Facebook Group: Job Hacks For Mechanical Engineers

FACEBOOK GROUP: JOB HACKS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
THEORY OF MACHINES:
# Write the difference between kinetics and kinematic motion? [BIWTA-22]
Kinematic Of Motion:
𝑣 = 𝑟 ⋅ 𝜔 ; 𝑎 = 𝑟. 𝛼
Average angular distance,
(𝜔0 + 𝜔)𝑡
𝜃= ; 𝜔0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝜔 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
# A wheel accelerates uniformly from rest to 2000 r.p.m. in 20 seconds. What is
its angular acceleration? How many revolutions does the wheel make in
attaining the speed of 2000 r.p.m.?
Solution: এগুলা Newton এর formula এর rotational রূপ। 𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎. 𝑡
2000 209.5rad
𝑁 = 2000 ⇒ 𝜔 = 2𝜋 × = ; 𝑡 = 20 s
60 s
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼. 𝑡 ⇒ 209.5 = 0 + 𝛼 × 20 ⇒ 𝛼 = 209.5/20 = 10.475rad/s 2
We know that the angular distance moved by the wheel during 2000 r.p.m. (i.e., when 𝜔 =
209.5rad/s),
(𝜔0 + 𝜔)𝑡 (0 + 209.5)20
𝜃= = = 2095rad
2 2
Since the angular distance moved by the wheel during one revolution is 2𝜋 radians, therefore
number of revolutions made by the wheel,
𝜃 2095
𝑛= = = 333.4
2𝜋 2𝜋
Strain Energy:
A compressed spring of stiffness 𝑠 newton per unit deformation (i.e., extension or
compression) is deformed through a distance 𝑥 by a load 𝐹, then
1 1
Strain energy = Work done = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑠 ⋅ 𝑥 2 … (∵ 𝐹 = 𝑠 × 𝑥)
2 2
THEORY OF MACHINE | 606

In case of a torsional spring of stiffness 𝑞 N-m per unit angular deformation when twisted
through as angle 𝜃 radians, then
1
Strain energy = Work done = 𝑞 ⋅ 𝜃 2
2
𝟏
* Kinetic Energy due to rotation, 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐 𝐈𝝎𝟐
# When a body has both linear and angular motions e.g. in the locomotive driving wheels
and wheels of a moving car, then the total kinetic energy of the body is equal to the sum of
kinetic energies of translation and rotation.
𝟏 𝟏
∴ Total kinetic energy = 𝒎 ⋅ 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑰 ⋅ 𝝎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
#[Khurmi-3.1] The flywheel of a steam engine has a radius of gyration of 𝟏 𝐦
and mass 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠. The starting torque of the steam engine is 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍 − 𝐦 and
may be assumed constant. Determine: 1. Angular acceleration of the flywheel,
and 2. Kinetic energy of the flywheel after 10 seconds from the start. [Buet Msc-
23]
Solution:
Let 𝛼 = Angular acceleration of the flywheel.
We know that mass moment of inertia of the flywheel,
𝐼 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑘 2 = 2500 × 12 = 2500 kg − m2
We also know that torque ( 𝑇 ),
⇒ 1500 = 𝐼. 𝛼 = 2500 × 𝛼 ⇒ 𝛼 = 1500/2500 = 0.6rad/s2
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼t = 0 + 10 × 0.6 = 6rad/s
Kinetic energy (KE) of flywheel is:
1 1
𝐾𝐸 = × 𝐼 × 𝜔2 = × 2500 × 36 = 45𝑘𝑗
2 2
# A circular solid disc of uniform thickness 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦, radius 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 and mass
𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐠, is used as flywheel. If it rotates at 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦, the kinetic energy of the
flywheel? [RPCL-19]
Ref: Textbook.com
Solution: Mass of flywheel (m) = 20 kg, radius (𝑟) = 200 mm = 0.2 m, N = 600rpm
𝑚𝑅 2 20 × 0.22 2𝜋𝑁 2 × 𝜋 × 600
𝐼= = = 0.4 kg − m2 ; 𝜔 = = = 62.83𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
2 2 60 60
1 1
∴ K. E = I𝜔2 = × 0.4 × (62.83)2 = 789.5 J ≃ 790 J
2 2
Impulse
The impulse is the product of force and time. Mathematically,
Impulse = 𝐹 × 𝑡
Now consider a body of mass 𝑚. Let a force 𝐹 changes its velocity from an initial velocity 𝑣1
to a final velocity 𝑣2 .
We know that the force is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum, therefore
𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝐹= ⇒ 𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑡
i.e., Impulse = Change of linear momentum
# When the two rotating gears with angular velocities 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 mesh each other, then an
impulsive torque acts on the two gears, until they are both rotating at speeds corresponding
to their velocity ratio. The impulsive torque,
𝑇. 𝑡 = 𝐼(𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )
Momentum Conservation: Consider two rotating bodies of mass moment of inertia 𝐼1
and 𝐼2 are initially apart from each other and are made to engage as in the case of a clutch. If
they reach a common angular velocity 𝜔, after slipping has ceased, then

