RWDI Project 1501902 - Vincom Landmark Tower - Final Cladding Rep...

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1311
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Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc.

650 Woodlawn Road West
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
N1K 1B8
Vincom Landmark Tower

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Final Report
Cladding Wind Load Study
RWDI # 1501902
March 14, 2016
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Le Hai Quang Aleena Elizabeth Biju

General Director Technical Coordinator
VINGROUP [email protected]
Vincom Construction Management Company No.6
Level 2, T5, Times City, Hai Ba Trung District, Anusree Sushama
Honoi, Vietnam Technical Coordinator
[email protected] [email protected]
Kelvin Wong, Mphil, MHKIE, R.P.E.

Regional Manager / Consultant
[email protected]
Mark Chatten, MICE, C.Eng., P.E.

Principal / Senior Consultant
[email protected]
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privileged and/or confidential. If you have received this in error, please notify us immediately.
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Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
RWDI#1501902
March 14, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
2. WIND TUNNEL TESTS ........................................................................................................................ 1
2.1 Study Model and Surroundings ..................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Upwind Profiles ............................................................................................................................. 2
3. WIND CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................... 2
4. DETERMINING CLADDING WIND LOADS FROM WIND TUNNEL TEST RESULTS ...................... 3
5. RECOMMENDED CLADDING DESIGN WIND LOADS ...................................................................... 4
6. APPLICABILITY OF RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 4
6.1 The Proximity Model ..................................................................................................................... 4
6.2 Study Model .................................................................................................................................. 4
Table
Table 1a: Drawing List for 1:400 Scale Model Construction
Table 1b: Drawing List for 1:100 Scale Model Construction
Figures
Figure 1a: Wind Tunnel Study Model – Configuration 1
Figure 1b: Wind Tunnel Study Model – Configuration 2
Figure 1c: Wind Tunnel Study Model – 1:100 Scale Model
Figure 2: Site Plan
Figure 3: Directional Distribution of Local Wind Speeds
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design, Peak Negative Pressures

Figure 4a & 4b : North Elevation
Figure 5a & 5b : West Elevation
Figure 6a & 6b : South Elevation
Figure 7a & 7b : East Elevation
Figure 8 : Roof Plan
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design, Peak Positive Pressures

Figure 9a & 9b : North Elevation
Figure 10a & 10b: West Elevation
Figure 11a & 11b: South Elevation
Figure 12a & 12b: East Elevation
Figure 13 : Roof Plan
Appendix
Appendix A: Wind Tunnel Procedures
Vincom Landmark Tower- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
RWDI#1501902
March 14, 2016
Page 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI) was retained by VINGROUP to study the wind loading on the
proposed Vincom Landmark Tower in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The objective of this study was to
determine the wind loads for design of the exterior envelope of the building.
The following table summarizes relevant information about the design team, results of the study and the
governing parameters:
Project Details:
Architect Atkins
Structural Engineer ARUP Vietnam Limited of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Key Results and Recommendations:
Recommended Cladding Design Wind Loads
Negative Pressures Figures 4a to 8
Positive Pressures Figures 9a to 13
Range of Negative Pressures -1.75 kPa to -4.75 kPa
Range of Positive Pressures +1.25 kPa to +3.75 kPa
Selected Analysis Parameters:
Internal Pressures
Corner Units +0.3 kPa, -0.6 kPa
Non-corner Units 0.3 kPa
Non-glazed Horizontal Roof Areas 0.3 kPa
Design Wind Pressure per Vietnamese Standard TCVN 2
99.6 daN/m
2737:1995
Importance Factor on Wind Pressure 1.0
The wind tunnel test procedures met or exceeded the requirements set out in Section 6.6 of the ASCE 7-
05 Standard. The following sections outline the test methodology for the current study, and discuss the
results and recommendations. Appendix A provides additional background information on the testing and
analysis procedures for this type of study. For detailed explanations of the procedures and underlying
theory, refer to RWDI’s Technical Reference Document - Wind Tunnel Studies for Buildings (RD2-
2000.1), which is available upon request.
2. WIND TUNNEL TESTS

2.1 Study Model and Surroundings
A 1:400 scale model of the proposed development was constructed using the architectural drawings listed
in Table 1b. The model was instrumented with pressure taps and was tested in the presence of all
surroundings within a full-scale radius of 460 m, in RWDI’s 2.4 m  2.0 m boundary layer wind tunnel
facility in Guelph, Ontario for the following test configurations:
Configuration 1 – Proposed development with existing and in-construction surroundings.
Configuration 2 – Proposed development with existing, in-construction and future surroundings.
RWDI#1501902
March 14, 2016
Page 2
To obtain further refinement at the top of the tower, a 1:100 scale model was constructed of the crown
(L78 and above) using the architectural drawings listed in Table 1b. The large scale model was
instrumented and tested in the same facility.
The cladding wind loads presented in this report are a result of combining the data from the two 1:400
scale model test configurations and the 1:100 scale model into a consolidated set of cladding design wind
loads.
Photographs of the 1:400 scale model in the boundary layer wind tunnel are shown in Figures 1a and 1b,
corresponding to test configurations 1 and 2, respectively. Photographs of the 1:100 scale model in the
boundary layer wind tunnel are shown in Figure 1c. An orientation plan showing the location of the study
site is given in Figure 2.
2.2 Upwind Profiles

