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 15. That appropriations by Congress for river and harbor
improvements of a national character, required for the
accommodation and security of an existing commerce, are
authorized by the constitution and justified by the obligations of
government to protect the lives and property of its citizens.
16. That a railroad to the Pacific ocean is imperatively demanded
by the interest of the whole country; that the Federal government
ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction; and
that as preliminary thereto, a daily overland mail should be promptly
established.
17. Finally, having thus set forth our distinctive principles and
views, we invite the co-operation of all citizens, however differing on
other questions, who substantially agree with us in their affirmance
and support.

1860.—Democratic (Douglas) Platform,

Charleston, April 23, and Baltimore, June 18.

1. Resolved, That we, the Democracy of the Union, in convention
assembled, hereby declare our affirmance of the resolutions
unanimously adopted and declared as a Platform of principles by the
Democratic convention at Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that
democratic principles are unchangeable in their nature when applied
to the same subject-matters; and we recommend, as the only further
resolutions, the following:
Inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in the Democratic party
as to the nature and extent of the powers of a territorial legislature,
and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the constitution
of the United States, over the institution of slavery within the
territories:
2. Resolved, That the Democratic party will abide by the decisions
of the Supreme Court of the United States on the questions of
constitutional law.
3. Resolved, That it is the duty of the United States to afford ample
and complete protection to all its citizens, whether at home or
abroad, and whether native or foreign.
 4. Resolved, That one of the necessities of the age, in a military,
commercial, and postal point of view, is speedy communication
between the Atlantic and Pacific states; and the Democratic party
pledge such constitutional government aid as will insure the
construction of a railroad to the Pacific coast at the earliest
practicable period.
5. Resolved, That the Democratic party are in favor of the
acquisition of the island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable
to ourselves and just to Spain.
6. Resolved, That the enactments of state legislatures to defeat the
faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character,
subversive of the constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.
7. Resolved, That it is in accordance with the true interpretation of
the Cincinnati platform, that, during the existence of the territorial
governments, the measure of restriction, whatever it may be,
imposed by the federal constitution on the power of the territorial
legislature over the subject of domestic relations, as the same has
been, or shall hereafter be, finally determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States, shall be respected by all good citizens, and
enforced with promptness and fidelity by every branch of the general
government.

1860.—Democratic (Breckinridge) Platform.

Charleston and Baltimore.

Resolved, That the platform adopted by the Democratic party at
Cincinnati be affirmed, with following explanatory resolutions:
1. That the government of a territory, organized by an act of
Congress, is provisional and temporary; and, during its existence, all
citizens of the United States have an equal right to settle, with their
property, in the territory, without their rights, either of person or
property, being destroyed or impaired by congressional or territorial
legislation.
2. That it is the duty of the Federal government, in all its
departments, to protect, when necessary, the rights of persons and
property in the territories, and wherever else its constitutional
authority extends.
3. That when the settlers in a territory having an adequate
population form a state constitution in pursuance of law, the right of
sovereignty commences, and, being consummated by admission into
the Union, they stand on an equal footing with the people of other
states, and the state thus organized ought to be admitted into the
Federal Union, whether its constitution prohibits or recognizes the
institution of slavery.
4. That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of the
island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves and
just to Spain, at the earliest practicable moment.
5. That the enactments of state legislatures to defeat the faithful
execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character,
subversive of the constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.
6. That the Democracy of the United States recognize it as the
imperative duty of this government to protect the naturalized citizen
in all his rights, whether at home or in foreign lands, to the same
extent as its native-born citizens.
Whereas, One of the greatest necessities of the age, in a political,
commercial, postal, and military point of view, is a speedy
communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts; therefore, be
it
Resolved, That the Democratic party do hereby pledge themselves
to use every means in their power to secure the passage of some bill,
to the extent of the constitutional authority of Congress, for the
construction of a Pacific railroad from the Mississippi river to the
Pacific ocean, at the earliest practicable moment.

