Hand Out
Hand Out
Hand Out
dy
1. x3 2x
dx
dy 3
2.
dx x
dy
3. 4 cos 6 x
dx
dy 4
4. 2
dx x 1
dy 2
5. 2
dx x 4
dy 3
6. 2
dx x x
dy
7. 3e x when y 6 and x 0
dx
dy
8. 4 sin 2 x when y 2 and x
dx 2
dy
9. x 2 3 e 2 x when y - 1 and x 0
dx
dy
10. 4e 3 x when y 2 and x 0
dx
Elementary Differential Equation
EXAMPLES
D.E ORDER DEGREE TYPE
𝑑𝑦 1 1 Ordinary
𝑎) =𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑖 2 1 Ordinary
𝑏) 2 − 4𝑖 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑐) (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 1 1 Ordinary
𝜕𝑦 𝜕2𝑦 𝜕2𝑦
𝑑) = 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2 2 1 Partial
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑑2𝑤 3 𝑑𝑤
𝑒) ( 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 +𝑤=𝑘 2 3 Ordinary
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓) ( 2 )3 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 2 3 Ordinary
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔) 𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦′)2 = 𝑦 2 1 Ordinary
B) General Solution: The solution to a D.E is said to be general if it contains at least one
arbitrary constants.
The definition of an arbitrary constant is a math term for a quantity that remains the same through the
duration of the problem.
Elementary Differential Equation
One of the ways differential equations are obtained is the elimination of arbitrary constants from the
given general solutions.
Example 1
Eliminate the arbitrary constant of 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2 = 𝑐𝑦
Solution
By differentiation and combination
𝑥𝑦 2 − 2 = 𝑐𝑦
𝑥(2𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 0 = 𝑐𝑑𝑦
2
𝑥(2𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 0 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(𝑥𝑦 2 + 2)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
By isolation of constants
Example 2
Eliminate the arbitrary constants of 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 4
Solution
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 eqn 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴(2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝐵[𝑥(2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2𝑥 (1)]
𝑦 ′ = 2𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 eqn 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦′ + 2𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 eqn 3
Exercises
1. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ + (𝑦′)2 + 1
𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 = 4 + 𝑐𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦" − 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑦" − 2) + 𝑥𝑦′ − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0
Elementary Differential Equation
Separation of Variables
5
For first order differential equation where M and N may be function of both x and y
Solution
1
[𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0] [ ]
𝑦(𝑥+2)
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ (𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦
= ∫0
2 𝑑𝑦
∫ (1 − 𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦
= ∫0
𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛[𝑐𝑦(𝑥 + 2)2 ]
2]
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛[𝑐𝑦(𝑥+2)
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦(𝑥 + 2)2
Elementary Differential Equation
Example 2
Obtain the general solution of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Ans. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 6
Example 3
Determine the particular solution of 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 when x=2 and y=3. 5𝑥 2 = 2(1 + 𝑦 2 )
Suppose that the coefficient M and N in an equation of order one. 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
are both homogeneous functions and are of the same degree in x and y (Theorems 1).
𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
Theorem 1: 𝐼𝑓 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are both homogeneous and of the same degree, the function 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
is homogeneous of degree zero.
Note: Let y = vx, If the number of terms of N is less than the number of terms of M.