𝐼1 ⋅ 𝜔1 ± 𝐼2 ⋅ 𝜔2 = (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝜔
The± sign depends upon the direction of rotation.
Torque
Consider that the two shafts 𝐴 and 𝐵 are geared together as shown in Fig. 3.11. Let the shaft
𝐵 rotates 𝐺 times the speed of shaft 𝐴. Therefore, gear ratio,
𝑁B 𝛼𝐵
𝐺= =
𝑁A 𝛼𝐴
Total torque which must be applied to
shaft 𝐴 in order to accelerate the geared
system,
𝑇 = 𝑇A + 𝑇AB = 𝐼A ⋅ 𝛼A + 𝐺 2 ⋅ 𝐼B ⋅ 𝛼A = (𝐼𝐴 + 𝐺 2 ⋅ 𝐼𝐵 )𝛼𝐴 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝛼𝐴
𝑇A = 𝐼A ⋅ 𝛼A
𝑇B = 𝐼B ⋅ 𝛼B = 𝐺 ⋅ 𝐼B ⋅ 𝛼A
Torque applied to shaft 𝐴 in order to
accelerate shaft 𝐵, 𝑇AB
where 𝑁A and 𝑁B are speeds of shafts 𝐴 and 𝐵 (in r.p.m.) respectively.
where 𝑰 = 𝑰𝐀 + 𝑮𝟐 ⋅ 𝑰𝐁 and may be regarded as equivalent mass moment of inertia of
geared system referred to shaft 𝑨.
If 𝜂 is the efficiency of gear system then
𝐺 2 𝐼B
𝐼 = 𝐼A +
𝜂
# For a gear system 𝑨 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝑻𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎 , 𝑰𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝑰𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓 Find equivalent I of gear
system? [NPCBL-23; MCQ]
Solution:
40
𝐺= = 1.33 𝐼 = 𝐼A + 𝐺 2 ⋅ 𝐼B = 20 + 1.332 × 15 = 46.67𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚2
30
Equivalent mass of the system

1
𝑚𝑒 = (𝐼 + 𝐺 2 ⋅ 𝐼B )
𝑟2 A
Here, r is the radius of pully/shaft connected to driver gear.
If 𝜂 is the efficiency of gear system then
1 𝐼B
𝑚𝑒 = 2 (𝐼A + 𝐺 2 ⋅ )
𝑟 𝜂
# A sphere of mass 𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐠 moving at 𝟑 𝐦/𝐬 overtakes and collides with another
sphere of mass 𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐠 moving at 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬 in the same direction. Find the velocities
of the two masses after impact and loss of kinetic energy during impact.
Solution:
In case of inelastic impact, the two spheres adhere after impact and move with a common
velocity. We know that common velocity after impact,
𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑢2 50 × 3 + 25 × 1.5 2.5 m
𝑣= = = [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 50 + 25 s
and loss of kinetic energy during impact,
𝒎𝟏 ⋅ 𝒎𝟐 50 × 25
𝑬𝑳 = (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 = (3 − 1.5)2 = 18.75 N − m
𝟐(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ) 2(50 + 25)
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

একটা বস্তু rotation-এ থাকলল, pendulum এর মত দুললল, Spring motion ইতযাদদ হল SHM। এলদর
motion কক আমরা আঁকলল একটা circle পালবা যার উপর দদলে particle move করলব। SHM-এ

একটা maximum distance value থালক। এলক amplitude বলল। এর মান radius এর সমান। লক্ষ্য
করলল কদখব বস্তুটা বারবার একই পলথ rotate করলব। একবার rotate করলত কয সমে লালে এলক
periodic time বলল। আবার এক কসলকলে যতবার ঘুরলব কসটালক frequency বলল।
For a particle with SHM velocity,

V = 𝜔√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ; x=distance from center,
r=maximum amplitude
Maximum velocity,
V = 𝜔r
Acceleration,
a = 𝜔2 ⋅ 𝑥
Maximum acceleration
𝑎max = 𝜔2 ⋅ 𝑟
Periodic time: It is the time taken for one complete revolution of the particle.
∴ Periodic time, 𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋/𝜔 seconds
2𝜋 𝑥 Displacement
𝑡𝑝 = = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ seconds
𝜔 𝑎 Acceleration
It is thus obvious, that the periodic time is independent of amplitude.
Frequency: It is the number of cycles per second and is the reciprocal of time period, 𝑡𝑝
∴ Frequency,
𝜔 1 1 𝑎 1
𝑛= = = √ Hz ⇒𝑛=
2𝜋 𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡𝑝
* When the particle moves with angular simple harmonic motion, then the periodic
time,
Angular displacement 𝜃
𝑡P = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ s
Angular acceleration 𝛼
frequency,
1 𝛼
𝑛= √ Hz
2𝜋 𝜃
# The piston of a steam engine moves with simple harmonic motion. The crank
rotates at 120 r.p.m. with a stroke of 2 meters. Find the velocity and
acceleration of the piston, when it is at a distance of 0.75 meter from the center.
Solution:
120 rad
𝑁 = 120rpm ⇒ 𝜔 = 2𝜋 × = 4𝜋 ; 2𝑟 = 2 m ⇒ 𝑟 = 1 m
60 s
Velocity of the piston
𝑣 = 𝜔√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = 4𝜋√1 − (0.75)2 = 8.31 m/s
We also know that acceleration of the piston,
𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑥 = (4𝜋)2 0.75 = 118.46 m/s 2
# Simple pendulum
periodic time,
Displacement 𝐿 1 1 𝑔
𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ ; 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑛 = = √
Acceleration 𝑔 𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝐿
# Spring