1864.—Radical Platform.

Cleveland, May 31.

1. That the Federal Union shall be preserved.
2. That the constitution and laws of the United States must be
observed and obeyed.
 3. That the Rebellion must be suppressed by force of arms, and
without compromise.
4. That the rights of free speech, free press and the habeas corpus
be held inviolate, save in districts where martial law has been
proclaimed.
5. That the Rebellion has destroyed slavery; and the federal
constitution should be so amended as to prohibit its re-
establishment, and to secure to all men absolute equality before the
law.
6. That integrity and economy are demanded, at all times in the
administration of the government, and that in time of war the want
of them is criminal.
7. That the right of asylum, except for crime and subject to law, is a
recognized principle of American liberty; and that any violation of it
can not be overlooked, and must not go unrebuked.
8. That the national policy known as the “Monroe Doctrine” has
become a recognized principle; and that the establishment of an anti-
republican government on this continent by any foreign power can
not be tolerated.
9. That the gratitude and support of the nation are due to the
faithful soldiers and the earnest leaders of the Union army and navy,
for their heroic achievements and deathless valor in defense of our
imperiled country and of civil liberty.
10. That the one-term policy for the presidency, adopted by the
people, is strengthened by the force of the existing crisis, and should
be maintained by constitutional amendment.
11. That the constitution should be so amended that the President
and Vice-President shall be elected by a direct vote of the people.
12. That the question of the reconstruction of the rebellious states
belongs to the people, through their representatives in Congress, and
not to the Executive.
13. That the confiscation of the lands of the rebels, and their
distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers, is a measure of
justice.

1864.—Republican Platform.
 Baltimore, June 7.
Resolved, That it is the highest duty of every American citizen to
maintain, against all their enemies, the integrity of the union and the
paramount authority of the constitution and laws of the United
States; and that, laying aside all differences of political opinions, we
pledge ourselves, as Union men, animated by a common sentiment
and aiming at a common object, to do everything in our power to aid
the government in quelling, by force of arms, the Rebellion now
raging against its authority, and in bringing to the punishment due
to their crimes the rebels and traitors arrayed against it.
Resolved, That we approve the determination of the government of
the United States not to compromise with rebels, nor to offer them
any terms of peace, except such as may be based upon an
“unconditional surrender” of their hostility and a return to their
allegiance to the constitution and laws of the United States; and that
we call upon the government to maintain this position, and to
prosecute the war with the utmost possible vigor to the complete
suppression of the Rebellion, in full reliance upon the self-sacrificing
patriotism, the heroic valor, and the undying devotion of the
American people to the country and its free institutions.
Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the
strength, of this Rebellion, and as it must be always and everywhere
hostile to the principles of republican government, justice and the
national safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the
soil of the Republic; and that we uphold and maintain the acts and
proclamations by which the government, in its own defense, has
aimed a death-blow at the gigantic evil. We are in favor, furthermore,
of such an amendment to the constitution, to be made by the people
in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever
prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits or the jurisdiction
of the United States.
Resolved, That the thanks of the American people are due to the
soldiers and sailors of the army and navy, who have periled their
lives in defense of their country and in vindication of the honor of its
flag; that the nation owes to them some permanent recognition of
their patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision
for those of their survivors who have received disabling and
honorable wounds in the service of the country; and that the
memories of those who have fallen in its defense shall be held in
grateful and everlasting remembrance.
Resolved, That we approve and applaud the practical wisdom, the
unselfish patriotism, and the unswerving fidelity to the constitution
and the principles of American liberty with which Abraham Lincoln
has discharged, under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the
great duties and responsibilities of the presidential office; that we
approve and indorse, as demanded by the emergency and essential to
the preservation of the nation, and as within the provisions of the
constitution, the measures and acts which he has adopted to defend
the nation against its open and secret foes; that we approve,
especially, the Proclamation of Emancipation, and the employment,
as Union soldiers, of men heretofore held in slavery; and that we
have full confidence in his determination to carry these, and all other
constitutional measures essential to the salvation of the country, into
full and complete effect.
Resolved, That we deem it essential to the general welfare that
harmony should prevail in the national councils, and we regard as
worthy of public confidence and official trust those only who
cordially indorse the principles proclaimed in these resolutions, and
which should characterize the administration of the government.
Resolved, That the government owes to all men employed in its
armies, without regard to distinction of color, the full protection of
the laws of war; and that any violation of these laws, or of the usages
of civilized nations in the time of war, by the rebels now in arms,
should be made the subject of prompt and full redress.
Resolved, That foreign immigration, which in the past has added
so much to the wealth, development of resources, and increase of
power to this nation—the asylum of the oppressed of all nations—
should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.
Resolved, That we are in favor of the speedy construction of the
railroad to the Pacific coast.
Resolved, That the national faith, pledged for the redemption of
the public debt, must be kept inviolate; and that, for this purpose, we
recommend economy and rigid responsibility in the public
expenditures and a vigorous and just system of taxation; and that it
is the duty of every loyal state to sustain the credit and promote the
use of the national currency.
Resolved, That we approve the position taken by the government,
that the people of the United States can never regard with
indifference the attempt of any European power to overthrow by
force, or to supplant by fraud, the institutions of any republican
government on the western continent, and that they will view with
extreme jealousy, as menacing to the peace and independence of
this, our country, the efforts of any such power to obtain new
footholds for monarchical governments, sustained by a foreign
military force, in near proximity to the United States.