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
7
(𝑥 2 − 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
(𝑥 2 − 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1
[𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ ]
(1−𝑣)𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
𝑥
− 1−𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0
𝑥 𝑣−1
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥
+ ∫ (1 + 𝑣−1) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0
𝐼𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑣 + 𝐼𝑛(𝑣 − 1) = 𝐼𝑛𝑐
𝑐
𝑣 = 𝐼𝑛 [𝑥(𝑣−1)]
𝑣 𝑐 𝑦 𝑐
= 𝐼𝑛 [ 𝑦 ] = 𝐼𝑛 [ 𝑦−𝑥 ]
𝑥 𝑥( −1) 𝑥 𝑥( )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛 [ ]
𝑦−𝑥
𝑥
𝑐
𝑒𝑦 =
𝑦−𝑥
𝑦⁄
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 =𝑐
Example 2
Solution
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
[𝑦 2 (2𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ 2 ]
(2𝑣 +1)𝑦 3
Elementary Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
∫ + ∫ 2𝑣 2 +1 𝑑𝑣 = 0 let u = 2𝑣 2 + 1 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑦 8
1 𝑑𝑢
[𝐼𝑛 𝑦 + 𝐼𝑛(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐼𝑛 𝑐1 ] 4 𝑣𝑑𝑣 =
4 4
4 𝐼𝑛 𝑦 + 𝐼𝑛(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 4 𝐼𝑛 𝑐1
𝐼𝑛 𝑦 4 + 𝐼𝑛(2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐼𝑛 𝑐1 4
𝐼𝑛 𝑦 4 (2𝑣 2 + 1) = 𝐼𝑛 𝑐1 4
4(2𝑣 2 +1) 4
𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑐1
𝑥2
𝑦 4 (2 𝑦 2 + 1) = 𝑐
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑦 4 (2 )=𝑐
𝑦2
𝑦 2 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐
1 2 [ 2(1)2 + 12 ] = 𝑐
c =3
𝑠𝑜; 𝑦 2 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 3
integrate
1 7 1
𝑡 + 3 (3)ln(3𝑡 − 1) + 𝑦 = 𝑐1 mult. By 9
3
3𝑡 + 7 ln(3𝑡 − 1) + 9𝑦 = 9𝑐1
substitute 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
3(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 7 ln[3(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 1] + 9𝑦 = 9𝑐1
3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 7 ln(3𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1) = 𝑐 , 9𝑐1 = 𝑐
Elementary Differential Equation
example 2 10
Find the general solution of the equation (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
solution
the two lines are not parallel, equate to zero and solve for x and y (x = 1, y = 2)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ + 2
[(𝑥 ′ + 1) − 2(𝑦 ′ + 2) + 3]𝑑𝑥 ′ + [2(𝑥 ′ + 1) − (𝑦 ′ + 2)]𝑑𝑦 ′ = 0
(𝑥 ′ + 1 − 2𝑦 ′ − 4 + 3)𝑑𝑥 ′ + (2𝑥 ′ + 2 − 𝑦 ′ − 2)𝑑𝑦 ′ = 0
(𝑥 ′ − 2𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 ′ + (2𝑥 ′ − 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑦 ′ = 0 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 ′ = 𝑣𝑥 ′ , 𝑑𝑦 ′ = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑑𝑣
(𝑥 ′ − 2𝑣𝑥 ′ )𝑑𝑥 ′ + (2𝑥 ′ − 𝑣𝑥 ′ )(𝑣𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑑𝑣) = 0 divide by x'
(1 − 2𝑣)𝑑𝑥 ′ + (2 − 𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑑𝑣) = 0
[(1 − 2𝑣) + 𝑣 (2 − 𝑣)]𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥′(2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 2𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 ′ (2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 ′ (2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 ′ 2−𝑣
+ 1−𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥′
by partial fraction
𝑑𝑥 ′ 1/2 3/2
+ 1−𝑣 𝑑𝑣 + 1+𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥′
integrate
1 3 1
𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − 2 ln(1 − 𝑣) + 2 ln(1 + 𝑣) = 2 𝑙𝑛𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 2
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − ln(1 − 𝑣) + 3 ln(1 + 𝑣) = 𝑙𝑛𝑐
𝑦′
𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑣 = 𝑥 ′ )
𝑦′ 𝑦′
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − ln (1 − 𝑥 ′ ) + 3 ln (1 + 𝑥 ′ ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑐
𝑥 ′−𝑦 ′ 𝑥 ′+𝑦 ′
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − ln ( ′ ) + 3 ln ( ′ ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − [ln(𝑥 ′ − 𝑦 ′ ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ ] + 3[ln(𝑥 ′ + 𝑦 ′ ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ ] = 𝑙𝑛𝑐
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ − ln(𝑥 ′ − 𝑦 ′ ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ + 3 ln(𝑥 ′ + 𝑦 ′ ) − 3𝑙𝑛𝑥 ′ = 𝑙𝑛𝑐
EXERCISES
Find the general solution 11
𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 3 ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = 𝑐
b) (6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5 𝑙𝑛(4 − 𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 𝑐
c) (𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 − 3 = (𝑦 − 2)𝑙𝑛𝑐(𝑦 − 2)
d) (𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1)2 = 𝑐(𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2)
e) (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑐 = −6ln(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7)
f) (3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑥 + (6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6)𝑑𝑦 = 0 7𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 18 ln(21𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 12) = 𝑐
Exact Equations
Like the differential equations with homogeneous coefficients of first order and first degree,the exact
equations also have their general equations in the form of: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0. But these can
not be put in the form of 𝐴(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0, where the general solution may be determined by
integration; or it can not be put in the form in which separation of variables may be possible.
