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APPLICATION OF MATRICES IN THE ANALYSIS OF TIME
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
NAME: OKOROAFOR ESTHER TOCHI
MATRIC NUMBER: 170806128
SUPERVISOR: PROF OLALERU

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The introduction and development of the notion of a matrix and the subject of
linear algebra followed the development of determinants, which arose from the
study of coefficients of systems of linear equations. Leibnitz, one of the two
founders of calculus, used determinants in 1693 and Cramer presented his
determinant-based formula for solving systems of linear equations (today
known as Cramer's Rule) in 1750.
Gauss developed Gaussian elimination around 1800 and used it to solve
least squares problems in celestial computations and later in computations to
measure the earth and its surface (the branch of applied mathematics concerned
with measuring or determining the shape of the earth or with locating exactly
points on the earth's surface is called geodesy.
The modern definition of a vector space was introduced by Peano in
1888. Abstract vector spaces whose elements were functions soon followed.
There was renewed interest in matrices, particularly on the numerical analysis
of matrices, after World War II with the development of modern digital
computers. John von Neumann and Herman Goldstein introduced condition
numbers in analyzing roundoff errors in 1947. Alan Turing and von Neumann
were the 20th century giants in the development of stored-program computers.
Turing introduced the LU decomposition of a matrix in 1948.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study will try to systems of time autonomous system using matrix. An
autonomous differential equation is an equation of the form:
dy
=f ( y)
dt
dy
Let's think of t as indicating time. This equation says that the rate of change dt
of the function y(t) is given by some rule. The rule says that if the current value
is y, then the rate of change is f ( y ).
The equation is called a differential equation. The differential equation is called
autonomous because the rule doesn't care what time t it is. It only cares about
the current value of the variable y .
Given an autonomous differential equation, we'll often want to solve the
dy
equation, which means find a function a y (t ) whose derivative dt is equal
to f ( y ).
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the research work is to examine the application of matrices in
the analysis of time autonomous system. The specific objectives of the study
are:
1. to look at what time autonomous system is all about
2. to determine the law and algebra of matrices
3. to apply matrices in solving differential equation of first and second
order.
4. to investigate the factors affecting the use of matrices to solve time
autonomous system
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study came up with research questions so as to ascertain the above stated
objectives of the study. The research questions for the study are:
1. what is time autonomous system is all about?
2. What are the laws and algebra of matrices?
3. Is the application of matrices in solving differential equation of first and
second order effective?
4. What are the factors affecting the use of matrices to solve time
autonomous system?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study on the application of matrices in the analysis of time autonomous
system will focus on first and second order time autonomous systems of
equations.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A matrix is a rectangular array of rows and columns. For example
( )
4 2
B= 0 3
−2 5
We usually name matrices using letters. This convention lets us easily refer to a
matrix using the letter assigned, here B. The numerical values within a matrix
are called elements or entries of the matrix. A matrix is defined by its order and
it is the number of rows by the number of columns in the matrix. Matrix B is of
order 3 ×2.
There are several types of matrices. some of them are:
Row Matrix: A row matrix is a matrix consisting of 1 row only
e.g. A=¿is a matrix of order 1 ×3
Column Matrix: A column matrix is matrix having only one column.
B=¿
( 3 ¿) ( 2 ¿ ) ¿ ¿
e.g. ¿ is a column matrix of order 3 x 1
Square Matrix: A square matrix is a matrix of order n × n.
Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if not all the
diagonal elements are zero and all non -diagonal elements are 0
( )
2 0 0
A= 0 −5 0
0 0 1
Unit or Identity Matrix: A square matrix is called a unit matrix if all the
diagonal elements are 1 and non -diagonal elements are 0
e.g.
(i) I= 1 0
0 1( )
( )
1 0 0
( ii ) I = 0 1 0
0 0 1
METHODOLOGY
Diagonalization of a matrix is makes it easier to solve an autonomous ODE.
Take for instance the system of differential equations
'
u ( x ) =u ( x ) + v ( x )
'
v ( x )=4 u ( x ) −2 v ( x )
First, we write it in matrix form:
( )( )( )
'
u (x) 1 1 u(x)
=
'
v (x) 4 −2 v ( x )
let Y =
(uv (( xx )))
( )
'
' u (x)
thenY = '
v (x)
The system becomes

'
Y = AY
Where A= ( 14 1
−2 )
If the matrix A is diagonalizable, then it is actually quite easy to solve the
system of differential equations above.
A matrix A is diagonalizable if there exists a matrix P such that D=P−1 AP,
where D is a diagonal matrix.
To solve the system of differential equations
'
Y = AY
(a) We find a matrix P that diagonalizes A . i.e. the matrix P such that
D=P AP , where D is a diagonal matrix.
−1
(b) We make the change of variable

'
Y =PU , Y =PU '
We then have
'
Y = AY
'
P U = APU
' −1
U =P APU
'
U =DU
(c) We solve the system

'
U =DU for U
(d) The solution to the system of differential equation is
Y =PU
REFERENCES
Hsieh, P.F; Xie, F. Asymptotic diagonalization of a linear ordinary differential
system. Kumamoto J. Math. 1994, 7, 27–50.
Bodine, S.; Lutz, D.A. Asymptotic Integration of Differential and Difference
Equations; Lecture Notes in Mathematics Volume 2129; Springer International
Publishing: Basel, Switzerland, 2015.
Kreyszig Erwin (2005): advanced engineering mathematics 8 th edition; john
Wiley and sons publishers, Pte ltd Singapore.

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APPLICATION OF MATRICES IN THE ANALYSIS OF TIME

NAME: OKOROAFOR ESTHER TOCHI

MATRIC NUMBER: 170806128

SUPERVISOR: PROF OLALERU

e.g. A=¿is a matrix of order 1 ×3

Column Matrix: A column matrix is matrix having only one column.

diagonal elements are 1 and non -diagonal elements are 0

First, we write it in matrix form:

The system becomes

(b) We make the change of variable

(c) We solve the system

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