Beyond the modeled area, the influence of the upwind terrain on the planetary boundary layer was
simulated in the testing by appropriate roughness on the wind tunnel floor and flow conditioning spires at
the upwind end of the working section for each wind direction. This simulation, and subsequent analysis
of the data from the model, was targeted to represent suburban (i.e., terrain with many low to mid-rise
buildings) upwind terrain. Wind direction is defined as the direction from which the wind blows, measured
clockwise from true north.
3. WIND CLIMATE
In order to predict the full-scale wind pressures acting on the building as a function of return period, the
wind tunnel data were combined with a statistical model of the local wind climate. The wind climate model
was based on local surface wind measurements taken at Tan Son Nhat International Airport and a
computer simulation of hurricanes. The hurricane simulation was provided by Applied Research
Associates, Raleigh, NC using the Monte Carlo Technique. Over 100,000 years of tropical storms were
simulated to account for the variability of hurricane wind speed with direction.
Figure 3 shows a comparison of strength and directionality of the typhoon, thunderstorm and extra-
tropical (i.e., non- typhoon, non-thunderstorm) wind climates for Ho Chi Minh City. The typhoon data is
adapted from the typhoon computer simulation while the thunderstorm wind climate data were isolated
from the local surface wind measurements by filtering out “thunder days” from the local surface wind
measurements. An hourly record is considered part of a thunderstorm event if it falls within a thunder day
– thus, not all hourly thunderstorm records have an associated thunderstorm flag. Finally, the extra-
tropical wind climates are any wind measurements that are not thunderstorm or typhoon records. These
plots are illustrative only and are not to be used directly for predictions of wind loads.
The upper two plots show the directionality of common winds on the left and extreme winds on the right.
Since hurricanes are extreme events, they are only included on the right plot. It can be seen that for the
extreme events, the winds from the west are the strongest, with a secondary lobe for winds from the
south-southeast. The lower plot shows the wind speeds from each data set as a function of return period.
RWDI#1501902
March 14, 2016
Page 3
It is clear from the plot that the common events (i.e., lower return periods) are dictated by the extra-
tropical winds whereas at longer return periods, the hurricanes generate the most significant wind speeds
for strength design.
For the wind loading predictions for the strength design, the wind climate model was scaled to match the
design wind speed at the 50-year return period, using a 3-second gust wind speed of 40.3 m/s at a height
of 10 m in an open terrain, which is consistent with a 50-year return period reference wind pressure of
99.6 daN/m2. This pressure was derived based on the methodology provided in the Vietnamese Standard
TCVN 2737:1995; the nominal 95 daN/m² basic wind pressure (20-year return period) for the Ho Chi Minh
City (Region II.A), was first reduced by 12 daN/m² because Region II.A belongs to the "weak typhoon
region", and then multiplied by the wind load reliability coefficient of 1.2 to convert it to a 50-year return
period design wind pressure (99.6 daN/m2).
4. DETERMINING CLADDING WIND LOADS FROM WIND

TUNNEL TEST RESULTS
For design of cladding elements, the net wind load acting across an element must be considered. The
results provided in this report include the contributions of the wind loads acting on both the external
surface (measured directly on the scale model during the wind tunnel test) and internal surface of the
element (determined through analytical methods and the wind tunnel test data).
For elements exposed to wind on the external surface only, an internal pressure allowance must be
applied to the measured external pressure in order to determine the net pressure applicable for design.
In strong winds, the internal pressures are dominated by air leakage effects. Important sources of air
leakage include uniformly distributed small leakage paths over the building’s envelope and larger leakage
paths. These larger leakage paths include window breakage due to airborne debris in a windstorm and
open doors or windows, in cases where they are operable.
Taking into consideration the potential for breakage or an opening occurring and considering the internal
compartmentalization of the building, the resulting internal pressure allowance values used for corner
units were +0.3 kPa and -0.6 kPa, and ±0.3 kPa for the non-corner units including non-glazed horizontal
roof surfaces.
To obtain the net peak negative pressure on the building's cladding, the negative exterior pressures were
augmented by an amount equal to the positive internal pressure. Likewise, the net peak positive
pressures were obtained by augmenting the exterior positive pressure by an amount equal to the
magnitude of the negative internal pressure.
For elements exposed to wind on opposite surfaces such as parapets, fins and canopies, the net
pressure acting on the element was determined by measuring the instantaneous pressure difference
across the element.
RWDI#1501902
March 14, 2016
Page 4
5. RECOMMENDED CLADDING DESIGN WIND LOADS

