Seventeenth Lecture Water Reuse
Seventeenth Lecture Water Reuse
Seventeenth Lecture Water Reuse
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Seventeenth lecture Water Reuse
1. Full treatment:-
In this treatment, the flow chart shows that the main processes that take place are:
coagulation, flocculation, purification, filtration and disinfection.The required
effectiveness of this treatment is achieved through the elimination of bacteria and viruses
and the disposal of solid materials, and the disadvantage of this process is the high cost.
2. Direct filtration:-
The conventional filtration process generally includes chemical mixing, coagulation,
flocculation, sedimentation (or dissolved air flotation) and rapid granular filtration. The
direct filtration process includes coagulation and flocculation; however, no sedimentation
or flotation is used, and flocculated water proceeds directly to filtration. While
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Seventeenth lecture Water Reuse
conventional filtration can be used on a wide variety of source water quality, direct
filtration is typically limited to source water with turbidity that is below.
In conventional and direct filtration processes, particles are removed by
physicochemical filtration. Chemical pretreatment using coagulants, pH adjustment and
polymers is essential to conventional and direct filtration processes, destabilizing the
negatively charged colloidal particles, such as clays, algae, cysts and viruses. This
destabilization allows aggregation of particles to occur via chemical and van der Waals
interactions, and the resulting particles are removed during sedimentation and/or
filtration.
Conventional and direct filtration systems are capable of producing water with a
turbidity of less than 0.3 NTU. Well-operated, optimized treatment plants have
demonstrated that producing water with a turbidity of less than 0.1 NTU is achievable on
an ongoing basis . These studies also indicated that maintaining a maximum filtered
turbidity level below 1.0 NTU is also readily achievable for conventional and direct
filtration plants.
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Seventeenth lecture Water Reuse
3. Contact filtration:
Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water
treatment stage and includes the removal of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen
and a high percentage of suspended solids.
Adsorption.
Ion Exchange.
Membranes –RO, electro dialysis.
Oxidation Reduction (Advanced Oxidation).
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Seventeenth lecture Water Reuse
Definitions:-
1. Anaerobic process: Biological process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and
oxidized compounds.
2. Anoxic process: Biological treatment process that occurs in the absence of free
dissolved oxygen, where oxidized compounds such as nitrate and sulfate are used to
drive metabolic reactions.
3. Denitrification: The biological process by which nitrate is reduced biologically to
nitrogen gas under anoxic conditions.
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4. Nitrification: The two-step biological process by which ammonia (NH4 -N) is
converted first to nitrite (NO2 – -N) and then to nitrate (NO3 – -N).
5. Recarboation: The re-carbonization process for CO2 in water usually occurs after
softening the limestone. This process is also used to convert the precipitated calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) into dissolved bicarbonate {Ca (HCO₃)₂} to prevent the pipes from
being clogged.
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Seventeenth lecture Water Reuse
9. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): are compounds that have a high vapor
pressure and low water solubility. Many VOCs are human-made chemicals that are
used and produced in the manufacture of paints, pharmaceuticals, and refrigerants.
Health effects may include:
Eye, nose and throat irritation
Headaches, loss of coordination and nausea
Damage to liver, kidney and central nervous system
Some organics can cause cancer in animals, some are suspected or known to
cause cancer in humans.