1864.—Democratic Platform.

Chicago, August 29.

Resolved, That in the future, as in the past, we will adhere with
unswerving fidelity to the Union under the constitution, as the only
solid foundation of our strength, security, and happiness as a people,
and as a framework of government equally conducive to the welfare
and prosperity of all the states, both northern and southern.
Resolved, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the sense
of the American people, that after four years of failure to restore the
Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the pretense of
a military necessity of a war power higher than the constitution, the
constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and public
liberty and private right alike trodden down, and the material
prosperity of the country essentially impaired, justice, humanity,
liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be
made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate
convention of all the states, or other peaceable means, to the end
that, at the earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored on
the basis of the federal union of all the states.
Resolved, That the direct interference of the military authority of
the United States in the recent elections held in Kentucky, Maryland,
Missouri, and Delaware, was a shameful violation of the constitution;
and the repetition of such acts in the approaching election will be
held as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means and power
under our control.
Resolved, That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to
preserve the Federal Union and the rights of the states unimpaired;
and they hereby declare that they consider the administrative
usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by
the constitution, the subversion of the civil by the military law in
states not in insurrection, the arbitrary military arrest,
imprisonment, trial, and sentence of American citizens in states
where civil law exists in full force, the suppression of freedom of
speech and of the press, the denial of the right of asylum, the open
and avowed disregard of state rights, the employment of unusual test
oaths, and the interference with and denial of the right of the people
to bear arms in their defense, as calculated to prevent a restoration of
the Union and the perpetuation of a government deriving its just
powers from the consent of the governed.
Resolved, That the shameful disregard of the administration to its
duty in respect to our fellow-citizens who now are, and long have
been, prisoners of war, in a suffering condition, deserves the severest
reprobation, on the score alike of public policy and common
humanity.
Resolved, That the sympathy of the Democratic party is heartily
and earnestly extended to the soldiery of our army and the sailors of
our navy, who are and have been in the field and on the sea under the
flag of their country; and, in the event of our attaining power, they
will receive all the care and protection, regard and kindness, that the
brave soldiers of the Republic have so nobly earned.

1868. Republican Platform.

Chicago, May 20.

