also calculated, in a
manner somewhat different, the results of the same hypothesis of
finite intervals; 129 and, obtaining 128 formulæ not exactly the same
as Professor Powell, found also an agreement between these and
Fraunhofer’s observations.
125 Phil. Mag. vol. vi. p. 266.
[2nd Ed.] [In the Report on Physical Optics, (Brit. Ass. Reports,
1834,) by Prof. Lloyd, the progress of the mathematical theory after
Fresnel’s labors is stated more distinctly than I have stated it, to the
following effect. Ampère, in 1828, proved Fresnel’s mathematical
results directly, which Fresnel had only proved indirectly, and derived
from his proof Fresnel’s beautiful geometrical construction. Prof. Mac
Cullagh not long after gave a concise demonstration of the same
theorem, and of the other principal points of Fresnel’s theory. He
represents the elastic force by means of an ellipsoid whose axes are
inversely proportional to those of Fresnel’s generating ellipsoid, and
deduces Fresnel’s construction geometrically. In the third
Supplement to his Essay on the Theory of Systems of Rays (Trans.
R. I. Acad. vol. xvii.), Sir W. Hamilton has presented that portion of
Fresnel’s theory which relates to the fundamental problem of the
determination of the velocity and polarization of a plane wave, in a
very elegant and analytical form. This he does by means of what he
calls the 132 characteristic function of the optical system to which the
problem belongs. From this function is deduced the surface of wave-
slowness of the medium; and by means of this surface, the direction
of the rays refracted into the medium. From this construction also Sir
W. Hamilton was led to the anticipation of conical refraction,
mentioned above.
T H E R M O T I C S A N D A T M O L O G Y.