∂F
3. Equate the obtained in (2) to N(x, y).
∂y
Example 1
Find the general solution of (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑐
Example 2
Find the particular solution of (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0; when x = 1, y = 1.
Answer 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 2
Elementary Differential Equation
Exercises
Find the general solution 12
1. 3𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 3 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
2. (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 𝑐
1
3. (2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
4. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
5. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
6. (𝑟 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 0 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝑐
2 2 2
7. 2𝑥(3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑐
∂M ∂N 2x
= = (1−xy)3 ∴ exact equation
∂y ∂y
Step 1
∂F
= (1 − xy)−2
∂x
∫ dF = ∫(1 − xy)−2 dx
(1−xy)−1 1
F=[ ] [− ] + C(y)
−1 y
1
F = y(1−xy) + C(y)
Step 2
∂F y(1−xy)(0)−1(1−2xy)
= + C , ′ (y)
∂y y2 (1−xy)2
∂F 2xy−1
= y2 (1−xy)2 + C , ′ (y)
∂y
Step 3
2xy−1 x2
+ C , ′ (y) = y 2 + (1−xy)2
y2 (1−xy)2
Step 4
x2 1−2xy
C , ′ (y) = y 2 + (1−xy)2 +
y2 (1−xy) 2
Elementary Differential Equation
y3 x 1
C(y) = + 1−xy
3 y(1−xy)
Step 5
1 y3 x 1
F= + + −
y(1 − xy) 3 1 − xy y(1 − xy)
y3 x
+ =c
3 1 − xy
1
−2= c
3
5
𝑐=−
3
y3 x 5
[ + + = 0] 3(1 − xy)
3 1 − xy 3
xy 4 − y 3 + 5xy − 3x − 5 = 0
Step 1
∂F
= M(x, y)
∂x
∂F
= (y 2 − x)ex
∂x
𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑦)
Step 2
∂F
= 2yex + C ′ (y)
∂y
Step 3
∂F
= N(x, y)
∂x
2yex + C ′ (y) = 2yex
C ′ (y) = 0
Step 4
C(y) = c
Step 5
F=c y 2 − x + 1 = ce−x
Elementary Differential Equation
Example 4
Find the general solution of ydx − (x + 6y 2 )dy = 0 Ans. x − 6y 2 = cy 15
ydx − (x + 6y 2 )dy = 0
∂M ∂N
= 1 = −1 ∴ not exact
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
− 1+1 2
∂y ∂x
k(y) = = k(y) = y
M y
2
− ∫( )dy 2
i. f. = e∫ k(y)dy = e y = e−2In y = eIn y = y −2
yy −2 dx − (x + 6y 2 )y −2 dy = 0
y −1 dx − (xy −2 + 6)dy = 0
∂M ∂N
= −y −2 = −y −2
∂y ∂x
∴ exact
Step 1
∂f
∂x
= M(x, y)
∂f
= y −1
∂x
F = xy −1 + T(y)
Step 2
∂f
= −xy 2 + C ′ (y)
∂y
Step 3
∂f
= N(x, y)
∂y
−xy −2 + C ′ (y) = −xy −2 − 6
C′(y) = -6
Step 4
C(y) = −6
Step 5
F=c
xy −1 − 6y = c
x − 6y 2 = cy
Find the integrating factor that is a function of x or y alone and use it to find the general solution of the
differential equation.