1. We congratulate the country on the assured success of the
reconstruction policy of Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the
majority of the states lately in rebellion, of constitutions securing
equal civil and political rights to all; and it is the duty of the
government to sustain those institutions and to prevent the people of
such states from being remitted to a state of anarchy.
 2. The guarantee by Congress of equal suffrage to all loyal men at
the south was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of
gratitude, and of justice, and must be maintained; while the question
of suffrage in all the loyal states properly belongs to the people of
those states.
3. We denounce all forms of repudiation as a national crime; and
the national honor requires the payment of the public indebtedness
in the uttermost good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not
only according to the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it
was contracted.
4. It is due to the labor of the nation that taxation should be
equalized and reduced as rapidly as the national faith will permit.
5. The national debt, contracted as it has been for the preservation
of the Union for all time to come, should be extended over a fair
period for redemption; and it is the duty of Congress to reduce the
rate of interest thereon whenever it can be honestly done.
6. That the best policy to diminish our burden of debts is to so
improve our credit that capitalists will seek to loan us money at lower
rates of interest than we now pay, and must continue to pay, so long
as repudiation, partial or total, open or covert, is threatened or
suspected.
7. The government of the United States should be administered
with the strictest economy; and the corruptions which have been so
shamefully nursed and fostered by Andrew Johnson call loudly for
radical reform.
8. We profoundly deplore the tragic death of Abraham Lincoln,
and regret the accession to the presidency of Andrew Johnson, who
has acted treacherously to the people who elected him and the cause
he was pledged to support; who has usurped high legislative and
judicial functions; who has refused to execute the laws; who has used
his high office to induce other officers to ignore and violate the laws;
who has employed his executive powers to render insecure the
property, the peace, liberty, and life of the citizen; who has abused
the pardoning power; who has denounced the national legislature as
unconstitutional; who has persistently and corruptly resisted, by
every means in his power, every proper attempt at the reconstruction
of the states lately in rebellion; who has perverted the public
patronage into an engine of wholesale corruption; and who has been
justly impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and properly
pronounced guilty thereof by the vote of thirty-five Senators.
9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other European powers, that
because a man is once a subject he is always so, must be resisted at
every hazard by the United States, as a relic of feudal times, not
authorized by the laws of nations, and at war with our national honor
and independence. Naturalized citizens are entitled to protection in
all their rights of citizenship as though they were native-born; and no
citizen of the United States, native or naturalized, must be liable to
arrest and imprisonment by any foreign power for acts done or
words spoken in this country; and, if so arrested and imprisoned, it is
the duty of the government to interfere in his behalf.
10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of the late war, there were
none entitled to more special honor than the brave soldiers and
seamen who endured the hardships of campaign and cruise, and
imperiled their lives in the service of the country. The bounties and
pensions provided by the laws for these brave defenders of the nation
are obligations never to be forgotten; the widows and orphans of the
gallant dead are the wards of the people—a sacred legacy bequeathed
to the nation’s protecting care.
11. Foreign immigration, which in the past has added so much to
the wealth, development, and resources, and increase of power to
this Republic, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, should be
fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.
12. This convention declares itself in sympathy with all oppressed
people who are struggling for their rights.
13. That we highly commend the spirit of magnanimity and
forbearance with which men who have served in the Rebellion, but
who now frankly and honestly co-operate with us in restoring the
peace of the country and reconstructing the southern state
governments upon the basis of impartial justice and equal rights, are
received back into the communion of the loyal people; and we favor
the removal of the disqualifications and restrictions imposed upon
the late rebels, in the same measure as the spirit of disloyalty shall
die out, and as may be consistent with the safety of the loyal people.
 14. That we recognize the great principles laid down in the
immortal Declaration of Independence, as the true foundation of
democratic government; and we hail with gladness every effort
toward making these principles a living reality on every inch of
American soil.

1868.—Democratic Platform.

New York, July 4.

