Lecture 1

Commonly used Equipments in a
microbiology laboratory
Presented by Mr El-hafid Nabti

I-Laboratory Apparatus
Laboratory Apparatus list
 Autoclave •pH meter

 Incubator •Colony counter
 Hot air oven •Microscope
 Inoculating loop •Refrigerator
 Vortex mixer / shaker
•Bunsen burner
 Water bath
 Heating mantle •Spirit lamp
 Hot plate with magnetic stirrer •Balance (Digital and 4-beam)
 Inoculation chamber •Thermometer
•Coliform membrane filter
Autoclave
•It is a robust, electrically heated steam vessel meant for

sterilizing ‘thermostable’ culture media, glassware, and other
materials that are not spoiled by moist heat. Autoclave runs
on the principle of pressure cooker. The moist heat (steam)
has a very good penetrating power. Microorganisms / cells
are killed as a result of denaturation of cellular constituents
(protein and nucleic acids). In routine process, sterilization
can be achieved by operating the autoclave at 120°C/20 min.
•In its simplest form, the equipment has a removable lid for
the delivery of materials to be sterilized. It is necessarily
equipped with a gasket, pressure-cum-temperature gauge, a
vent for letting out air or excess pressure, a safety valve, and
a drain.
Incubator
•This an insulated, electrically heated cabinet meant for

providing microorganisms with optimum temperature for
growth. The cabinet is insulated and thermostatically
controlled. For routine purposes, the temperature is
maintained at 28-30°C for bacteria, about 25°C for molds,
and 35-37°C for mesophilic bacteria. A temperature as
•high as 100°C can also be maintained for extremely

thermophilic organisms (stereothermophiles).
Hot air oven
•This is similar to incubator in make except that it can operate

at temperatures up to 300°C and has a fan for circulating hot
air. Hot air oven is used for sterilization of glassware and
materials that are spoiled by moist heat. The death of cells
occurs due to the oxidation of cellular constituents by the dry
heat.
•P.S : For routine purpose, sterilization can be achieved by

running the equipment at 180°C for 1.5 hours. Hot air oven is
less effective (restrictive) than autoclave.
Inoculating loop
•This is a tool for transferring and streaking cultures. It

consists of a thin nichrome wire whose one end is twisted
into a small loop while the other end is fixed to a thermoset
plastic handle. Sometimes, the looped end is
straightened out to form what is called inoculating needle.

Inoculating needles are used for preparing ‘stab’ cultures.
Vortex mixer
•This equipment is used for mixing liquids kept in a test tube.

It has one or more cup-like depressions at the top to receive
the bottom of the test tube. The machine is electrically
powered. When actuated, the machine moves the bottom of
the test tube in a gyratory motion, thereby affecting a
thorough mixing of the solution. The speed of the mixer can
be varied.
Water bath or Boiling water bath
•Water bath is used for heating and melting of media,
solutions, samples etc. at temperatures below 100°C. It can
also be used to maintain constant temperature that is required
in microbiology lab work. Several models and types of water
bath are available. It is electrically heated and
thermostatically controlled.
Heating mantle
•It is an electrically heated and thermostatically controlled
unit used to heat or melt samples and reagents. The inner
lining is made of asbestos and therefore gives an indirect heat
to the materials to be heated.

Hot plate with magnetic stirrer
•This is an electrically powered equipment performs the dual
function of heating and agitation. The agitation occurs by
magnetic arrangement. Any type of glassware can be used for
the heating and agitation. Magnetic beads are used for the
agitation.
Inoculation chamber / Sterile chamber
•This is an enclosed box in which culture transfers, plating,
etc. can be carried out aseptically. The chamber is equipped
with UV lamp for periodic disinfection of the chamber. While
working, the UV light must be turned off and day-light bulb
is turned on.
•Hood with laminar flow

pH meter
•pH meter is an electrical instrument used for measuring

hydrogen ion concentration of solutions and mixtures. In
microbiology lab, it is used for maintaining pH of the
medium and diluents. The pH meter must be standardized
with buffer solutions before operation. Since the instrument is
very sensitive, it must not be used for stirring and it must not
be dipped in hot or very cold solutions. The electrodes must
always be kept immersed in suitable solutions. Read the
manual carefully before using the instrument.
Colony counter
•It is used for counting microbial colony (bacterial and yeast).
The instrument is equipped with a backlight source, gridlines
and a magnifying lens. It also has a sensor for digitally
registering the number of colonies counted.

Microscope
•It is an instrument for observing microscopic items such as
cells, crystals and cell organelles. It has the dual function of
magnification and resolution. For routine microbiological
works, bright field compound microscope with oil
immersion objective is adequate.

Refrigerator
•This is a common household equipment for keeping foods
and beverages cool. This equipment is used in microbiology
laboratory for storing / preserving cultures, media, and
many sensitive materials. The equipment is electrically
powered and uses ammonia as the refrigerant.

Bunsen burner
•Bunsen burner is a common tool used in science lab. In
microbiology lab, it is used for sterilizing inoculating loop,
plating out cultures, transferring cultures, heat-fixing of
smears and creating a sterile zone for aseptic operation.

Spirit lamp
•The function of spirit lamp is the same as the Bunsen
burner but is portable. It uses rectified spirit as the fuel
(produces smoke-free flame). The lamp must be covered
with a lid when not in use to prevent loss of spirit.