periodic time,
Displacement 𝛿 𝑚 𝑚𝑔
𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ ; [𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝛿 = ]
Acceleration 𝑔 𝑘 𝑘
K=Spring constant
and frequency,
1 1 𝑘 1 𝑔
𝑛= = √ = √
𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 𝛿
* If the mass of the spring (𝑚1 ) is also taken into consideration, then the periodic time,
𝑚
𝑚 + 31 1 𝑘
𝑡𝑝 = 2𝜋√ seconds, ; frequency, 𝑛 = √ Hz
𝑘 2𝜋 𝑚 + 𝑚1
3
# A helical spring, of negligible mass, and which is found to extend 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
under a mass of 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐤𝐠, is made to support a mass of 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐠. The spring and the
mass system is displaced vertically through 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 and released. Determine
the frequency of natural vibration of the system. Find also the velocity of the
mass, when it is 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 below its rest position.
Solution:
Since a mass of 1.5 kg extends the spring by 0.25 mm, therefore a mass of 60 kg will extend
the spring by an amount,
0.25
𝛿= × 60 = 10 mm = 0.01 m
1.5
We know that frequency of the system,
1 𝑔 1 9.81
𝑛= √ = √ = 4.98 Hz
2𝜋 𝛿 2𝜋 0.01
Let, 𝑣 = Linear velocity of the mass.
𝑔 9.81 rad
𝜔=√ =√ = 31.32
𝛿 0.01 s
𝑣 = 𝜔√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = 31.32√(0.0125)2 − (0.005)2 = 0.36 m/s
# The crank rotates at 120 r.p.m. with a stroke of 2 meters. Find the velocity of
the piston, when it is at a distance of 0.75 meter from the center.
Solution:
120 rad
𝜔 = 2𝜋 × = 4𝜋 ; 2r = 2 m ⇒ r = 1 m; x = 0.75 m
60 s
8.31 m
𝑉 = 𝜔√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = 4𝜋√12 − 0.752 =
𝑠
Mechanism:
A mechanism is a set of machine elements
or components or parts arranged in a
specific order to produce a specified
motion. Simple mechanism is a
mechanism which has four links.
The velocity (both magnitude and direction) of different links can be found from velocity
diagram of the mechanism. পরীক্ষ্াে velocity diagram না আসার সম্ভাবনাই কবদি।তবুও আমরা

ক াট একটা math দিলখ রাখলত পাদর। দবদিন্ন রকম mechanism আল । দনলে আমরা slider-crank
mechanism কদখদ । কসটার জনয velocity diagram আঁকব।
#Difference between Machine and Structure? [BIWTA]
Slider Crank Mechanism:

A slider-crank linkage is a four-link mechanism with three revolute joints and one prismatic,
or sliding, joint. The rotation of the crank drives the linear movement of the slider, or the
expansion of gases against a sliding piston in a cylinder can drive the rotation of the crank.
L = length of connecting rod (in, mm ),

R = Radius of crank (in, mm ),
𝜃 = crank angle measured from dead center when slider is fully extended (deg.),
𝜔 = constant angular velocity of the crank (deg/sec)
The velocity of the Piston:
sin 2𝜃 𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑟𝜔 [sin 𝜃 + ] ; 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
2𝑛 𝑅
# The mechanism shown has a crank 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 radius which rotates at 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐞𝐯/

𝐦𝐢𝐧. Determine the velocity of the piston for the position shown. Also
determine the angular velocity of link 𝐀𝐁 about A.
Solution:

1. আলে কদখলত হলব input Rotation ককাথাে কদো হলে। O দবন্দুর সালপলক্ষ্ input rotation কদো
হলে।তাই আমালদর mechanism এর center of rotation হল ‘O’. এই দবন্দুর সালপলক্ষ্ OA link একটা
rotation পালে। তাহলল আলে এটার linear velocity calculate কলর দনলত হলব। formula হল,
𝑣 =𝜔×𝑟
এখালন radius হল link এর length. এই
velocity এর দদক হলব উপলরর দবলত কদো
rotation এর সালথ লম্ব। অথাৎ
থ link OA এর
উপর লম্ব। পরীক্ষ্াে অনুমালন আঁকলবন। A
দবন্দুলত আঁকলবন।এর length হলব 10.47.
Angular speed of the crank 𝜔 = 2𝜋N/60 =
2𝜋 × 2000/60 = 209.4rad/s
(vA )O = 𝜔 × 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 =
209.4 × 0.05 = 10.47 m/s.
2. এইবার কদখলত হলব OA link এর A দবন্দুলত

দাঁদিলে থাকলল এর সালপলক্ষ্ বাদক link গুলা
ককান দদলক যালে। আমালদর দবলত AB link
টা আলপদক্ষ্ক িালব ঘুরলব বলল মলন হলব।
কারন আমরা দনলজরাই ঘুরদ A দবন্দুলত
কথলক। কযমনটা নােরলদালাে িলল আলি
পালির সবদক ু কক ঘুরলত কদদখ কসইরকম।
তাহলল B দবন্দুলত AB link এর উপর লম্ব
আঁলকন।এর length আমরা জাদন না।
3. এইবার আমালদর ৩ে link OB এর দদলক

কখোল কদর। এটা একটা Guide এর মলযয
আল ।তাই এটা শুযু Guide বরাবরই move
করলব। ফলল O কথলক কসাজা একটা করখা
পালবা।
এটা আলের AB কক একটা জােোে ক দ
করলব। এইবার কেললর সাহালযয দূরত্ব গুলা
মাপললই velocity কপলে যালবা।
4. ৪থ link
থ OC fixed তাই এর ককান movement হলব না। এটট diagram-এ আসলব না।
তাহলল পুলরা জজদনসলক summary করলল দনলের মত দেত্র পালবা।
The velocity of 𝐵 relative to 𝑂 is 7 m/s.