The Democratic party, in national convention assembled, reposing
its trust in the intelligence, patriotism, and discriminating justice of
the people, standing upon the constitution as the foundation and
limitation of the powers of the government and the guarantee of the
liberties of the citizen, and recognizing the questions of slavery and
secession as having been settled, for all time to come, by the war or
voluntary action of the southern states in constitutional conventions
assembled, and never to be revived or re-agitated, do, with the return
of peace, demand—
1. Immediate restoration of all the states to their rights in the
Union under the constitution, and of civil government to the
American people.
2. Amnesty for all past political offenses, and the regulation of the
elective franchise in the states by their citizens.
3. Payment of all the public debt of the United States as rapidly as
practicable—all money drawn from the people by taxation, except so
much as is requisite for the necessities of the government,
economically administered, being honestly applied to such payment;
and where the obligations of the government do not expressly state
upon their face, or the law under which they were issued does not
provide that they shall be paid in coin, they ought, in right and in
justice, to be paid in the lawful money of the United States.
4. Equal taxation of every species of property according to its real
value, including government bonds and other public securities.
5. One currency for the government and the people, the laborer
and the office-holder, the pensioner and the soldier, the producer
and the bondholder.
 6. Economy in the administration of the government; the
reduction of the standing army and navy; the abolition of the
Freedmen’s Bureau and all political instrumentalities designed to
secure negro supremacy; simplification of the system and
discontinuance of inquisitorial modes of assessing and collecting
internal revenue; that the burden of taxation may be equalized and
lessened, and the credit of the government and the currency made
good; the repeal of all enactments for enrolling the state militia into
national forces in time of peace; and a tariff for revenue upon foreign
imports, and such equal taxation under the internal revenue laws as
will afford incidental protection to domestic manufactures, and as
will, without impairing the revenue, impose the least burden upon,
and best promote and encourage, the great industrial interests of the
country.
7. Reform of abuses in the administration; the expulsion of corrupt
men from office; the abrogation of useless offices; the restoration of
rightful authority to, and the independence of, the executive and
judicial departments of the government; the subordination of the
military to the civil power, to the end that the usurpations of
Congress and the despotism of the sword may cease.
8. Equal rights and protection for naturalized and native-born
citizens, at home and abroad; the assertion of American nationality
which shall command the respect of foreign powers, and furnish an
example and encouragement to people struggling for national
integrity, constitutional liberty and individual rights; and the
maintenance of the rights of naturalized citizens against the absolute
doctrine of immutable allegiance and the claims of foreign powers to
punish them for alleged crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction.
In demanding these measures and reforms, we arraign the Radical
party for its disregard of right and the unparalleled oppression and
tyranny which have marked its career. After the most solemn and
unanimous pledge of both Houses of Congress to prosecute the war
exclusively for the maintenance of the government and the
preservation of the Union under the constitution, it has repeatedly
violated the most sacred pledge under which alone was rallied that
noble volunteer army which carried our flag to victory. Instead of
restoring the Union, it has, so far as in its power, dissolved it, and
subjected ten states, in time of profound peace, to military despotism
and negro supremacy. It has nullified there the right of trial by jury;
it has abolished the habeas corpus, that most sacred writ of liberty; it
has overthrown the freedom of speech and press; it has substituted
arbitrary seizures and arrests, and military trials and secret star-
chamber inquisitions, for the constitutional tribunals; it has
disregarded, in time of peace, the right of the people to be free from