It is recommended that the wind loads presented in Figures 4a through 13 be considered for the 50-year
return period. The drawings in these figures have been zoned using 0.5 kPa increments so that the
pressure indicated is the maximum pressure in that particular zone. For example, a 2.25 kPa zone would
have pressures ranging from 1.76 kPa to 2.25 kPa.
Note that the recommended wind loads are for cladding design for resistance against wind pressure,
including an allowance for internal pressures. Design of the cladding to the provided wind loads will not
necessarily prevent breakage due to impact by wind borne debris.
"Negative pressure" or suction is defined to act outward normal to the building's exterior surface and
"positive pressure" acts inward. The largest recommended negative cladding wind load was -4.75 kPa,
which occurred on the North, West and East Elevations (Figures 4b, 5b and 7b, respectively). The
majority of the negative wind loads were in the range of -2.25 kPa to -2.75 kPa. The largest
recommended positive cladding wind load was +3.75 kPa, which occurred on the top of the spire on the
West and East Elevations (Figures 10b and 12b). The majority of the positive wind loads were in the
range of +1.75 kPa to +2.25 kPa.
6. APPLICABILITY OF RESULTS
6.1 The Proximity Model
The cladding design wind loads determined by the wind tunnel tests and aforementioned analytical
procedures are applicable to the particular configurations of surroundings modeled. The surroundings
model used for the wind tunnel tests reflected the current state of development at the time of testing and
include, where appropriate, known off-site structures expected to be completed in the near future. If, at a
later date, additional buildings besides those considered in the tested configurations are constructed or
demolished near the project site, then some load changes could occur. To make some allowance for
possible future changes in surroundings, our final recommended cladding design wind loads do not go
below a minimum of ±1.75 kPa, with the exception of a +1.25 kPa minimum on the non-glazed horizontal
roof areas. Note that the cladding design wind loads provided in this report are given with the
understanding that all horizontal roof surfaces are non-glazed. If this is not the case then RWDI
should be contacted.
6.2 Study Model

The results presented in this report pertain to the scale model of the proposed development, constructed
using the architectural information listed in Tables 1a and 1b. Should there be any design changes that
deviate substantially from the above information, the results for the revised design may differ from those
presented in this report. Therefore, if the design changes, RWDI should be contacted and requested to
review the impact on the wind loads.
Employee Job Title
TABLES
Page A1 of 1
TABLE 1A: DRAWING LIST FOR 1:400 SCALE MODEL

CONSTRUCTION
The drawings and information listed below were received from Atkins and were used to construct the
scale model of the proposed Vincom Landmark Tower, Vietnam. Should there be any design changes
that deviate from this list of drawings, the results may change. Therefore, if changes in the design area
made, it is recommended that RWDI be contacted and requested to review their potential effects on wind
conditions.
Date Received
File Name File Type
(dd/mm/yyyy)
ATK-VINGROUP-COMBINED MODEL-20150515.3dm Rhino file 16/05/2015
Page A1 of 1
TABLE 1B: DRAWING LIST FOR 1:100 SCALE MODEL

CONSTRUCTION
The drawings and information listed below were received from Atkins and were used to construct the
scale model of the proposed Vincom Landmark Tower, Vietnam. Should there be any design changes
that deviate from this list of drawings, the results may change. Therefore, if changes in the design area
made, it is recommended that RWDI be contacted and requested to review their potential effects on wind
conditions.
Date Received
File Name File Type
(dd/mm/yyyy)
VINC-ATK-Z0-XX-M3-A-0000.rvt revit file 27/08/15
ATKINS 3D MODEL View03.jpg JPEG Bitmap 6/10/2015
151014 Feed back from Client/20151013_Comments.zip zip file 14/10/15
Employee Job Title
FIGURES
Wind Tunnel Study Model Figure No. 1a
Configuration 1
Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Project #1501902 Date: Nov. 26, 2015
Wind Tunnel Study Model Figure No. 1b
Configuration 2
Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Project #1501902 Date: Nov. 26, 2015
Wind Tunnel Study Model Figure No. 1c
1:100 Scale Model
Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Project #1501902 Date: March 11, 2016
N N
350 45 10 350 45 10
340 20 340 20
330 40 30 330 40 30
320 40 320 35 40
35
310 30 50 310 30 50
25 25
300 60 300 60
20 20
290 70 290 15 70
15
10 10
280 80 280 80
5 5
W 0 E W 0 E
260 100 260 100
250 110 250 110
240 120 240 120
230 130 230 130
220 140 220 140

210 150 210 150
200 160 200 160
190 170 190 170
S S
Common Winds Design Winds
60.0
50.0
40.0
Wind Speed
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Mean Recurrence Interval (years)
Extra-Tropical Typhoon Extra-Tropical + Typhoon TCVN 2737:1995 Design Wind Speed
Note: Wind Speeds shown are 3-second Gust Wind Speeds (m/s) at 10 m height in Open Terrain
Directional Distribution of Local Wind Speeds Figure No. 3
Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Project #1501902 Date: November 26, 2015
N Note:
The wind loads presented do not contain load or safety factors. The loads are to
be applied to the building's cladding system in the same manner as would wind
loads calculated by building code analytical methods.
Key Plan
B18 B16 B14 B12
3.75 A1
L50 MATCHLINE A
L49 3.75 Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)

4.25
3.25
3.75
L48
2.75
3.25
3.25
L47
L46
L45
3.25
L44
L43
L42
L41
L40
2.75
2.75
L38
L37
L36
L35
L34
L33
3.25 2.75
L32
L31
SEE WEST ELEVATION
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L30
L29
3.25
L28
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
L21
L20 2.25
L19
L18
L17
L16
L15
2.25
L14
L13
L12
L11 2.25
L10
L9
B10 B8
L8
L7
2.75 2.75
L6
L5
1.75
L4
1.75
1.75 2.25
L3
1.75 2.25 2.75