The tangential velocity of 𝐵 relative to 𝐴 is the vector ab and this gives 9.2 m/s. The angular
velocity of B about A is found by dividing by the radius (length of AB ). 𝜔 for AB is then
9.2/0.09 = 102.2rad/s. (Note: this is relative to A and not an absolute angular velocity)

# A slider-crank mechanism with a

crank radius of 𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦 and
correcting rod length of 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐦𝐦 is
shown in the figure. The crank is
rotating with a uniform angular
speed of 𝟏𝟎𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬 counterclockwise.
Find the velocity of piston.
Solution:
L 240
𝑛= = =4
𝑅 60
Referring to the given diagram,
240
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 75.96∘
60
Now, the velocity of the slider,
sin 2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 × 75.96)
𝑉Slider = 𝑟𝜔 [sin 𝜃 + ] = 10 × 0.06 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 75.96 + ] = 0.6174 𝑚/𝑠 = 61.74 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑛 2×4
# In a slider crank mechanism crank is rotating with an angular velocity of

10rad/s CCW. when crank is in the position of perpendicular to piston
movement direction then find the radius of crank? Take linear velocity of piston
on that occasion is 1m/s. [BIFPCL-19] (similar problem below; just evaluate radius, r)
# In a slider-crank mechanism, the

lengths of the crank and the
connecting rod are 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 and
𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦, respectively. The crank is
rotating with an angular velocity of
𝟏𝟎𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧/𝐬 counter-clockwise. The
magnitude of the linear velocity in
(𝐦/𝐬 ) of the piston at the instant
corresponding to the configuration
shown in the figure is
Solution:
𝜃 = 90∘
sin 2𝜃 1𝑚
𝑉Slider = 𝑟𝜔 [sin 𝜃 + ] = 𝑟𝜔[1 + 0] = 10 × 0.1 =
𝑛 𝑠
# Coriolis component of acceleration - When a point on one link is sliding along
another rotating link such as in a quick return motion mechanism, then the Coriolis
component of acceleration comes into account. It is the tangential component of the
acceleration of the slider with respect to the coincident point on the link.
𝐚c = 𝟐𝐯𝛚
The direction of the Coriolis component of
acceleration is given by rotating the
velocity of the slider by 90∘ in the direction
of the angular velocity of the rotating link.

# A shaft is rotating at a speed of 10 rad/s. Upon this shaft a block is moving

with a speed of 10m/s. Find Coriolis acceleration of the block. [BAERA-23]
Solution:
ac = 2vω = 2 × 10 × 10 = 200m/𝑠 2
Angle of Repose: If the angle of inclination 𝛼 of a plane to the horizontal is such that the
body begins to move down the plane, then the angle 𝛼 is called the angle of repose.
*Minimum Force Required to Slide a Body

on a Rough Horizontal Plane
𝑃min = 𝑊sin 𝜃
* Torque with friction Co-efficient,

𝑇 = 𝜇𝑊𝑅; 𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑; 𝑖𝑓 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝑅 = (𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖 )/2
𝑇 = 𝑛𝜇𝑊𝑅; 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
If it says consider uniform wear you can use this formula. Multiple surfaces comes in the
study of Clutch. If it is a cone clutch then we must consider Semi angle of cone.
𝑇 = 𝑛𝜇𝑊𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼; 𝛼 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒/𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
# A 𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter shaft running in a bearing carries a load of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍. If the

coefficient of friction between the shaft and bearing is 0.03, find the power
transmitted when it runs at 1440 r.p.m. [APSCL-19]
Ref: theory of machine by Khurmi example-10.15
Solution: Given : 𝑑 = 60 mm or 𝑟 = 30 mm = 0.03 m; 𝑊 = 2000 N; 𝜇 = 0.03; 𝑁 = 1440
r.p.m. or 𝜔 = 2𝜋 × 1440/60 = 150.8rad/s
We know that torque transmitted,
𝑇 = 𝜇. 𝑊. 𝑟 = 0.03 × 2000 × 0.03 = 1.8 N − m
∴ Power transmitted, 𝑃 = 𝑇. 𝜔 = 1.8 × 150.8 = 271.4 W
Lifting machines
are those machines that are used for lifting loads. The force (or effort) is applied at one point
of the machine and weight (or load) is lifted at the other point of the machine. Pulleys used
to lift water from a well and screw jacks used to lift buses are some of the common
examples of lifting machines.
Let P be the effort applied, W be the load lifted, y be the distance moved by the effort, x be
the distance moved by the load. Then, the input work of machine = Py & The output work of
machine = Wx
Efficiency: It is the ratio of output to input. In a simple mechanism, it is also defined as the
ratio of mechanical advantage to the velocity ratio.
𝑊 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Output Wx = 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀⋅𝐴
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝜂= = = 𝑃 = =
Input Py 𝑦/𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑅
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
# Find the efficiency of a pulley system which has a mechanical advantage of 2.5
and where the load lifts by 2.5 meters on pulling the rope by 10 m.
Solution:
Mechanical advantage, 𝑀𝐴 = 2.5, length of load lift, 𝐿𝑅 = 2.5 m, length of effort, 𝐿𝐸 = 10 m
Velocity ratio,