1. (2𝑥 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
2
2. (5𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑐x
3. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐
2 ( )
4. 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
5. 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 2𝑥√𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑦 = 𝑐
3 2 3)
( ) (
6. −2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 1
7. 2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑦
Elementary Differential Equation
An equation that is linear and of order one in the dependent variable y must by definition be of the
dy
form: + P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
1
[2(y − 4x 2 )dx + xdy = 0] [ ]
xdx
2(y−4x2 ) dy
+ dx = 0
x
dy 2
+ (x) y − 8x = 0
dx
dy 2
+ (x) y − 8x2
dx
2
P(x) = x Q(x) = 8x
2 2
i. f. = e∫ P(x)dx = e∫xdx = e2In x = eIn x = x 2
yx 2 = ∫ x 2 (8x)dx + c
x 2 y = 2x 4 + c
Elementary Differential Equation
Example 2
Find the general solution of ydx + (3x − xy + 2)dy = 0; Ans. xy 3 = 2(y 2 + 2y + 2) + cey 17
Bernoulli's Equation
General Form
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
Bernoulli's Equation
dy dx
+ P(x)y = Q(x)y n or + P(y)x = Q(y)x n
dx dy
General Solution
ze∫ p(x)dx = ∫ e∫ p(x)dx q(x)dx + c ze∫ p(y)dy = ∫ e∫ p(y)dy q(y)dy + c
where: e∫ p(x)dx = is the integrating factor where: e∫ p(y)dy = is the integrating factor
Elementary Differential Equation
Example 18
Find the general solution of y(6y 2 − x − 1)dx + 2xdy = 0 2
Ans. x = x = y (6 + ce −x
1
[y(6y 2 x 1)dx + 2xdy = 0] [ ]
xdx
y(6y2 −x−1) dy
+ dx = 0
2x
dy x+1 3
− y + x y3 = 0
dx 2x
dy x+1 3
− ( 2x ) y = (− x) y 3
dx
x+1 x+1 1
p(x) = (1 − n)P(x) = (1 − 3) (− )= =1+x
2x x
3 6
q(x) = (1 − n)Q(x) = (1 − 3) (− x ) = x
1
i. f. = e∫ p(x)dx = e∫(1+x)dx = ex+In x = ex eIn x = xex
𝑥 6
𝑦 −2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
[𝑦 −2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ]𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑦 2 (6 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 )
ma = Fnet
dv dv
a= a = v ds
dt
dv dv
m dt = Fnet mv ds = Fnet
Example
A motor boat and its load weigh 483 lb. Assume that the propeller force is constant and equal to 24 lb.
Water resistance is numerically equal to 1.5 v lb, where v is the speed at any instant in ft/s. If the boat
starts from rest, determine the speed and the distance traveled at the end of 10 s.
v = 10.11 ft/s; s = 58.79 ft.
ma = Fnet
dv
a = dt
dv
m dt = Fnet
W dv
= Fnet
g dt
483 dv
= 24 − 1.5 v
32.2 dt
dv
15 dt = 1.5(16 − 𝑣)
dv
10 dt = (16 − 𝑣)
dv dt
= 10
(16−v)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
∫ (16−𝑣) − ∫ 10 = ∫ 0
t
−In(16 − v) − 10 = c
Elementary Differential Equation
BC1: t = 0 v = 0
c = - ln 16 20
BC2: t = 10 v = ?
10
-ln(16 − v) − 10 |= − ln 16
v = 10.11 ft/s
dv
mv ds = Fnet
dv
15v = 1.5(16 − v)
ds
1
vdv ds
= -v + 16 v
16−v 10
- (v - 16)
16 ds
∫ (−1 + 16−v) dv − ∫ 10 = ∫ 0 16
s
-v - 16 ln(16 − v) − 10 = c
BC1: v = 0 s=0
c = -16 ln 16
BC2: v = 10.11 s=?
s
10.11 + 16 ln 16 (16 − 10.11) − = −16 ln 16
10
s = 58.79 ft
Exercises
1. A body falls from rest. If the resistance of the air is proportional to the speed, and if the limiting
speed is 160 ft/s, find the speed at the end of 5 seconds. 101.15 ft/s
2. A 4-lb moves in a straight line on horizontal plane whose coefficient of friction is 1/4. The air
resistance amounts to v 2 /16. The force acting upon the body is 4 lb, if v = 0 when s = 4 ft. Find v
when s = 12 ft. Use g = 32 ft/s 2 6.91 ft/s
3. Rework number 3, however, the force acting upon the body is 4s lb. 26.83 ft/s
4. A skater weighing 160 lb allows himself to be blown along by the wind. The coefficient of
friction is 1/40 and the pressure upon him amounts to 2(30-v) lb. If v = 14 ft/s at t = 0, find v at t
= 2 sec. 21.73 ft/s
5. A boy and sled together weigh 80 lb. They coast down a hill whose slope is 5/12 and on which
the coefficient of friction is 13/480. The air resistance amounts to v/13. Find v when t = 2 sec., if
v = 0 at = 0. 22.46 ft/s
6. A ball weighing 1 lb is dropped from a great height. The air resistance amounts to v/32.2 lb.
Find v when s = 5 ft, if v = 0 when s = 0.
7. A certain particle weighs 8 lb as it sinks in the water its weight forces it downward. Its buoyancy
amounts to 4 lb and water resistance is v 2 . Find s at v = 1.5 ft/s, when v = 0,
s = 0. 0.1027 ft.