L2 2.25
2.25
1.75 1.75
L1
SURFACE A1 0 10 30m
NORTH ELEVATION
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) Drawn by: JMS Figure: 4a
Peak Net Negative Pressures
(Negative External Pressure with Positive Internal Pressure Where Applicable)
50 - Year Reference Wind Pressure = 99.6 daN/m2, Importance factor = 1.0
Approx. Scale: 1:750
Vincom Landmark Tower - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Project #1501902 Date Revised: Mar. 14, 2016
N Note:
B18 B16 B14 B12
A2
Key Plan SPIRE
Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)
3.25
2.75
3.25
ROOF LVL
L81 SEE NORTH

ELEVATION - CROWN
2.75
L80
L79
L78 2.75
3.25
3.25
L77 3.25
3.75
2.25
2.75
3.75
L76 2.75 SURFACE A2
3.75 3.75
L75
3.75
4.75 3.25
3.25
L74 3.25 2.75
L73 3.25
L72 4.75
3.25
L71
4.25
NORTH ELEVATION - CROWN
L70 3.75
L69 3.75
L68
3.25
L67
SEE WEST ELEVATION
L65
L64
L63
3.25
L62
L61 2.75
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L60
L59
3.25
L57
2.75
L56
L55
3.25
L54
L53
L52
3.75
L51
3.75
L50
MATCHLINE A
NORTH ELEVATION 3.75 0 10 30m
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) Drawn by: JMS Figure: 4b
Note:
Key Plan
A16 A14 A12 A10
L50 MATCHLINE B
L49
3.25
2.25
L48
2.75
L47
Isometric View of Building

2.75
L46
3.25
L45
L44
3.25
L43
L42
L41
L40
L38
L37
L36
L35
L34
2.75
L33
2.25
L32
2.75
L31
L30
L29
L28
L27
L26
3.25
L25
L24
3.25
L23
L22
L21
L20
L19
L18
L17
L16
L15
L14
2.75 2.25
L13
L12
2.25
L11
3.25
L10
L9
A18 A8 A6
L8
L7
2.75
L6
L5
2.75
L4 2.25 2.75
2.75
L3
SEE NORTH
ELEVATION
1.75 2.75
L2 1.75 1.75 2.25
2.25 2.25
L1
0 10 30m
WEST ELEVATION
Note:
W
A16 A14 A12 A10
B1
SPIRE SPIRE
Key Plan
Key Plan of Wall Surface (B)
3.25
3.75
ROOF LVL ROOF LVL
L81 L81
3.25
L80 L80
SEE WEST
L79 L79 ELEVATION - CROWN
2.75
L78 L78
L77 L77 3.25

4.25
L76 L76
2.75
3.75
3.75
L75 L75 2.25
4.75
3.75
3.25
SURFACE B1
L74 L74
L73 L73 3.75

3.25
4.25
L72 L72
L71 L71
4.75
L70 L70
3.75 WEST ELEVATION - CROWN
L69 L69
L68 L68
3.75
L67 L67
2.75
L65 L65
L64 L64
L63 L63
L62 L62
L61 L61
L60 L60
L59 L59
3.25
L57 L57
2.75
L56 L56
L55 L55
3.25
L54 L54
L53 L53
L52 L52
2.25
L51 L51
L50 L50
MATCHLINE B
WEST ELEVATION
0 10 30m
Note:
Key Plan S
C1
B12 B14 B16 B18
L50 L50 MATCHLINE C
L49
3.25 Key Plan of Wall Surface (C)

L48
2.75
2.75
L47
2.75
2.75
L46
L45
3.25
L44
L43
L42
3.25
L41
L40
L38
L37
L36
2.25
L35
2.75
L34
L33
2.75
L32
L31
SEE EAST ELEVATION
SEE WEST ELEVATION
L30
L29
L28
2.75
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
3.25
L21
L20
2.75
L19
L18
L17 2.25
L16 2.75
L15
L14
L13
L12
3.25 2.25
L11
L10 2.75
L9
B8 B10
L8
L7
L6
1.75
L5
2.75
L4
1.75
2.75
L3
2.75
L2
2.25 1.75
2.25 1.75
2.25
2.25 SURFACE C1
L1
SEE EAST 0 10 30m
SOUTH ELEVATION ELEVATION
Note:
B12 B14 B16 B18
C2
SPIRE
Key Plan S
Key Plan of Wall Surface (C)
3.25
ROOF LVL
L81
2.75
L80
SEE SOUTH
L79 ELEVATION - CROWN
2.25
L78
3.25
L77
2.25 2.75
SURFACE C2
3.25
L76
3.75
4.25
3.75
L75
2.25
3.75
3.25
3.25
L74
3.25
L73
L72
L71
3.75
L70
SOUTH ELEVATION - CROWN
L69
L68
L67
L65 3.25
SEE WEST ELEVATION
L64
L63
L62
L61
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L60
2.75
L59
2.75
L57
3.25
L56
L55
L54
L53
L52
L51
L50
MATCHLINE C
SOUTH ELEVATION
0 10 30m
Note:
Key Plan
D1
A10 A12 A14 A16
L50 MATCHLINE D
L49
Key Plan of Wall Surface (D)