10
𝑉𝑅 = =4
2.5
Efficiency,
mechanical advantage 2.5
𝜂= = = 0.625 = 62.50%
velocity ratio 4
#Difference between Clutch and coupling?
# Mention the name of mechanical Power transmission system? Also give

advantage and disadvantage. [WZPDCL, 40th BCS]

• Advantages and disadvantages of gear systems

Advantages
Constant energy transmission, no slipping, Compact systems that can transmit motion in
small spaces, Ideal systems for very high rotational speeds
Disadvantages
Can generate noise and vibrations, require lubrication, Require precise adjustment
• Advantages and disadvantages of chain drive systems

Advantages: Low risk of slipping, can withstand high driving force
Disadvantages: Can be a source of noise and vibrations, The chain must always be kept
well lubricated, the axes of the sprockets must be perfectly parallel.
• Advantages and disadvantages of belt and pulley systems

Advantages: Generally quiet, no need for lubrication, Effective at transmitting rapid
motion
Disadvantages: The belt may tend to slip off the pulleys, The contact between the belt and
pulleys must always be clean, the life span of certain types of belts is limited
Belt Drive:
#Draw Open and Crossed/ Twist Belt Drive:
Velocity Ratio of Belt Drive:

It is the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven.
𝑁2 𝑑1
=
𝑁1 𝑑2
𝑑1 = Diameter of the driver; 𝑁1 = Speed of the driver in r.p.m.
𝑑2 = Diameter of the follower; 𝑁2 = Speed of the follower in r.p.m.
A little consideration will show, that if there are six pulleys, then
𝑁6 𝑑1 × 𝑑3 × 𝑑5 Speed of last driven Product of diameters of drivers
= ⇒ =
𝑁1 𝑑2 × 𝑑4 × 𝑑6 Speed of first driver Product of diameters of driven
# An engine running at 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦 drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The engine
pulley is 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter and the pulley on the line shaft being 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦. A
𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter pulley keyed
to a dynamoshaft. The speed of the dynamo shaft is?
N1 = 150 r.p.m.; d1 = 750 mm; d2 = 450 mm; d3 = 900 mm; d4 = 150 mm
Let N4 = Speed of the dynamo shaft.
N4 d1 × d3 N4 750 × 900
= ⇒ = = 10 ⇒ N4 = 150 × 10 = 1500 r.p.m.
N1 d2 × d4 150 450 × 150

Power Transmitted by Belt
𝜋 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣 Watt; v = velocity of the belt =
60
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠,
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇⋅𝜃 ; 𝜇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 & 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑇2
Angle of contact or lap,
𝜋
𝜃 = (180∘ − 2𝛼) rad [𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑡]
180
𝜋
𝜃 = (180∘ + 2𝛼) rad [𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑡]
180
For equal diameter pulleys 𝜃 = 180∘. Contact angle যত বািলব power transmission তত
বািলব। angle বািালনার উপাে হল Idler pulley use করা। এলত driver pulley এর contact angle
বািলব।
Creep of the Belt: When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain
portion of the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to
the slack side. Due to these changes in length, there is a relative motion between the belt and
the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as a creep.
# Belt drive operation এর সমে একটা problem face করা লালে। কসটা হল slipping. অথাৎ থ belt টা
slip কলর pulley কথলক সলর যাে। তাই slippage টা consideration-এ আনা লােলব। gear এর মত belt
drive এর কক্ষ্লত্র speed ratio পাওো যালব।
𝑁2 𝐷1 𝑆1 𝑆2
= (1 − − )
𝑁1 𝐷2 100 100
where N1 = Speed of driver pully, N2 = speed of follower pully,
D1 = Diameter of driver pully, D2 = Diameter of driver pully,
S1 = Slip between the driver and belt, S2 = Slip between the belt and the follower.
If we consider total slip of 6 pulleys is s%
𝑁6 𝑑1 × 𝑑3 × 𝑑5 s
= (1 − ) ; 𝑆 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2
𝑁1 𝑑2 × 𝑑4 × 𝑑6 100
এই সমসযা reduce করার জনয pully কত crowning করা হে। এর মালন হল pulley এর উপর একটা
conical shape কদো হে।