searches and seizures; it has entered the post and telegraph offices,
and even the private rooms of individuals, and seized their private
papers and letters, without any specific charge or notice of affidavit,
as required by the organic law. It has converted the American capitol
into a bastile; it has established a system of spies and official
espionage to which no constitutional monarchy of Europe would now
dare to resort. It has abolished the right of appeal, on important
constitutional questions, to the supreme judicial tribunals, and
threatens to curtail or destroy its original jurisdiction, which is
irrevocably vested by the constitution; while the learned Chief
Justice has been subjected to the most atrocious calumnies, merely
because he would not prostitute his high office to the support of the
false and partisan charges preferred against the President. Its
corruption and extravagance have exceeded anything known in
history; and, by its frauds and monopolies, it has nearly doubled the
burden of the debt created by the war. It has stripped the President
of his constitutional power of appointment, even of his own cabinet.
Under its repeated assaults, the pillars of the government are rocking
on their base; and should it succeed in November next, and
inaugurate its President, we will meet, as a subjected and conquered
people, amid the ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of the
constitution.
And we do declare and resolve that ever since the people of the
United States threw off all subjection to the British crown, the
privilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to the several states,
and have been granted, regulated, and controlled exclusively by the
political power of each state respectively; and that any attempt by
Congress, on any pretext whatever, to deprive any state of this right,
or interfere with its exercise, is a flagrant usurpation of power which
can find no warrant in the constitution, and, if sanctioned by the
people, will subvert our form of government, and can only end in a
single, centralized, and consolidated, government, in which the
separate existence of the states will be entirely absorbed, and an
unqualified despotism be established in place of a federal union of
co-equal states. And that we regard the construction acts (so called)
of Congress as usurpations, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and
void.
That our soldiers and sailors, who carried the flag of our country to
victory against the most gallant and determined foe, must ever be
gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees given in their favor
must be faithfully carried into execution.
That the public lands should be distributed as widely as possible
among the people, and should be disposed of either under the pre-
emption of homestead lands or sold in reasonable quantities, and to
none but actual occupants, at the minimum price established by the
government. When grants of public lands may be allowed, necessary
for the encouragement of important public improvements, the
proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the lands themselves,
should be so applied.
That the President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, in
exercising the power of his high office in resisting the aggressions of
Congress upon the constitutional rights of the states and the people,
is entitled to the gratitude of the whole American people; and, on
behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him our thanks for his
patriotic efforts in that regard.
Upon this platform, the Democratic party appeal to every patriot,
including all the conservative element and all who desire to support
the constitution and restore the Union, forgetting all past differences
of opinion, to unite with us in the present great struggle for the
liberties of the people; and that to all such, to whatever party they
may have heretofore belonged, we extend the right hand of
fellowship, and hail all such, co-operating with us, as friends and
brethren.
Resolved, That this convention sympathizes cordially with the
workingmen of the United States in their efforts to protect the rights
and interests of the laboring classes of the country.
Resolved, That the thanks of the convention are tendered to Chief
Justice Salmon P. Chase, for the justice, dignity, and impartiality
with which he presided over the court of impeachment on the trial of
President Andrew Johnson.
 1872.—Labor Reform Platform.