L48 3.75
2.75
L47
3.25
L46
3.25
L45
L44
3.25
L43
L42
L41
L40
L38
L37
L36
2.75
L35
L34
L33
L32
L31
L30
L29
2.75
L28
L27
L26 2.25 2.25

L25
L24
L23
L22
L21
L20
L19
L18
L17
L16
L15
L14
L13 2.25
L12
L11
2.75
L10
L9
A6 A8 A18
L8
L7
L6 2.75
1.75
L5 2.25
1.75 1.75
L4
SURFACE D1 2.25
L3
2.75
L2
1.75
2.25 2.25
L1
EAST ELEVATION
Note:
A10 A12 A14 A16 D2
Key Plan SPIRE SPIRE
3.75
2.75
ROOF LVL ROOF LVL
L81 L81
L80 L80
SEE EAST 2.75

L78 L78
3.25
L77 L77
2.25
L76 L76 3.25
2.75 SURFACE D2
L75 L75 3.25 4.25

4.25
3.75 4.75
3.25
3.75
3.75
L74 L74
3.75
L73 L73
L72 L72 3.25

L71 L71
L70 L70
EAST ELEVATION - CROWN
L69 L69
L68 L68
3.75
L67 L67
L65 L65
L64 L64
L63 L63
L62 L62
L61 L61
L60 L60
3.25
L59 L59 2.75

2.75
L57 L57
L56 L56
L55 L55
L54 L54
L53 L53
L52 L52
3.75
L51 L51
L50 L50
MATCHLINE D 0 10 30m
EAST ELEVATION
Note:
The wind loads presented do not contain load or safety factors. The loads are to be
applied to the building's cladding system in the same manner as would wind loads
calculated by building code analytical methods.
F2
F5 F3
F4
F1
E5 E2
E8 E10
Key Plan of Reflected Soffit Surfaces (F) E6 E7
E14
E9 E13
E1
E11
E3
E4 E12
Key Plan of Roof Surfaces (E)
1.75 1.75
SURFACE E1 SURFACE E2
1.75
2.25
1.75
1.75 SURFACE E3 1.75
1.75
SURFACE F1
1.75
1.75 2.25
ROOF PLAN - CROWN

SURFACE F2
SURFACE E4
B8 B10 B12 B14 B16 B18
1.75
2.25
2.25
1.75 A18
SURFACE E5 SURFACE F3
1.75
A16
1.75
2.75 1.75
2.25
A14 2.75 2.75 1.75
1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75

SEE ROOF 2.25
SURFACE E6 SURFACE E7 SURFACE E8 PLAN - CROWN SURFACE F4
A12
1.75
SURFACE F5
2.25
1.75 2.25 A10 2.25 2.75 3.25 1.75

1.75
A8
1.75 2.25
2.25 2.25 2.25 A6 2.75
SURFACE E11 SURFACE E12 SURFACE E13 2.25

SURFACE E14
ROOF PLAN 0 10 30m
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) True North Drawn by: JMS Figure: 8
N Note:
Key Plan
B18 B16 B14 B12
MATCHLINE A A1
L50
L49 Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)
L48
L47
2.75
L46
L45
L44
L43
2.25
L42
L41 2.25
L40
L38
L37
L36
L35 2.25
L34
L33
2.75
L32
L31
SEE WEST ELEVATION
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L30
L29
2.75
L28
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
L21
2.25
L20
2.25
L19
L18
L17
L16
L15
L14
L13
L12
L11
L10
L9
B10 B8
L8 1.75
L7
L6
L5
L4 2.25 2.25
1.75 L3 2.25
L2
1.75
L1
SURFACE A1 0 10 30m
NORTH ELEVATION
Peak Net Positive Pressures
(Positive External Pressure with Negative Internal Pressure Where Applicable)
N Note:
B18 B16 B14 B12
A2
Key Plan SPIRE
Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)
3.25
2.75
3.25
ROOF LVL
L81 SEE NORTH

ELEVATION - CROWN
2.75
L80
L79
L78
2.75
2.25
L77
2.25
L76
2.75 SURFACE A2
3.25
L75 2.75
L74
L73
2.25
L72
2.75
L71
NORTH ELEVATION - CROWN
L70
L69
L68
L67
SEE WEST ELEVATION
2.75
L65
L64
L63
L62
L61
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L60
2.25
L59
2.25 2.25
L57
L56
L55
L54
L53
L52
L51
L50
MATCHLINE A
NORTH ELEVATION 0 10 30m
Note:
Key Plan
A16 A14 A12 A10
L50 MATCHLINE B
L49
2.25
L48
L47
3.25
2.75 Isometric View of Building
L46
L45
L44
2.75
L43
L42
L41
L40
L38
L37
L36
L35
L34
L33
L32
L31
L30
L29 2.25
L28
2.75
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
L21
L20
L19
L18
L17
L16
L15
L14
L13
L12
L11
L10
L9
A18 A8 A6
L8 1.75
L7
L6
L5
L4
L3
SEE NORTH
ELEVATION
L2
1.75
1.75
L1
0 10 30m
WEST ELEVATION
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) Drawn by: JMS Figure:10a
Note:
W
A16 A14 A12 A10
B1
SPIRE SPIRE
Key Plan
Key Plan of Wall Surface (B)
3.25
3.75
ROOF LVL ROOF LVL
L81 L81
3.25
L80 L80
SEE WEST
2.75
L78 L78
L77 L77
2.75
L76 L76 3.25 2.75