Crowning of pulley: The rim of the

pulley of a flat belt drive is slightly
crowned to prevent the slipping off the
belt from the pulley. The crowning can be
in the form of a conical surface or a convex
surface.
# A pulley 𝟒𝟎 𝐜𝐦 in dia at a 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦. Calculate ther is driven at 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦 by a shaft

revolving at 300 rpm. Find diameter of the shaft pulley when there is slip of 𝟒%
and there is no slip. [37th BCS]
Speed of the driven, Speed of the driver N1 = 300rpm; Speed of the driven N2 = 600rpm
Diameter of driven D2 = 40 cm = 0.4 m; Diameter of driver D1 = ?
For slip 𝑠 = 4%
𝑁2 𝐷1 𝑠 600 𝐷1 4
= (1 − )⇒ = (1 − ) ⇒ 𝐷1 = 0.83 𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷2 100 300 0.4 100
For no slip;
𝑁2 𝐷1 600 𝐷1
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐷1 = 0.8 𝑚
𝑁1 𝐷2 300 0.4
Stress in a flat belt:
𝑇
𝜎 = ; 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ & 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑏𝑡
Length of Belt:
1. Open Belt:
𝑟1 and 𝑟2 = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys, 𝑟1 − 𝑟2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼(𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠) =
𝑥 = Distance between the centers of two pulleys ( i.e. 𝑂1 𝑂2 ), 𝑥
𝐿 = Total length of the belt.
𝜋 (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 )2
L = (𝑑1 + 𝑑2 ) + 2𝑥 +
2 4𝑥
2. Closed belt:
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼(𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠) =
𝑥
𝜋 (𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )2
L = (𝑑1 + 𝑑2 ) + 2𝑥 +
2 4𝑥

# [Khurmi Theory of Machines, Example 11.4] Find the power transmitted by a

belt running over a pulley of 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter at 200 r.p.m. The coefficient of
friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.25, angle of lap 𝟏𝟔𝟎∘ and maximum
tension in the belt is 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍. [BIFPCL-19]
# Tension on tight and slack side is 2500 and 1244KN. Find Power transmission
for the above data. [BPDB-16]-Do direct power formula.
Solution:
𝜋
Given: 𝑑 = 600 mm = 0.6 m; 𝑁 = 200 r.p.m. ; 𝜇 = 0.25; 𝜃 = 160∘ = 160 × 180 =
2.793rad; 𝑇1 = 2500 N
We know that velocity of the belt,
𝜋𝑑 ⋅ 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.6 × 200
𝑣= = = 6.284 m/s
60 60
Let
𝑇2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt.
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑇1 2500
( ) = 𝑒 𝜇.𝜃 = 𝑒 0.25×2.793 = 0.6982 ⇒ = 2.01 ⇒ 𝑇2 = = = 1244 N
𝑇2 𝑇2 2.01 2.01
We know that power transmitted by the belt,
𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣 = (2500 − 1244)6.284 = 7890 W = 7.89 kW
# A flat belt of two equal pulleys with 500mm dia has maximum tension 1200N.
Find tension in the slack and torque side if the friction co-efficient is 0.25.
[NPCBL-17, PGCB-18, BPDB-21]
Do it yourself using contact angle equal to 180 degrees=π radians. (Ans: 547.12N &
163.22Nm)
# Two pulleys, one 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter and the other 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter are on
parallel shafts 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 𝐦 apart and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length
of the belt required and the angle of contact between the belt and each pulley.
What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐞𝐯/𝐦𝐢𝐧, if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 𝟏𝐤𝐍, and the
coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25?
Solution:
Given: 𝑑1 = 450 mm = 0.45 m or 𝑟1 = 0.225 m; 𝑑2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m or 𝑟2 = 0.1 m; 𝑥 =
1.95 m; 𝑁1 = 200 r.p.m. ; 𝑇1 = 1kN = 1000 N; 𝜇 = 0.25
We know that speed of the belt,
𝜋𝑑1 ⋅ 𝑁1 𝜋 × 0.45 × 200
𝑣= = = 4.714 m/s
60 60
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )2 (0.225 + 0.1)2
𝐿 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) + 2𝑥 + = 𝜋(0.225 + 0.1) + 2 × 1.95 + = 4.975 𝑚
𝑥 1.95
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 0.225 + 0.1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = = = 0.1667 ⇒ 𝛼 = 9.6∘
𝑥 1.95
𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = 180∘ + 2𝛼 = 180∘ + 2 × 9.6∘ = 199.2∘ = 199.2 × = 3.477𝑟𝑎𝑑
180
𝑇1 𝑇1 1000
( ) = 𝑒 𝜇.𝜃 = 𝑒 0.25×3.477 = 2.387 ⇒ 𝑇2 = = = 419 N
𝑇2 2.387 2.387
Torque of the larger pulley= (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑑1 = (1000 − 419) × 0.45 = 261.45𝑁𝑚
Torque of the smaller pulley= (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑑2 = (1000 − 419) × 0.2 = 116.2𝑁𝑚
We know that power transmitted by the larger pulley,
𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣 = (1000 − 419)4.714 = 2740 W = 2.74 kW
# For the same data above with angle of lap is 199.2 degrees the two pulleys
(Smaller one is motor pulley other is machine pulley) find torque of the both

pulleys and power transmitted by machine pulley if the tensions are 1KN and
419N. [CPGCBL-18; PGCB-20] (exam-এ data আলাদা দ ল।Similar math তাই repeat না
কলর একই data দদলাম)
# Belt continuously ঘুরার কারলন pully কথলক বাইলরর দদলক একটা centrifugal force কাজ কলর।
এটালক কবদিরিাে সমলে ignore করা হে। Belt speed 10m/s এর কেলে কবদি হলল এই effect কক
consider করা লােলব।
𝑇C = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑣 2 ; 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
এইটা একপ্রকার loss. তাই এলক consider করলল maximum tension,T কলম যালব। কসলক্ষ্লত্র
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑐
আলে maximum tension দ ল T দকন্তু এখন 𝑇1 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 । পরীক্ষ্াে mass কদো থাকলল আপনারা এই
effect consider করলবন।
Maximum power transmitted by belt:

Centrifugal action considers করলল maximum power এর condition হলব,
𝑇 2𝑇
𝑇1 = 𝑇 − = ; 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
3 3
2. the velocity of the belt for the maximum power,
𝑇
𝑣=√ ; 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
3𝑚
# Belt আর pully ঘুরার main কারন হল friction. এইটা আলস pully, Belt কক Grip করার কারলন।
অলনক সমে এই Gripping টা িালিালব হওোর জনয Belt কক একটা Tension কদো হে। এটা করা
হে Belt Joint এর সমে। এলক Pre-Tension/ Initial Tension বলল।
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑇0 =
2
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 2𝑇C
𝑇0 = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
2
# [Khurmi, Theory of Machine-Example. 11.12] In a flat belt drive the initial
tension is 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍. The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is
0.3 and the angle of lap on the smaller pulley is 𝟏𝟓𝟎∘ . The smaller pulley has a
radius of 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 and rotates at 500 r.p.m. Find the power in 𝐤𝐖 transmitted by
the belt. [JOCL-18]
Solution: Given: 𝑇0 = 2000 N; 𝜇0 = 0.3; 𝜃 = 150∘ = 150∘ × 𝜋/180 = 2.618rad; 𝑟2 = 200 mm
or 𝑑2 = 400 mm = 0.4 m; 𝑁2 = 500 r.p.m.
We know that velocity of the belt,
𝜋𝑑2 ⋅ 𝑁2 𝜋 × 0.4 × 500
𝑣= = = 10.47 m/s
60 60
We know that initial tension (𝑇0 ),
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
2000 = ⇒ 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 4000 N … … … … (1)
2
We also know that
𝑇1
( ) = 𝑒 𝜇.𝜃 = 𝑒 0.3×2.618 = 2.2 … … … … … … (2)
𝑇2
From equations (𝑖) and (ii),

𝑇1 = 2750 N; 𝑇2 = 1250 N
∴ Power transmitted,
𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣 = (2750 − 1250)10.47 = 15700 W = 15.7 kW

#অলনক সমে V-belt কদো থাকলত পালর।লসলক্ষ্লত্র শুযু tension relation টা সামানয change হলব।
বাদক সব একই।
𝑇1
( ) = 𝑒 𝜇⋅𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛽 ; 𝛽 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑇2
#Write advantage and disadvantage of chain drive over belt and rope drive?
Advantages
1. As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is obtained.
2. Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in width than a belt
or rope drive 3. The chain drive gives a high transmission efficiency (up to 98 per cent).
4. The chain drive has the ability of transmitting motion to several shafts by one chain only.
Disadvantages
1. The production cost of chains is relatively high 2. The chain drive has velocity fluctuations
especially when unduly stretched.
# Advantage of 𝐕 belt over Flat Belt

1.The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centers of
pulleys. The slip between the belt and the pulley groove is negligible.
2. Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the drive is
smooth. It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years. It can be easily installed and removed.
Gear Drive
Gear Train
Sometimes, two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one
shaft to another. Such a combination is called gear train or train of toothed wheels.
Following are the different types of gear trains, depending upon the arrangement of wheels:
1. Simple gear train, 2. Compound gear train, 3. Reverted gear train, and 4. Epicyclic gear
train.
Simple Gear Train: এখালন মূলত 2 টা gear থালক। একটা Driver আর অনযটা Driven. অলনক
সমে এই ২ টার মালে দূরলতর জনয মােখালন আরও দক ু gear কদো হে। তলব এলদরলক আলাদা িালব
consider করা লালে না। Simple Gear Train এর main কথা একটা shaft-এ একটা gear থাকলব।
মালের gear টালক idler বলল।

𝑁1 𝑇2
For 2 gear, Speed ratio = =
𝑁2 𝑇1
It may be noted that ratio of the speed of the driven or follower to the speed of the driver is
known as train value of the gear train. Mathematically,
𝑁2 𝑇1
Train value = =
𝑁1 𝑇2
𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑁1 𝑇3
𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟, × = × or, =
𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑁3 𝑇1
মােখালনরটা আলস দন এই equation-এ। তাহলল আমরা বললত পাদর,
Speed of driver No. of teeth on driven
Speed ratio = =
Speed of driven No. of teeth on driver
Speed of driven No. of teeth on driver
Train value = =
Speed of driver No. of teeth on driven
# [Khurmi-Example 13.2] Two parallel shafts, about 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 apart are to be
connected by spur gears. One shaft is to run at 360 r.p.m. and the other at 120
r.p.m. Design the gears, if the circular pitch is to be 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦. [DPDC G2G-2020]
Solution: Given: 𝑥 = 600 mm; 𝑁1 = 360 r.p.m. ; 𝑁2 = 120 r.p.m. ; 𝑝𝑐 = 25 mm
Let
𝑑1 = Pitch circle diameter of the first gear, and 𝑑2 = Pitch circle diameter of the second gear.
We know that speed ratio,
𝑁1 𝑑2 360
= = = 3 ⇒ 𝑑2 = 3𝑑1 … … … (1)
𝑁2 𝑑1 120
and center distance between the shafts (𝑥),
1
⇒ 600 = (𝑑1 + 𝑑2 ) ⇒ 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 1200 … … … … (2)
2
From equations (1) and (2), we find that
𝑑1 = 300 mm, and 𝑑2 = 900 mm
∴ Number of teeth on the first gear,
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 × 300
𝑇1 = = = 37.7 = 38 [𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑]
𝑝𝑐 25
and number of teeth on the second gear,
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 × 900
𝑇2 = = = 113.1 = 114
𝑝𝑐 25
Compound gear Train: যখন একটা shaft