Columbus, February 21.

We hold that all political power is inherent in the people, and free
government founded on their authority and established for their
benefit; that all citizens are equal in political rights, entitled to the
largest religious and political liberty compatible with the good order
of society, as also the use and enjoyment of the fruits of their labor
and talents; and no man or set of men is entitled to exclusive
separable endowments and privileges or immunities from the
government, but in consideration of public services; and any laws
destructive of these fundamental principles are without moral
binding force, and should be repealed. And believing that all the evils
resulting from unjust legislation now affecting the industrial classes
can be removed by the adoption of the principles contained in the
following declaration: therefore,
Resolved, That it is the duty of the government to establish a just
standard of distribution of capital and labor, by providing a purely
national circulating medium, based on the faith and resources of the
nation, issued directly to the people without the intervention of any
system of banking corporations, which money shall be legal tender in
the payment of all debts, public and private, and interchangeable, at
the option of the holder, for government bonds bearing a rate of
interest not to exceed 3.65 per cent., subject to future legislation by
Congress.
2. That the national debt should be paid in good faith, according to
the original contract, at the earliest option of the government,
without mortgaging the property of the people or the future
exigencies of labor to enrich a few capitalists at home and abroad.
3. That justice demands that the burdens of government should be
so adjusted as to bear equally on all classes, and that the exemption
from taxation of government bonds bearing extravagant rates of
interest, is a violation of all just principles of revenue laws.
4. That the public lands of the United States belong to the people,
and should not be sold to individuals nor granted to corporations,
but should be held as a sacred trust for the benefit of the people, and
should be granted to landless settlers only, in amounts not exceeding
one hundred and sixty acres of land.
5. That Congress should modify the tariff so as to admit free such
articles of common use as we can neither produce nor grow, and lay
duties for revenue mainly upon articles of luxury and upon such
articles of manufacture as will, we having the raw materials, assist in
further developing the resources of the country.
6. That the presence in our country of Chinese laborers, imported
by capitalists in large numbers for servile use is an evil entailing want
and its attendant train of misery and crime on all classes of the
American people, and should be prohibited by legislation.
7. That we ask for the enactment of a law by which all mechanics
and day-laborers employed by or on behalf of the government,
whether directly or indirectly, through persons, firms, or
corporations, contracting with the state, shall conform to the reduced
standard of eight hours a day, recently adopted by Congress for
national employes; and also for an amendment to the acts of
incorporation for cities and towns, by which all laborers and
mechanics employed at their expense shall conform to the same
number of hours.
8. That the enlightened spirit of the age demands the abolition of
the system of contract labor in our prisons and other reformatory
institutions.
9. That the protection of life, liberty, and property are the three
cardinal principles of government, and the first two are more sacred
than the latter; therefore, money needed for prosecuting wars
should, as it is required, be assessed and collected from the wealthy
of the country, and not entailed as a burden on posterity.
10. That it is the duty of the government to exercise its power over
railroads and telegraph corporations, that they shall not in any case
be privileged to exact such rates of freight, transportation, or
charges, by whatever name, as may bear unduly or unequally upon
the producer or consumer.
11. That there should be such a reform in the civil service of the
national government as will remove it beyond all partisan influence,
and place it in the charge and under the direction of intelligent and
competent business men.
 12. That as both history and experience teach us that power ever
seeks to perpetuate itself by every and all means, and that its
prolonged possession in the hands of one person is always dangerous
to the interests of a free people, and believing that the spirit of our
organic laws and the stability and safety of our free institutions are
best obeyed on the one hand, and secured on the other, by a regular
constitutional change in the chief of the country at each election;
therefore, we are in favor of limiting the occupancy of the
presidential chair to one term.
13. That we are in favor of granting general amnesty and restoring
the Union at once on the basis of equality of rights and privileges to
all, the impartial administration of justice being the only true bond of
union to bind the states together and restore the government of the
people.
14. That we demand the subjection of the military to the civil
authorities, and the confinement of its operations to national
purposes alone.
15. That we deem it expedient for Congress to supervise the patent
laws so as to give labor more fully the benefit of its own ideas and
inventions.
16. That fitness, and not political or personal considerations,
should be the only recommendation to public office, either
appointive or elective; and any and all laws looking to the
establishment of this principle are heartily approved.

1872.—Prohibition Platform.

Columbus, Ohio, February 22.