Elementary Differential Equation
Consider
It must be realized that the formula vE = √2𝑔𝑅 applies equally well for the velocity of escape
from the other members of the solar system as long as the R and g are given their appropriate
values.
1.) Determine the velocity of escape ( in km/hr) of a certain planet whose diameter is 4 x 1012
km and an acceleration due to gravity at its surface equal to 29 m/s 2.
We assume that the rate of cooling is equal to the rate of heating. (k cooling = k heating )
Example
A thermometer reading is 18°F is brought into a room where the temperature is 70°F; a minute
later, the thermometer reading is 31°F. Determine temperature reading 5 minutes after the
thermometer is first brought into the room. 58°F
dT
= k (Tm − T)
dt
dT
= k (70 − T)
dt
dT
= kdt
(70−T)
dT
∫ (70−T) − k ∫ dt = ∫ 0
- ln(70 − T) − kt = c
BC1: t = 0 T = 18
- ln(70 − 18) − k(0) = c
c = - ln 52
BC2: t = 1 T = 31
- ln(70 − 31) − k(1) = - ln 52
k = 0.2877/min
BC3: t = 5 T=?
- ln(70 − T) − 0.2877(5) = - ln 52
T = 57.66°F
Exercises
1. The temperature of air is 30°C, and the substance cools from 100°C to 70°C in 15
minutes. Find t when the temperature will be 40°C. 52.20 min
2. The body of a murder victim was discovered at 11 PM. At 11:30 PM the victim's body
temperature was measured to be 94.60°F. After 1 hour the body temperature was
93.4°F. The room where the body was found was at a constant temperature of 70°F.
Assuming that normal human body temperature is 37°C, when was the approximate
time of death? 8:30 PM
Elementary Differential Equation
3. At 1:00 PM, a thermometer reading 70°F is taken outside where the air temperature is -
10°F. At 1:02 PM, the reading is 26°F. At 1:05 PM, the thermometer is taken back 23
indoors, where the air is 70°F. What is the temperature reading at 1:09 PM?
56°F
4. At 9:00 AM, a thermometer reading 70°F is taken outdoors, where the temperature is
15°F. At 9:05 AM, the thermometer reading is 45°F. At 9:10 AM, the thermometer is
taken back indoors, where the temperature is fixed at 70°F. Find the reading at 9:20 AM.
58.5°F
5. At 2:00 PM, a thermometer reading 80°F is taken outside where the air temperature is
20°F. At 2:03 PM, the temperature reading yielded by the thermometer is 42°F. Later,
the thermometer is brought inside, where the air is at 80°F. At 2:10 PM, the reading is
71°F. When was the thermometer brought indoors?
2:05 PM
6. An 8-lb metal has a specific heat of 1/32, while at a temperature of 308°F. It is dropped
into 11 lb of water of which the temperature is 53°F. Find T at t = 16 min, if T = 200°F at t
= 10 min. 159.2°F
1. Radium decomposes at the rate proportional to the amount present. If 50 mg now will
be 48 mg one century later, find the amount of radium after t centuries. How many
centuries will elapse before radium will weigh 45 mg? 2.58 centuries
2. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hr. How long it takes for 90% of the
radioactivity to be dissipated? 126 hrs
3. One-fourth of a substance is converted at the end of 10 seconds, find the time when
nine-tenths of the substance will be converted. 80 s
4. Radium decomposes at the rate proportional to the quantity of radium present. After 25
years approximately 1.1% of a certain amount of radium has decomposed. How long will
it take for one-half of the original amount of radium to decompose? 1566.68 yrs
Growth
1. In 1950, the population of a country was 20 M. In 1970, these were 42 M. How many
will there be in 2012?
2. The number of bacteria in yeast culture grows at a rate which is proportional to the
number of bacteria present. If the bacteria count in the culture is doubled in 3 hrs and at
the end of 20 hrs, the count is 1 million. How many bacteria in the count initially?
3. In 10 years the population of a country will be 45,000, 8 years more it will be 57,000,
how many people in there at the beginning?
