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Red Children in White America
Red Children
in
White America
Ann H. Beuf
®
University of Pennsylvania Press/1977
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Indians of North America—Ethnic i d e n t i t y .
2 . Race awareness. 3 . Indians of North America—
Children. I . Title.
E98.E85BU8 3 0 1 Λ 5 ' 19' 7073 76-U9737
ISBN 0 - 8 1 2 2 - 7 7 1 9 - 8
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgments xi
1. Introduction 1
2. The World of the Native American Child 15
3. Racial Attitudes of Native American
Children 59
4. Towards a Theory of the Development
of Racial Attitudes 93
Appendix 127
Bibliography 131
Index 151
vii
List of Tables
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1
2 RED CHILDREN IN WHITE AMERICA
Table 1
A s p e c t s of
Explanation Example M i n o r i t y Reality
1. T r a u m a t i c name- "nigger" Prejudice and active
calling and "I don't w a n t to discrimination,
social sit b e s i d e that e x p e r i e n c e d by
rejection b r o w n girl." individual.
2. O b s e r v a t i o n of Child s e e s t e a c h e r s are
the s o c i e t y ' s Indian, h e a d teacher
role structure, is w h i t e .
realization that
m i n o r i t i e s fall The s o c i a l w o r k e r is Institutional-
w h i t e ; s h e can tell cultural racism.
b e l o w w h i t e s in
the hierarchy mother w h a t to do.
D a d d y g e t s dirty at
work. White men w e a r
clean shirts and tell
D a d d y w h a t to do.
15
16 RED CHILDREN IN WHITE AMERICA
indicate how their lives fit into this general picture and are,
indeed, representative of it.
the only h u m a n group that one can ignore over a million peo-
ple a n d claim such territory. Yet, to this day, white a n d Native
A m e r i c a n children are taught in their schools that Columbus
discovered America. Such teaching is u n d e r s t a n d a b l y confus-
ing f o r Native American youngsters. This ethnocentric con-
cept—discovery—has b e e n the subject of a good deal of Native
A m e r i c a n h u m o r . P e r h a p s an example of this h u m o r will help
w h i t e r e a d e r s to u n d e r s t a n d h o w insulting and d e m e a n i n g it
is to h a v e an entire population imagined out of existence—
especially if you h a p p e n to be part of that population.
I would say that we discovered the white man, too. At that
time we hadn't known that there was land across the sea, so I
think by the same token that the next time I go to England or
Italy, I intend to take a flag and plant it and claim it for my
Indian people, because, after all, it would be the first time that
I had ever seen it, so therefore I would be discovering it.3
The accumulation of Native American land almost always
took place u n d e r the guise of friendship, with treaties and the
exchange of gifts. T h o s e tribal leaders w h o caught on and
r e f u s e d to go along with the charade are those we are taught
in school to regard as " b a d Indians." "Good Indians," on the
other hand, a r e those w h o not only b e f r i e n d e d the whites but
w e r e traitors to their o w n people.
The e x p e d i e n t n a t u r e of white policy t o w a r d s Native Amer-
icans is a p p a r e n t in the history of the colonial period and the
time f o l l o w i n g independence. So long as other Europeans
posed a t h r e a t to the settlers, care w a s t a k e n to insure alli-
ance with N a t i v e Americans. Promises w e r e f r e q u e n t l y m a d e
to tribes in e x c h a n g e f o r their assistance in w a r f a r e . These
promises w e r e just as frequently left unfulfilled once hostili-
ties ceased. A f t e r the colonies had gained independence, and
prior to the Louisiana Purchase, fear of the French kept the
colonists h o n e s t . To insure the borders, f r i e n d s h i p s with
Economics
r e s e r v a t i o n s . T h e l a c k of w a t e r and, in s o m e c a s e s , electricity
m e a n s that the c o r p o r a t i o n will h a v e to i n v e s t a great deal in
the p h y s i c a l set-up, bringing in its o w n p o w e r a n d p l u m b i n g
s y s t e m s . T h e g e o g r a p h i c a l isolation of m a n y r e s e r v a t i o n s ren-
ders them i n a c c e s s i b l e to m a r k e t s . M a n y r e s e r v a t i o n s l a c k
s u c h b a r e e s s e n t i a l s as the p a v e d r o a d s n e c e s s a r y f o r t r a n s -
portation of r a w m a t e r i a l s and finished p r o d u c t s . L a n d i n g
strips, a n d / o r decent h i g h w a y s , t h e r e f o r e , a l s o b e c o m e a p a r t
of the i n v e s t m e n t the c o r p o r a t i o n is c a l l e d upon to m a k e .
F i n a l l y , the c o r p o r a t i o n w h i c h i n t e n d s to e m p l o y a large n u m -
ber of N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s m u s t be p r e p a r e d to i n v e s t in a train-
ing p r o g r a m .
E v e n g i v e n these d e m a n d i n g criteria, a f e w c o r p o r a t i o n s
h a v e v e n t u r e d onto the r e s e r v a t i o n s to set up f a c t o r i e s , a n d
they h a v e m a d e the i m p r o v e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y f o r a v i a b l e in-
d u s t r y . B u t there h a v e been u n f o r t u n a t e r e s u l t s in s u c h c a s e s .
H a v i n g o b t a i n e d tribal c o u n c i l a p p r o v a l f o r their e n d e a v o r ,
s o m e c o r p o r a t i o n s h a v e f o l l o w e d the old pattern of d i s r e g a r d -
ing p r o m i s e s the N a t i v e A m e r i c a n b e l i e v e d w e r e m a d e in g o o d
f a i t h . For e x a m p l e , most a g r e e m e n t s to a l l o w outside i n d u s t r y
to settle on the r e s e r v a t i o n are m a d e with the u n d e r s t a n d i n g
that the n e w f a c t o r y will p r o v i d e jobs f o r the m a n y u n e m -
p l o y e d N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s w h o r e s i d e there. W h e n the f a c t o r y
is o p e r a t i n g , h o w e v e r , the c o r p o r a t i o n s h a v e p r o c e e d e d to h i r e
few N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s . T h o s e h i r e d are o f t e n paid s u b s t a n d a r d
w a g e s and relegated to the l o w e s t jobs on the ladder, w i t h
little o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a d v a n c e m e n t . In addition, m a n y t r a d i -
tional N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s are w a r y of outside industries a n d
the e f f e c t that they m a y h a v e on the e c o l o g i c a l b a l a n c e of the
r e s e r v a t i o n . Strip-mining, oil w e l l s , and h e a v y industry l e a v e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l destruction in their w a k e w h i c h , some c o n t e n d ,
is s c a r c e l y w o r t h the slight d e c l i n e in u n e m p l o y m e n t that t h e y
bring about. M o r e o v e r , they s i m p l y bring the colonial n a t u r e
of all N a t i v e A m e r i c a n life in the United S t a t e s closer to h o m e ,
c l a i m the e l d e r s . T h e f a c t that w h i t e industrialists b e c o m e the
c o n t r o l l e r s of w h a t little l a n d is l e f t in N a t i v e A m e r i c a n h a n d s
o f f e n d s m a n y N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s , w h o call f o r s e l f - d e t e r m i n a -
28 RED CHILDREN IN WHITE AMERICA
Education