The preamble recites that protection and allegiance are reciprocal
duties; and every citizen who yields obediently to the full commands
of government should be protected in all enjoyment of personal
security, personal liberty, and private property. That the traffic in
intoxicating drinks greatly impairs the personal security and
personal liberty of a great mass of citizens, and renders private
property insecure. That all political parties are hopelessly unwilling
to adopt an adequate policy on this question: Therefore, as a national
convention, we adopt the following declaration of principles:
That while we acknowledge the pure patriotism and profound
statesmanship of those patriots who laid the foundation of this
government, securing at once the rights of the states severally and
their inseparable union by the federal constitution, we would not
merely garnish the sepulchres of our republican fathers, but we do
hereby renew our pledges of solemn fealty to the imperishable
principles of civil and religious liberty embodied in the Declaration
of Independence and our federal constitution.
That the traffic in intoxicating beverages is a dishonor to Christian
civilization, a political wrong of unequalled enormity, subversive of
ordinary objects of government, not capable of being regulated or
restrained by any system of license whatever, and imperatively
demands, for its suppression, effective legal prohibition, both by
state and national legislation.
That there can be no greater peril to a nation than existing party
competition for the liquor vote. That any party not opposed to the
traffic, experience shows will engage in this competition—will court
the favor of criminal classes—will barter away the public morals, the
purity of the ballot, and every object of good government, for party
success.
That, as prohibitionists, we will individually use all efforts to
persuade men from the use of intoxicating liquors; and we invite all
persons to assist in this movement.
That competence, honesty, and sobriety are indispensable
qualifications for holding office.
That removals from public office for mere political differences of
opinion are wrong.
That fixed and moderate salaries of public officers should take the
places of fees and perquisites; and that all means should be taken to
prevent corruption and encourage economy.
That the President and Vice-President should be elected directly
by the people.
That we are in favor of a sound national currency, adequate to the
demands of business, and convertible into gold and silver at the will
of the holder, and the adoption of every measure compatible with
justice and public safety to appreciate our present currency to the
gold standard.
That the rates of ocean and inland postage, and railroad telegraph
lines and water transportation, should be made as low as possible by
law.
That we are opposed to all discrimination in favor of capital
against labor, as well as all monopoly and class legislation.
That the removal of the burdens imposed in the traffic in
intoxicating drinks will emancipate labor, and will practically
promote labor reform.
That suffrage should be granted to all persons, without regard to
sex.
That the fostering and extension of common schools is a primary
duty of the government.
That a liberal policy should be pursued to promote foreign
immigration.

1872.—Liberal Republican Platform.

Cincinnati, May 1.
We, the Liberal Republicans of the United States, in national
convention assembled at Cincinnati, proclaim the following
principles as essential to just government.
1. We recognize the equality of all men before the law, and hold
that it is the duty of government, in its dealings with the people, to
mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race,
color, or persuasion, religious or political.
2. We pledge ourselves to maintain the union of these states,
emancipation, and enfranchisement, and to oppose any reopening of
the questions settled by the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
amendments of the constitution.
3. We demand the immediate and absolute removal of all
disabilities imposed on account of the Rebellion, which was finally
subdued seven years ago, believing that universal amnesty will result
in complete pacification in all sections of the country.
 4. Local self-government, with impartial suffrage, will guard the
rights of all citizens more securely than any centralized power. The
public welfare requires the supremacy of the civil over the military
authority, and the freedom of person under the protection of the
habeas corpus. We demand for the individual the largest liberty
consistent with public order, for the state self-government, and for
the nation a return to the methods of peace and the constitutional
limitations of power.
5. The civil service of the government has become a mere
instrument of partisan tyranny and personal ambition, and an object
of selfish greed. It is a scandal and reproach upon free institutions,
and breeds a demoralization dangerous to the perpetuity of
republican government. We, therefore, regard a thorough reform of
the civil service as one of the most pressing necessities of the hour;
that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only valid claims to
public employment; that the offices of the government cease to be a
matter of arbitrary favoritism and patronage, and that public station
shall become again a post of honor. To this end, it is imperatively
required that no President shall be a candidate for re-election.
6. We demand a system of federal taxation which shall not
unnecessarily interfere with the industry of the people, and which
shall provide the means necessary to pay the expenses of the
government, economically administered, the pensions, the interest
on the public debt, and a moderate reduction annually of the
principal thereof; and recognizing that there are in our midst honest
but irreconcilable differences of opinion with regard to the respective
systems of protection and free trade, we remit the discussion of the
subject to the people in their congressional districts and the decision
of Congress thereon, wholly free from Executive interference or
dictation.
7. The public credit must be sacredly maintained, and we
denounce repudiation in every form and guise.
8. A speedy return to specie payment is demanded alike by the
highest considerations of commercial morality and honest
government.
9. We remember with gratitude the heroism and sacrifices of the
soldiers and sailors of the Republic; and no act of ours shall ever