Balance
•Balance is needed in microbiology lab for weighing
chemicals, samples, media, etc. Digital balances are fast to
work with but needs frequent calibration.

Thermometer
•Thermometer is required to ensure the heating equipment

is running at the correct temperature. The temperature of the
medium, incubator, etc., need to be frequently checked.
Mercury in glass thermometers are standard
thermometers, the temperature measurement is based on the
expansion of mercury present in the bulb. Digital
thermometers use probes for measurement of temperatures.
Coliform membrane filter
•This glass equipment is used for the testing of coliforms in
water. 100 ml of test water is poured in the funnel and
filtered through a special Millipore filter through external
application of suction. The filter retains the
microorganisms. The filter is then aseptically transferred to
a selective-cum-differential semisolid medium kept in a
Petri dish. If there are coliforms, they will appear as pink
dots after incubation at 35°C for 22 hrs.

II-Laboratory glassware
Laboratory glassware
 Laboratory glassware is a variety of equipment, made of glass,

used for scientific experiments in chemistry and biology.
 Some of the equipment is now made of plastic for cost and
convenience reasons, but glass is still used, because it is
relatively inert and transparent.
 Borosilicate glasses such as Pyrex are often used because they
are resistant to heat and chemical substances.
 Most laboratory glassware is now mass-produced, but most
large laboratories employ a glass blower to construct
specialized pieces.
• Laboratory glassware includes
– Test tubes, flasks, beakers, Petri dishes, watch
glasses, graduated cylinders, pippets, burettes,
funnels
• Flasks
– Erlenmayer, volumetric, filtering, boiling, titrating
• Boiling flasks
– Borosilicate boiling flasks are highly resistant to
breakage due to heating or chemical attack. A flat
bottom boiling flask should be put on a wire mesh,
when we heat it, a round bottom one needs a clamp
and a holder.
• Volumetric flasks
– Volumetric flasks are used in
analytical chemistry to
produce accurate solutions
• Burets
– Glass burets have a variety of
applications and are used
mainly where accurate
amounts of liquid must be
added in small amounts
• Filtering flask
• Funnels
– Buchner funnel
– Separatory funnel
• Beakers
– We use borosilicate beakers
for routine mixing,
measuring and boiling
• Graduated cylinders
– Graduated cylinders are used
for measurements of small
volumes of liquid that cannot
be done with beakers and
flasks.
• Pippets
– are ideal for measuring small
volumes of solutions (for
doing chemical titrations)
• Test tubes
– Test tubes are among the
most common of
requirements for lab supplies.
• Watch glasses
– Watch glasses are used to
hold solutions for viewing
under a microscope or to
dissolve materials such as
crystals and powders.

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Commonly used Equipments in a

Presented by Mr El-hafid Nabti

 Autoclave •pH meter

•It is a robust, electrically heated steam vessel meant for

•This an insulated, electrically heated cabinet meant for

•high as 100°C can also be maintained for extremely

•This is similar to incubator in make except that it can operate

•P.S : For routine purpose, sterilization can be achieved by

•This is a tool for transferring and streaking cultures. It

straightened out to form what is called inoculating needle.

•This equipment is used for mixing liquids kept in a test tube.

•Water bath is used for heating and melting of media,

solutions, samples etc. at temperatures below 100°C. It can

also be used to maintain constant temperature that is required

in microbiology lab work. Several models and types of water

bath are available. It is electrically heated and

•It is an electrically heated and thermostatically controlled

unit used to heat or melt samples and reagents. The inner

lining is made of asbestos and therefore gives an indirect heat

to the materials to be heated.

•This is an electrically powered equipment performs the dual

function of heating and agitation. The agitation occurs by

magnetic arrangement. Any type of glassware can be used for

•This is an enclosed box in which culture transfers, plating,

etc. can be carried out aseptically. The chamber is equipped

with UV lamp for periodic disinfection of the chamber. While

working, the UV light must be turned off and day-light bulb

•Hood with laminar flow

•pH meter is an electrical instrument used for measuring

•It is used for counting microbial colony (bacterial and yeast).

The instrument is equipped with a backlight source, gridlines

and a magnifying lens. It also has a sensor for digitally

registering the number of colonies counted.

•It is an instrument for observing microscopic items such as

cells, crystals and cell organelles. It has the dual function of

magnification and resolution. For routine microbiological

works, bright field compound microscope with oil

immersion objective is adequate.

•This is a common household equipment for keeping foods

and beverages cool. This equipment is used in microbiology

laboratory for storing / preserving cultures, media, and

many sensitive materials. The equipment is electrically

powered and uses ammonia as the refrigerant.

•Bunsen burner is a common tool used in science lab. In

microbiology lab, it is used for sterilizing inoculating loop,

plating out cultures, transferring cultures, heat-fixing of

smears and creating a sterile zone for aseptic operation.

•The function of spirit lamp is the same as the Bunsen

burner but is portable. It uses rectified spirit as the fuel

(produces smoke-free flame). The lamp must be covered

with a lid when not in use to prevent loss of spirit.

•Balance is needed in microbiology lab for weighing

chemicals, samples, media, etc. Digital balances are fast to

work with but needs frequent calibration.

•Thermometer is required to ensure the heating equipment

•This glass equipment is used for the testing of coliforms in

water. 100 ml of test water is poured in the funnel and

filtered through a special Millipore filter through external