COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

ASSIGNMENT # 2

CSC330 E.Commerce

SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Waqas Qaisrani (SP20-BBA-128)

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Irfan Latif
 Question No. 1
1. What are three different types of cloud computing models that have been
developed?
2. Why is packet switching so essential to the Internet?
3. What are four Internet protocols besides HTTP (the Web) and sending e-mail
(SMTP)?
4. What are the three main phases in the evolution of the Internet? Briefly describe
each.
5. How does virtual reality differ from augmented reality?
6. What is the Internet of Things and how is it being created and enabled?
7. Explain what domain names, URLs, and IP addresses are and provide an example
of each. How are they used when a user is browsing the Web?
8. How does 5G differ from 4G?
9. What are three concerns about the Internet of Things?
10. What is podcasting?

Answer
1. Three Different Types of Cloud Computing Models:
a) Public Cloud: Services and infrastructure are hosted by third-party
providers and shared across multiple organizations. Examples include
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud
Platform.
b) Private Cloud: Services and infrastructure are maintained on a
private network, often within an organization's data center. This model
offers more control and customization but requires higher
maintenance costs.
c) Hybrid Cloud: Combines elements of public and private clouds,
allowing data and applications to be shared between them. It offers
flexibility and scalability while maintaining data security and control.
2. Importance of Packet Switching to the Internet:
 Packet switching is essential to the Internet because it allows data to be
broken down into packets, which are then transmitted independently across a
network. This enables efficient use of network resources, as packets can take
different routes to reach their destination, reducing congestion and
improving reliability. Packet switching also facilitates multiplexing, where
multiple users can share the same communication channel simultaneously,
maximizing network efficiency.
3. Four Internet Protocols Besides HTTP and SMTP:
a) FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a
client and server over a network.
b) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): A suite
of protocols responsible for communication between devices on the
Internet.
c) DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names into IP
addresses, allowing users to access websites using human-readable
addresses.
d) SSH (Secure Shell): Provides secure access to a remote computer
over an unsecured network, typically used for remote administration
and file transfers.
4. Three Main Phases in the Evolution of the Internet:
a) ARPANET Era (1960s-1980s): The Internet began as a research
project funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, aimed at creating
a decentralized communication network. ARPANET, the precursor to
the Internet, was developed during this era.
b) Commercialization and Expansion (1990s-2000s): The Internet
transitioned from a government-funded research network to a
commercial platform accessible to the public. The World Wide Web
(WWW) was invented, leading to the proliferation of websites and
online services.
c) Web 2.0 and Beyond (2000s-Present): The rise of Web 2.0
technologies, such as social media, cloud computing, and mobile
devices, transformed the Internet into an interactive and collaborative
platform. The Internet continues to evolve with emerging
technologies like artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and
blockchain.
5. Difference Between Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented
Reality (AR):
a) Virtual Reality (VR): Immersive technology that creates a simulated
environment, allowing users to interact with and experience a
computer-generated world. Users typically wear a VR headset to
block out the real world and engage with the virtual environment.
b) Augmented Reality (AR): Overlays digital content onto the real-
world environment, enhancing the user's perception of reality. AR
technology is often experienced through smartphones or AR glasses,
which superimpose virtual elements onto the user's view of the
physical world.
6. Internet of Things (IoT) and Its Creation:
 The Internet of Things refers to the network of interconnected devices
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable
them to collect and exchange data. These devices can range from
everyday objects like smart home appliances and wearable devices to
industrial machinery and urban infrastructure.
 IoT is created and enabled through the proliferation of internet-
connected devices, advancements in sensor technology, wireless
communication protocols (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID), and
cloud computing infrastructure. These components allow devices to
communicate, analyze data, and respond intelligently to user inputs or
environmental conditions.
7. Explanation of Domain Names, URLs, and IP Addresses:
 Domain Name: A human-readable name that represents a website's
unique address on the Internet. For example, "google.com" is a
domain name.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A specific web address that
specifies the location of a resource on the Internet. It typically consists
of a protocol (such as HTTP or HTTPS), domain name, and optional
path to the resource. For example,
"https://www.example.com/index.html" is a URL.
 IP Address (Internet Protocol Address): A numerical label assigned
to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. IP addresses serve as unique identifiers
for devices on the Internet. For example, "192.0.2.1" is an IP address.
  When a user browses the web, they enter a domain name or click on a
URL in their web browser. The browser uses DNS to translate the
domain name into an IP address, allowing it to connect to the
corresponding web server and retrieve the requested webpage.
8. Difference Between 5G and 4G:
Speed and Bandwidth: 5G offers significantly faster data speeds and higher
bandwidth compared to 4G, enabling smoother streaming, faster downloads,
and reduced latency.
Capacity: 5G networks can support a larger number of connected devices
simultaneously, making them ideal for IoT applications and dense urban
areas with high user density.
Technology: 5G utilizes advanced technologies such as millimeter-wave
frequencies, massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), and network
slicing to achieve higher performance and efficiency compared to 4G.
9. Concerns About the Internet of Things:
a) Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks and data
breaches due to their interconnected nature and often limited security
measures. Compromised devices can lead to privacy violations,
identity theft, and disruption of critical services.
b) Privacy: IoT devices collect vast amounts of personal data, raising
concerns about user privacy and data protection. Unauthorized access
to sensitive information can result in privacy breaches and
unauthorized surveillance.
c) Interoperability: The lack of standardization and compatibility
among IoT devices and platforms can hinder interoperability and
integration, limiting the potential for seamless communication and
collaboration between devices from different manufacturers.
10. Definition of Podcasting:
Podcasting is a digital media format that involves the production and
distribution of audio or video content, typically in episodic series, for
consumption on portable media players, computers, or mobile devices.
Podcasts cover a wide range of topics, including news, entertainment,
education, and storytelling. Listeners can subscribe to podcasts through
dedicated podcast apps or platforms and download episodes for offline
listening. Podcasting offers a convenient and on-demand alternative to
traditional radio broadcasting, allowing creators to reach a global audience
with niche content.