Foreign policy

Strategies that government use to guide their action in international arena. These
are actions which state leaders decide to pursue and protect national interets in
given situations
Foreign policy is designed to promote the national interest abroad.
Determinants of Foreign policy
EXTERNAL FACTORS:
Country’s position in power structure
Country’s standing in international organizations
Geographic location of country
World public opinion/ public perception regarding the country
International alliances
Internal factors:
Military power
Type of government and leadership ruling the country
Size of the country
Geography
Resources
Quality of diplomacy
Role of media
Think tanks
PAKISTAN IN 1947
Pakistan got independence on August 14, 1947.
Being a newly created state there was no proper government, no diplomatic setup,
there was no proper media and think tanks.
The indo-pak war of 1947-1948 weakened Pakistan further internally.
WORLD IN 1947
Internally weaken state Pakistan also faced an unstable international arena in 1947
This was the time when the world war 2 was recently ended two years back and
world was going through cold war at that time.
Main character of cold war both USSR (union of soviet socialist republics ) and US
were in the competition to make alliance with other countries of the world to make
respective block stronger than the other’s.
FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN:
Pakistan had three options for its foreign policy
First one was to join the block of USSR and make US and all the allies of the US its
enemies
Second was to join the block of US while making USSR and its allies enimies
Third one is to pursue the policy of neutrality
ERA OF NEUTRALITY (1947-1953)
Pakistan kept on following the policy of neutrality till 1953.
During this era Pakistan promoted harmony and cooperation with the muslim
countries.
Liaqat Ali Khan’s visit to US in May 1950 had shown the worldd that what would be
the future of policy of Pakistan
Pakistan lost its nuetrality after the visit of liaqat ali khanf
MUTUAL DEFENCE ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT
Background:
Cold war had been started and both the US and USSR were in
the struggle to make alliance with other countries.
It was difficult for Pakistan to remain neutral
Pakistan hardly maintained till the early years of 50s. in such
situation Pakistan preferred to join the US block in 1954
PAKISTAN’S NEED FOR POWERFUL ALLY
Pakistan had been facing a continued threat from india which
was struggling to undo Pakistan.
India also made aggression on Kashmir and annexed it
forcefully by suppressing its people ruthlessly.
Pakistan desperately needed to strengthen its defenses and
security.
US INTERESTS IN PAKISTAN
Under truman doctrine US had embarked upon a policy of
containment.
The reason why US became conncerned with south asia was
china falling in communist bloc led by the societ union
Us turned towards india and Pakistan to form a strategic
bulwark against Sino_Soviet Communism.
India was commited to a non_aligned stance. So, US had only
option of Pakistan.
TRUMAN DOCTRINE:
Truman doctrine is named after the former president US Harry
S. Truman.
Harry S. Truman delivered speech to congress on march 2th
1947
This speech became the truman doctrine
Official declaration of cold war
what was the truman doctrine ?
The main point of the speech of Harry S Truman was a military
assistance and economic aid to Greeence to fight against
communism.
United states will send military and economic support to the
countries whose politically was threatened by commuinism
Truman’s Policy Criticized.
Background of Truman Doctrine:
British government informed the US that it could no longer
furnish the economic and military assistance.
Truman administration believed that both nations were
threatened by communism and it jumped at the chance to take
a tough stance against the soviet union.
Truman requested 400 million in assistance for the two nations.
MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT 19 MAY 1954
Pakistan's condemnation of north koreans as aggressors and
responsiveness towards americann policies and US interests in
South Asia were enough to force Americans.
Hence, Pakistan and the united states drew close together and
entered into a mutual defense assistance agreement in May 19,
1954.
FEATURES OF AGREEMENT
Pakistan was guaranteed military and economy aid
In return, Pakistan's soil was used a base for conducting
reconnaissance operations against soviet union.
Pakistan army, navy, and air force were updated
US kept on preparing Pakistan against any expected aggression
from communist block.
INTRODUCTION TO SEATO:
SEATO stands for southeast Asia treaty organization.
This treaty was signed on september 9, 1954 by USA,
France, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippine
and Thailand.
Main purpose of the organization was to prevent
communism from gaining ground in the region
PAKISTAN AND US: OPTIONS FOR EACH OTHERS
Rivalry between US and USSR created certain amount of
space for countries like pakistan to acquire aid for
assistance.
Us was in search of partner in south Asia to counter
communism.
Pakistan was in need of assistance to counter any
expected aggression from India.
Invitation to pakistan
Pakistan was invited to attend the conference held for
the formation of seato.