2.75
L75 L75 2.25
SURFACE B1
L74 L74
2.75
2.25
L73 L73 2.75

L72 L72 2.25
2.75
L71 L71
L70 L70
WEST ELEVATION - CROWN
L69 L69
L68 L68
3.25
L67 L67
L65 L65
2.25
L64 L64
L63 L63
L62 L62
L61 L61
L60 L60
L59 L59
L57 L57
L56 L56
L55 L55
L54 L54
L53 L53
L52 L52
L51 L51
L50 L50
MATCHLINE B
WEST ELEVATION
0 10 30m
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) Drawn by: JMS Figure:10b
Note:
Key Plan S
C1
B12 B14 B16 B18
L50 L50 MATCHLINE C
L49

L48
2.25
L47
2.25
L46
L45
L44
2.75
L43
L42
L41
L40
L38
L37
L36
L35
2.25
L34 2.25
L33
L32
L31
2.25
SEE EAST ELEVATION
SEE WEST ELEVATION
L30
L29
L28
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
1.75
L21
L20
L19
L18
L17
L16
2.75
L15
L14
L13
L12 1.75
L11 1.75
L10
L9
B8 B10
L8
L7
L6
L5 2.25
L4 2.25 2.25
L3
1.75 1.75
L2 1.75
1.75
1.75 1.75 SURFACE C1
L1
SEE EAST 0 10 30m
SOUTH ELEVATION ELEVATION
Note:
B12 B14 B16 B18
C2
SPIRE
Key Plan S
3.25
ROOF LVL
L81
2.75
L80
SEE SOUTH
L79 ELEVATION - CROWN
2.25
L78
L77
2.25 2.75
L76 SURFACE C2
2.75 2.25
2.25
L75 2.75
2.25
2.75
L74
L73
L72
2.25
L71
L70
SOUTH ELEVATION - CROWN
L69
L68
3.25
L67
2.75
L65
SEE WEST ELEVATION
2.25
L64
L63
L62
L61
SEE EAST ELEVATION
L60
L59
2.25 2.25
L57
L56
L55
L54
L53
L52
L51
L50
MATCHLINE C
SOUTH ELEVATION
0 10 30m
Note:
Key Plan
D1
A10 A12 A14 A16
L50 MATCHLINE D
L49
Key Plan of Wall Surface (D)

L48
L47
2.75
L46
L45
L44
L43
L42
L41
2.25
L40
L38
L37
L36
L35
L34
L33
2.75
L32
L31
L30
L29
L28
L27
L26
L25
L24
L23
L22
L21
L20
L19
L18
L17
L16
2.75
L15
L14
L13
L12
1.75
L11
L10
L9
A6 A8 A18
L8
L7
L6
L5 2.25
1.75
L4
2.25 2.25
SURFACE D1
L3 2.25
2.25
L2
1.75 1.75
L1
EAST ELEVATION
Note:
A10 A12 A14 A16 D2
Key Plan SPIRE SPIRE
3.75
2.75
ROOF LVL ROOF LVL
L81 L81
L80 L80
SEE EAST 2.75

L78 L78
L77 L77
2.25
L76 L76
2.75 SURFACE D2
L75 L75
L74 L74 2.25 2.75
L73 L73
L72 L72 2.25

2.75
L71 L71
L70 L70
EAST ELEVATION - CROWN
L69 L69
L68 L68
3.25
L67 L67
L65 L65
2.75
L64 L64
L63 L63
L62 L62
L61 L61
L60 L60
L59 L59
L57 L57
L56 L56 2.25

L55 L55
L54 L54
L53 L53
L52 L52
L51 L51
L50 L50
MATCHLINE D 0 10 30m
EAST ELEVATION
Note:
The wind loads presented do not contain load or safety factors. The loads are to be
applied to the building's cladding system in the same manner as would wind loads
calculated by building code analytical methods.
F2
F5 F3
F4
F1
E5 E2
E8 E10
Key Plan of Reflected Soffit Surfaces (F) E6 E7
E14
E9 E13
E1
E11
E3
E4 E12
Key Plan of Roof Surfaces (E)
1.75 1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.25
2.25
2.75
SURFACE E3
1.75
SURFACE F1
1.75
1.75
1.75
ROOF PLAN - CROWN
SURFACE F2
SURFACE E4
B8 B10 B12 B14 B16 B18
1.75
1.75
A18
1.25
SURFACE E5 SURFACE F3
A16
1.75
A14 1.75
1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75

2.25
SEE ROOF
SURFACE E6 SURFACE E7 SURFACE E8 PLAN - CROWN SURFACE F4
A12 1.75
1.25
SURFACE F5
1.25
1.75 1.75 A10 1.25

1.75
1.25
A8
1.25
1.75
1.75 1.75 1.75 A6
SURFACE E11 SURFACE E12 SURFACE E13 SURFACE E14
ROOF PLAN 0 10 30m
Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design (kPa) True North Drawn by: JMS Figure: 13
Employee Job Title
APPENDIX A
Page A1 of 3
APPENDIX A: WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURES

OVERVIEW OF WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURES FOR THE PREDICTION OF
CLADDING WIND LOADS
A.1 Wind Tunnel Test and Analysis Methods

A.1.1 Wind Tunnel Tests
RWDI's boundary layer wind tunnel facility simulates the mean speed profile and turbulence of the
natural wind approaching the modeled area by having a long working section with a roughened floor
and specially designed turbulence generators, or spires, at the upwind end. Floor roughness and
spires have been selected to simulate four basic terrain conditions, ranging from open terrain, or
water, to built-up urban terrain. During the tests, the upwind profile in the wind tunnel is set to
represent the most appropriate of these four basic profiles, for directions with similar upwind terrain.
Scaling factors are also introduced at the analysis stage to account for remaining minor differences
between the expected wind speed and turbulence properties, and the basic upwind flow conditions
1, 2
simulated in the wind tunnel. The full-scale properties are derived using the ESDU methodology for
predicting the effect of changes in the earth’s surface roughness on the planetary boundary layer. For
example, this procedure distinguishes between the flows generated by a uniform open water fetch
upwind of the site, versus a short fetch of suburban terrain immediately upwind of the site with open
water in the distance.
Wind direction is defined as the direction from which the wind blows in degrees measured clockwise
from true north. The test model (study model and surroundings) is mounted on a turntable, allowing
any wind direction to be simulated by rotating the model to the appropriate angle in the wind tunnel.
The wind tunnel test is typically conducted for 36 wind directions at 10° intervals.
It is prudent to take steps to ensure that the safety of a structure is not entirely dependent on specific
surrounding buildings for shelter. Building codes often contain specific provisions to address this.
These may include requirements to test with the more significant surrounding buildings removed,
and/or lower limits on the reduction that is permitted compared to the code analytical approach.
A.1.2 Measurement Techniques
This study addresses the local wind pressures that act on the exterior envelope of the building.
Predictions of these loads are required in order that the cladding system can be designed to safely
resist the wind loads. The technique that is used to make these predictions consists of conducting a
wind pressure study. The basis of the approach is to instrument a rigid wind tunnel model of the
building with pressure taps that adequately cover the exterior areas exposed to wind. The mean
pressure, the root-mean-square of pressure fluctuations and the peak negative and peak positive
pressures are measured at each tap using a system capable of responding to pressure fluctuations as
short as 0.5 to 1 second at full scale. The measured data are converted into pressure coefficients
1
Wind speed profiles over terrain with roughness changes for flat or hilly sites. Item No. 84011, ESDU International London,
1984 with amendments to 1993.
2
Longitudinal turbulence intensities over terrain with roughness changes for flat or hilly sites. Item No. 84030, ESDU
International London, 1984 with amendments to 1993.
Page A2 of 3
based on the measured upper level mean dynamic pressure in the wind tunnel. Time series of the
simultaneous pressures are also recorded for post-test processing if required. A typical example of
an instrumented wind tunnel study model is provided in Figure 1.
A.1.3 Consideration of the Local Wind Climate
Carrying out the procedures described in the previous sections determines the peak local external
pressure coefficients expected for a given wind direction. However, in order to account for the varying
likelihood of different wind directions and the varying strengths of winds that may be expected from
different directions, the measured pressure coefficients are integrated with statistical records of the
local wind climate to produce predicted peak pressures as a function of return period. In the case of
cladding loads, it is appropriate to consider peak loads associated with return periods comparable to
the design life of the structure. The choice of return period will be governed by local code
requirements that consider the intended use of the building. For Allowable Stress Design, return
periods of 50 or 100 years are often used for cladding design, to which appropriate load or safety
factors are applied. For Limit States Design, return periods of 700 or 1700 years, without load or
safety factors, are used to represent the ultimate state loading.
Wind records taken from one or more locations near to the study site are generally used to derive the
wind climate model. In areas affected by hurricanes or typhoons, Monte Carlo simulations are
typically used to generate a better database since full scale measurements, if available for a given
location, typically provide an inadequate sample for statistical purposes. The data in either case are
analysed to determine the probabilities of exceeding various hourly mean wind speeds from within
each of 36 wind sectors at an upper level reference height, typically taken to be 600 m (2000 ft) above
open terrain. This coincides with the height used to measure the reference dynamic pressure in the
wind tunnel.
In order to predict the cladding wind loads for a given return period, the wind tunnel results are
integrated with the wind climate model. There are two methods typically used by RWDI to perform
this integration. In one method, the historical (or simulated as is the case with hurricanes or typhoons)
wind record is used to determine the full-scale cladding wind pressures for each hour, given the
recorded wind speed and direction and the wind tunnel predictions for that direction. By stepping
through the wind speed and direction data on an hour-by-hour basis, a time history of the resulting
peak pressure is generated. Then, through the use of extreme value fitting techniques, statistically
valid peak responses for any desired return period are determined.
3 4
The second method is the Upcrossing Method as described by Irwin and Irwin and Sifton . In simple
terms, this can be thought of as an analytical representation of the first method, in which a fitted
mathematical model of the wind statistics is used in place of the detailed wind records themselves.
The time history method (first method described above) is typically used by RWDI for cladding wind
load studies where the extent and quality of the wind records permit it. In areas of shorter records
and lower quality records RWDI typically reverts to the Upcrossing Method since it enables a
3
Irwin, P.A., “Pressure Model Techniques for Cladding Loads”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
29 (1988), pg. 69-78.
4
Irwin, P.A. and Sifton, V. L., “Risk Considerations for Internal Pressures”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, 77 & 78 (1998), pg. 715-723.
Page A3 of 3
smoothing of erratic behaviour of the wind statistics to be more readily implemented and is thus more
robust.
A.1.4 Internal Pressure Allowances Considering Localized Breaches in the Building Façade
In strong winds, air leakage effects dominate the internal pressures. Other factors that influence them,
but are usually of less significance, are the operation of mechanical ventilation systems and the stack
effect. Important sources of air leakage include uniformly distributed small leakage paths over the
building’s envelope and larger leakage paths. These larger leakage paths include window breakage
due to airborne debris in a windstorm and open doors or windows, in cases where they are operable.
The internal pressure allowances can be influenced by many factors including the size and location of
potential glass breakage, the internal compartmentalization of the building and the internal volumes.
During a major storm event, glass breakage can be different sizes and occur at various locations.
There are many types of projectiles that typically cause glass breakage, ranging in size from small
rocks to tree branches. Larger projectiles impacting the building would be rare events.
To evaluate the internal pressures resulting from dominant openings in the building envelope,
simultaneous measurements are taken during the wind tunnel test between pairs of pressure taps
located on building walls that share the same internal volume. Of particular interest are
measurements taken in areas where large pressure differences can occur such as those that are
generated at the corners of the floor plate. A single opening (worst case) scenario is typically
considered since multiple leakage sources tend to reduce the magnitude of the internal pressure.
Using an in-house approach, these data are analyzed to determine the range of internal pressures
that may occur at selected opening locations and for a range of probabilities of these openings
occurring. Lower probabilities are used in lower wind speed areas (i.e., – non-hurricane/non-typhoon
areas), and higher probabilities are used in higher wind speed areas (i.e., – hurricane/typhoon areas)
or for buildings that have a large number of operable windows or doors. Using these dominant
opening probabilities, internal pressures are determined for the same level of risk as that assumed for
the external pressures.
For buildings that use large missile impact resistant glazing everywhere, and do not have operable
windows, the potential for breakage due to windborne debris is very low. As a result, the probability of
an opening is also very low, and the internal pressures used are at or near the minimum
considerations of a nominally sealed building.
The internal pressure allowances are applied to help reduce the possibility of subsequent facade
failures due to pressure increases caused by localized breaches in the facade. Design of the
cladding to the provided wind loads will not necessarily prevent breakage due to impact by wind borne
debris.
(a) Typical Cladding Wind Load Study Model
(b) Data Acquisition
Measurement Techniques for the Prediction of Figure No. 1