Elementary Differential Equation
Compound Interest
1. Ten thousand pesos are invested at 24% per annum what will be the amount after 20 years. 24
2. 5 thousand pesos was invested at the rate of 20% per annum, how many years will it to earn
500 thousand pesos?
where:
x = is the amount of salt any time t.
mass of solute kg lb lb
Cin = concentration of the influent = volume of solution , ,
m3 ft3 gal
Example
A tank contains initially 200 ft 3 of the salt solution whose concentration is 1⁄2 lb⁄ft 3 . Water enters
the tank at the rate of 2 ft 3 per min and the solution flows out at the rate of 4 ft 3 per min. Find the
amount of salt after 10 minutes. 81 lb
dx
= CIn R In − Cout R out
dt
dx x
= (0)(2) − [200+(2−4)t] (4)
dt
dx 4x
= 2(100−t)
dt
dx 2dt
= (100−t)
x
𝑑𝑥 2dt
∫ + ∫ (100−t) = ∫ 0
𝑥
Inx - 2In (100-1) = c
lb
BC1: t=0 x = (200 ft 3 ) (0.5 ft3 ) = 100 lb
c = -4.61
BC1: t=0 𝑥=?
In x - 2In(100 - 10) = -4.61
X = 80.61 lb
Elementary Differential Equation
Exercises 25
1. A tank initially contains 100 gal of brine whose salt concentration is 1/2 lb/gal. Brine whose salt
concentration is 2 lb/gal flows into the tank at the rate of 3 gpm. The mixture flows out at the
rate of 2 gpm. Find the salt content of brine at the end of 30 minutes. 171 lb
2. A tank contains 200 gallons of fresh water. Brine containing 2 lbs/gal of salt enters the tank at 4
gpm and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, runs out of at 3 gpm. Find the amount of salt in the
tank after 30 minutes. 197 lb
3. A tank contains initially 200 ft 3 of salt solution with salt content of 1/3 lb/ft 3 . Pure water flows
in at the rate of 1 ft 3 /min and the solution is kept uniform through constant stirring. If the solution
flows out at the rate of 2 ft 3 per min, find the salt content at the end of 4 mins. 63.83 lb
4. A tank initially contains 200 gallons of salt solution whose concentration is 1/4 lb/gal. A solution
with salt content of 4 lb/gal flows into the tank at the rate of 5 gpm. The mixture is kept uniform by
constant stirring and flows out at the rate of 4 gpm. Find the salt content of the solution at the end
40 minutes. 598.31 lb
simple circuit
1.) A resistor of 10Ω and an inductor of L = 2 H and a battery of E volts are connected in series
with a switch. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the current i = 0. Find i for t>0 if:
a) E = 40
b) E = 20e-3t
c) E = 50sin5t
E L
SW
2.) A resistor of 5Ω and a condenser C =0.02 F are connected in series with a battery of E = 100
V. If at t = 0 , current i = 0 and the initial charge q of the condenser is 5C. Find I and q at t>0
?
Elementary Differential Equation
26
R
E C
3.) A resistor of 8Ω and an inductor of L = 0.5 H and a battery of E volts are connected in series
with a switch. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the current i = 0. Find i for t>0 if:
a) E = 64
b) E = 64sin8t
c) E = 8te-16t
d) E = 32e-8t
4.) A resistor of 20Ω and a capacitor of C = 0.05 F and a battery of E volts are connected in
series. At t = 0 , i = 0 and q = 0. Find i and q for t>0 if:
a) E = 60
b) E = 100te-2t
c) E = 100cos2t
Based on the given differential equation, an auxiliary equation is obtained, by putting R(x) = 0, that
is, f(m) = 0, where m , is any root of f(m) = 0.
Then the general solution is determined based on the type of roots obtained from the auxiliary
equation.
Elementary Differential Equation
27
Nature of Roots General Solution
Discriminant
is the most important part of the quadratic functions when we talk about the nature of its roots.
Given a quadratic equation: y = ax 2 + bx + c , discriminant (D) can be defined mathematically as
D = b2 − 4ac.
B. Variation of Parameters
𝑦2 𝑅(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑊
𝑦1 𝑦2
Where: 𝑊 = |𝑦′ |
1 𝑦′2 = 𝑦1 𝑦′2 − 𝑦′1 𝑦2
Example:
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 𝑒 𝑥
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 1,1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑅(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −4 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 |
𝑊=| 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑅(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑊
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −4𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −3 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2 − 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2 = 6 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2
−2 −3
1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 6 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2
Elementary Differential Equation
APPLICATION
1. An inductor of 2 H, resistor of 16Ω and capacitor 0f 0.02 F are connected in series with a
battery of E = 100sin3t Volts. At t = 0, the current in the circuit and the charge in the
capacitor are zero. Find the current and charge at t >0.