Cabinet decided to participate in the conference and
was represented at the meeting by then foreign minister
zafar ullah khan.
Prime Minister muhammad Ali Bogra made it clear to
US authorities that Pakistan’s participation does not
mean that he was going to accept any scheme that
might emerge from the discussion.
SEATO; AN ALLIANCE ONLY AGAINST COMMUNISM
Military authorities and especiially ayub khan was also
not very much interested in an asian organization
because pakistani leaders and military wanted US
assistance not only against communist aggression but
also on other ground of aggression as well especially
against india.
USA wrote a reservation into the treaty that its
obligation would apply only in an event of communism
aggression.
UNILATERAL DECISION OF ZAFAR ULLAH KHAN
The foreign delegation led by then foreign minister
zafar ullah khan did not consult the governemnt and
Zafarullah khan signed the SEATO.
Pakistan had no choice and it ratified the treaty in
january 1955 to avoid te displeasure of the US.
US - PAK RELATIONS:
The military role throughout this period had acquired
importance in pakistan
The relationship between Pakistan and USA was not so
much good between two countries.
Seato did not suppport pakistan in its effirt against india
in 1965 and in 1971.
WITHDRAWL FROM SEATO:
Bythe early 1970ss members began to withdraw from th
organization.
Neither pakistan nor france supported the US
intervention in Vietnam and both nations were pulling
waay from the organization in the early 1970s.
Pakistan formlly left SEATO in 1973 because the
organization had faied to provide it with assistance in its
ongoing conflict against india.
SEATO formally disbanded in 1977.

INTRODUCTION TO CENTO:
CENTO stands for central treaty organization. It was
earlier called as middle east treaty organization it was
earlier called as middle east treaty organization, or
baghdad pact organization.
It was basically mutual security organization dating from
1955 to 1979.
The memers countries of CENTO were Turkey, Iran,
Paksitan , iraq and britia.
The members countries of cento were turkey iran,
pakistan, iraq and britian.
It was signed on 26 february 1955.
INVITATION TO PAKISTAN:
Turkey and iraq invited Pakistan to join but pakistan was
not willing and not enthusiastic to do so without the
participation of united states.
Pressure from britian and united states was adequate
stimulus for pakistan to sign the bgahdad pact on 23
september 1955 along with britian and iran.
US fuctional for treaty as unofficial oberver, the united
states signed individual agreements with each of the
countries in this pact.
OBJECTIVES OF CENTO:
Iraq considered this pact as a justification of its source
of power and to demonstrate its loyalty to the west.
For Pakistan, the pact was expected to balance relations
with India and help it to get benefit from western
economic bloc.
Iran wished to align itself with the west.
United states: did not join this pact but it remained in
touch with it.
UK: was also wanted to roll back the influence of USSR
in the middle east and wanted the hegemony in this
region.
MIAN PURPOSE OF CENTO:
As cento was formeD at the will of britian and the united
states, so the main purpose of this organization was to
counter the threat of soviet expansion into big middle
east oil producing regions.
EVENTS LEADING CENTO TOWARDS ITS END
In 1956, egyption leader jamal abdel nasir took the
control of Suez Canal, an important international water
channel.
Israel replied by invading the sinai peninsuala, and
british and french forces interfered.
In 1958, an egyption syrian union, an iraqi revolution,
and civil unjust in lebanon weakend regional stability
The member of the baghdad pact except iraq acclaimed
the US intervention.
FAILURES OF CENTO
Cento never actually provided its members guaranteed
collective defence and security goals.
CENTO proved not fruitful with refrence to Pakistan
because neither in 1965 nor in 971 did CENTO consider
rendering support to pakistan
In 1965 and in 1971, pkistan tried fruitlessly to get
support in its wars with india from CENTO, but this was
rejected because it was viewed that CENTO was aimed
at containing the USSR instead of india.
WITHDRAWL OF IRAQ:
In 1958, iraq faced the revolution which further caused
the broke up of this pact between iraq and the other
countries.
The baghdad pact orignal name was middles east treaty,
organization (METO) replaced by the name of central
treaty
Organization (CENTO) after the withdrawl of iraq.
After the extraction of iraq from the baghdad pact,
CENTO moved its head quarters to turkey (ankara)
COLLAPSE OF CENTO:
 The iranian revolution brought the end of the
organization in 1979 along with iran, pakistan also left
CENTO.
Spontaneous withdrawl of pakistan and iran in 1979
caused the collapsed of central treaty organization
(cento )
Every country had their respective national interests
regarding CENTO but they did not achieve their goals
and subjectves collectiviely.