Sexual Repro 1

Thursday, May 23, 2024 9:44 AM
Access Answers to Biology NCERT Chapter 2 – Sexual

Reproduction in Flowering Plants
1. Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which the development of male and
female gametophyte take place.
Solution: In an angiosperm, the male gametes are developed within the anther. On
the contrary, the female gametes are developed inside the ovules.
2. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of
cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end
of these two events.
Solution: The important differences between microsporogenesis and
megasporogenesis are mentioned below:
Microsporogenesis Megasporogenesis
It is the process in which a diploid microspore mother It is the process of formation of haploid
cell undergoes meiosis to form haploid microspores. megaspores from the diploid mother cell.
Occurs inside pollen sacs. Occurs inside ovules.
Pollens are produced by microsporogenesis. Embryo sacs are produced by
megasporogenesis.
The arrangement of microspores is tetrahedral. The arrangement of megaspores is linear.
All four microspores formed are functional. Only one out of the four megaspores
formed is functional.
Meiotic cell division occurs during megasporogenesis and
microsporogenesis. It is also known as reductional division that leads to
the production of haploid gametes.
The structures formed at the end of these events are:
Microsporogenesis – Pollen grain
Megasporogenesis – Embryo sac

3. Arrange the following terms in correct developmental sequence: Pollen grain,
sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes
Solution: The following is the correct developmental sequence: Sporogenous tissue
→ pollen mother cell → microspore tetrad → pollen grain → male gamete. When the
microsporangium is developing, every cell of the sporogenous tissue serves as a
pollen mother cell, giving rise to a microspore tetrad possessing four haploid
microspores through the meiosis process (microsporogenesis). When the anthers
mature, these microspores dissociate and develop into pollen grains. The pollen
grains mature and give rise to male gametes.
5. What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?
Solution: Monosporic development is the development of a female gametophyte
from one functional megaspore. In angiosperms, a single diploid mother
megaspore undergoes meiotic division to form four megaspores (haploid). Only
one out of the four megaspores is functional, which forms a female gametophyte,
while the rest of the three degenerate.
6. With a neat diagram, explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of female
gametophyte.
Solution:
The female gametophyte is formed by the mitotic division of the mother
megaspore. The megaspore divides mitotically thrice to form 8 nucleate embryo
sacs. The process of formation of the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of female
gametophyte is mentioned below:
○ Two nuclei are formed after the cell undergoes the first mitotic division.
○ These two nuclei move towards the micropylar end and the chalazal end,
respectively.
○ They divide and redivide to form an 8-nucleate stage.
○ Consequently, there are four nuclei each on either end.
○ At the micropylar end, three out of the four nuclei differentiate into an egg cell
and synergids.
○ At the chalazal end, three out of the four nuclei differentiate as antipodal cells.
○ The remaining cells, each from either end move towards the centre and is
known as polar nuclei.
Therefore, on maturation, the female gametophyte looks like a 7-
celled structure.
7. What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous
flowers? Give reasons for your answer.
Solution: Chasmogamous flowers are flowers that have open petals such that the
reproductive organs are exposed to allow cross-pollination. Cleistogamous flowers
are small, closed flowers with unexposed reproductive organs. Therefore, they
cannot undergo cross-pollination. However, they undergo self-pollination since the
stigma and anther are present near each other.
8. Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Solution: There are two strategies involved in preventing self-pollination in flowers:
○ Dichogamy – It refers to the production of male and female reproductive
organs at different times in order to prevent self-fertilization.
○ Self-incompatibility – It is a genetically controlled mechanism in which pollen
grains of a flower are unable to grow completely on the stigma of the same
flower.
9. What is self-incompatibility? Why does self-pollination not lead to seed
formation in self-incompatible species?
Solution: Self-incompatibility refers to a genetically controlled mechanism that
prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination in flowers. Self-pollination
cannot lead to the formation of seeds in a self-incompatible species. This happens
because the pollens are unable to fertilize the ovules that would develop into an
embryo and hence form seeds.
10. What is bagging technique? How is it helpful in a plant breeding programme?
Solution: The bagging technique helps prevent fertilization of the stigma by any
undesired pollen by covering the emasculated flower (flower whose anther is