Cladding Wind Loads
Appendix A - Wind Tunnel Procedures Date: May 1, 2012

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Tel: 519.823.

Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc.

Vincom Landmark Tower

Mr. Le Hai Quang Aleena Elizabeth Biju

Kelvin Wong, Mphil, MHKIE, R.P.E.

Mark Chatten, MICE, C.Eng., P.E.

Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design, Peak Negative Pressures

Recommended Wind Loads for Cladding Design, Peak Positive Pressures

2. WIND TUNNEL TESTS

Configuration 1 – Proposed development with existing and in-construction surroundings.

Configuration 2 – Proposed development with existing, in-construction and future surroundings.

2.2 Upwind Profiles

4. DETERMINING CLADDING WIND LOADS FROM WIND

5. RECOMMENDED CLADDING DESIGN WIND LOADS

6.2 Study Model

TABLE 1A: DRAWING LIST FOR 1:400 SCALE MODEL

ATK-VINGROUP-COMBINED MODEL-20150515.3dm Rhino file 16/05/2015

TABLE 1B: DRAWING LIST FOR 1:100 SCALE MODEL

VINC-ATK-Z0-XX-M3-A-0000.rvt revit file 27/08/15

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VINC-ATK-Z0-XX-M3-A-0007.rvt revit file 27/08/15

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151014 Feed back from Client/20151013_Comments.zip zip file 14/10/15

260 100 260 100

250 110 250 110

240 120 240 120

230 130 230 130

220 140 220 140

Common Winds Design Winds

Extra-Tropical Typhoon Extra-Tropical + Typhoon TCVN 2737:1995 Design Wind Speed

Directional Distribution of Local Wind Speeds Figure No. 3

B18 B16 B14 B12

L49 3.75 Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)

1.75 2.25 2.75

B18 B16 B14 B12

Key Plan of Wall Surface (A)

L81 SEE NORTH

L74 3.25 2.75

A16 A14 A12 A10

Isometric View of Building

Key Plan of Wall Surface (B)

L77 L77 3.25

L73 L73 3.75

L50 L50 MATCHLINE C

3.25 Key Plan of Wall Surface (C)

B12 B14 B16 B18

Key Plan of Wall Surface (C)

Key Plan of Wall Surface (D)

L26 2.25 2.25

A10 A12 A14 A16 D2

Key Plan SPIRE SPIRE

Isometric View of Building

ROOF LVL ROOF LVL

SEE EAST 2.75