removed) with a polybag or butter paper. The bagging technique is beneficial in the
plant breeding programme. In this, only desired pollens are made to fertilize the
stigma in order to produce plants with desired characteristics.
11. What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei
involved in triple fusion.
Solution: Triple fusion occurs when a male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei
within the embryo sac of flowering plants. The following events take place in triple
fusion:
○ The pollen grains get dusted on the stigma and germinate, giving rise to a
pollen tube that enters the ovule.
○ The pollen tube passes into one of the synergids and releases two male
gametes.
○ One out of the two gametes fuses with the egg nucleus and forms a zygote.
○ The other gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei located in the central cell
and forms a triploid endosperm nucleus.
The nuclei involved in triple fusion are:
○ A male gamete nucleus
○ Two polar nuclei
12. Why do you think a zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule?
Solution: The zygote remains inactive until the endosperm is formed as a result of
triple fusion. The endosperm provides nutrition to the developing embryo and is
formed from the primary endosperm cell that results from triple fusion.
13. Differentiate between:
1. Epicotyl and hypocotyl
2. Coleoptile and coleorrhiza
3. Integument and testa
4. Perisperm and pericarp
Solution:
1. Epicotyl and hypocotyl
Epicotyl Hypocotyl
Region of embryo above the Region of the embryo below the cotyledon.
cotyledon.
Terminates at the plumule. Terminates at the cotyledonary node.
Starts from the cotyledonary node. Starts from the radicle.
Develops into the upper part of the Develops into that part of the stem that develops
stem. into roots.
Elongates in epigeal germination. Elongates in hypogeal germination.
2. Coleoptile and coleorrhiza
Coleoptile Coleorrhiza
It is a protective sheath. It is an undifferentiated sheath.
Protects young shoot tip in cereals and Protects the roots of a germinating grass or
grass. cereal.
Comes out of the soil. Remains inside the soil.
Covers the plumule. Covers the root cap and radical.
Breaks the seed coat and grows. Breaks the seed coat and stops growth.
3. Integument and testa
Integument Testa
Covers the ovule. Outer covering of seed.
The cells are living. The cells are dead.
Pre-fertilized structure. Post-fertilized structure.
Sclereids are absent. Sclereids are present.
One or two layered. One layered.
4. Perisperm and pericarp
Perisperm Pericarp
Part of a seed. Part of a fruit.
Usually dry. Dry or fleshy.
Present in only a few seeds. Found in all fruits.
Non-functional in seed. Protects the fruit and helps in nutrition and dispersal.
14. Why is apple called a false fruit? Which part of the flower forms the fruit?
Solution: A false fruit is derived from some secondary parts and not from the ovary.
Apple is derived from the thalamus and is hence called a false fruit.
15. What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this
technique?
Solution: Emasculation refers to the removal of stamens from bisexual flowers
before the maturation of the anther in order to avoid self-pollination in the flowers.
This technique is employed when the breeder wants plants of desired
characteristics. The flowers are bagged even before the anther matures. When the
anther matures, the pollen grains are shed on the covered stigma and are allowed
to pollinate with the flowers of the desired characteristics.
16. If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances,
which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Solution: Parthenocarpy refers to the development of fruits without fertilization.
Fruits devoid of seeds, such as watermelon and muskmelon, are in great demand.
Therefore, these varieties will be developed by parthenocarpy.
17. Explain the role of tapetum in the formation of pollen grain walls.
Solution: Tapetum is the internal layer of microsporangium and plays an important
role in the formation of pollen grain walls. It provides nutrition to the maturing pollen
grains. Various amino acids, enzymes, and hormones are produced by tapetum
cells that are essential for the maturation of pollen grains. Tapetum also forms the
exine layer of pollen grains.
18. What is apomixis and what is its importance?
Solution: Apomixis is the process of seed formation without the occurrence of
fertilization (the process of meiosis and syngamy, to be precise). It plays a vital role
in the production of hybrid seeds. Apomixis inhibits the loss of desired characters in
a hybrid. Also, the process of production of hybrid seeds through cultivation is
expensive. Therefore, apomixis is used for the production of hybrid seeds.
From <https://byjus.com/ncert-solutions-class-12-biology/chapter-2-sexual-reproduction-in-flowering-plants/>

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Thursday, May 23, 2024 9:44 AM

Access Answers to Biology NCERT Chapter 2 – Sexual

The structures formed at the end of these events are:

Microsporogenesis – Pollen grain

Megasporogenesis – Embryo sac

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