এলকর অদযক gear থালক থালক compound
gear train বলল।
এখালন মােখালনর গুলাও consider করা
লােলব। অথাৎ,থ
𝑁1 𝑇2 × 𝑇4 × 𝑇6
=
𝑁6 𝑇1 × 𝑇3 × 𝑇5
তাহলল আমরা বললত পাদর,

Speed of the first driver Product of the number of teeth on the drivens
Speed ratio = =
Speed of the last driven or follower Product of the number of teeth on the drivers
Speed of the last driven or follower Product of the number of teeth on the drivers
Train value = =
Speed of the first driver Product of the number of teeth on the drivens
Reverted Gear Train: এইখালন driver

আর driven gear এর shaft একই সরললরখাে
অথাৎথ Co-axial থাকলব।
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 + 𝑟4
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 + 𝑇4
and
𝑁1 Product of number of teeth on drivens
Speed ratio, =
𝑁4 Product of number of teeth on drivers
𝑇2 × 𝑇4
=
𝑇1 × 𝑇3
Epicyclic Gear Train: এটা একটা

complex gear train. এলত ২ টা gear এবং
একটা Arm থালক। একটা gear আর এই arm
এর একই axis of rotation থালক। আর অনযটা
এলদর axis of rotation এর সালপলক্ষ্ rotate
কলর। দনলের দবলত gear A and Arm C এর
𝑁B 𝑇A
axis of rotation same but Gear B এলদর 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, =1+
𝑁C 𝑇B
সালপলক্ষ্ rotate করলব।
The advantages of epicyclic gearboxes: [35th BCS]
• The input shaft and output shaft are arranged coaxially.
• The load is distributed over several planet gears.
• By combining several planetary stages, you have almost unlimited transmission
ratios. High efficiency goes hand in hand with low rolling power.
#Diagram of four gear train given. Name them correctly? [NWPGCL-19]
উপলরর ৪ টা gear train এর দব কদো দ ল।
Compound Epicyclic Gear Train/Sun and Planet gear/Planetary Gear System:
Sun gear হল driver gear. এখালন carrier আর Arm একই জজদনস।

# [Khurmi-Theory of machine-Example 13.1.] The gearing of a machine tool is

shown in Fig. 13.3. The motor shaft is connected to gear 𝑨 and rotates at 975
r.p.m. The gear wheels 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑫 and 𝑬 are fixed to parallel shafts rotating together.
The final gear 𝑭 is fixed on the output shaft. What is the speed of gear F? The
number of teeth on each gear are as given below. [EGCB-17, PGCB-18]
Gear 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭
No. of teeth 𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟔 𝟔𝟓
Solution:
𝑁A 𝑇B × 𝑇D × 𝑇F কজাি 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 এর দাঁত সংখযার গুনফল 50 × 75 × 65
= = = = 18.75
𝑁F 𝑇A × 𝑇C × 𝑇E দবলজাি 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 এর দাঁত সংখযার গুনফল 20 × 25 × 26
𝑁A 975
𝑁F = = = 52 r. p. m.
18.75 18.75
#Find the speed of output shaft for same data for reverted gear? Same as above.
Just use 4 gear formula. [BITAC-16]. Find Speed Ratio? [BGFCL-17, BCMCL-20]
𝑁1 𝑇2 × 𝑇4 50 × 75
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, = = = 7.5
𝑁4 𝑇1 × 𝑇3 20 × 25
𝑁1 975
𝑁4 = = = 130𝑟𝑝𝑚
7.5 7.5
# A compound gear train is run by an electric motor, where 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑵𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝑵𝟒 = 𝟕𝟓. The efficiency of first stage is 𝟗𝟒% and second stage is 𝟗𝟔%. If
the final drive requires a torque of 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐍𝐦 at 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦 then determine the
required torque and speed of the motor. [BWDB-20]
Solution:
এখালন compound gear train এর কমাট 4 টা gear. 4 টার teeth number কদো আল আর কিলেরটার
speed কদো আল । আমরা এখান কথলক খুব সহলজই 1st gear এর speed কবর করলত পারব।
𝑛1 𝑁2 × 𝑁4 𝑁2 × 𝑁4 100 × 75
= ⇒ 𝑛1 = × 𝑛4 = × 200 = 3000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑛4 𝑁1 × 𝑁3 𝑁1 × 𝑁3 20 × 25
এবার কদো আল 1st stage and 2nd stage এর efficiency 94% and 96%. তাই overall gear drive এর
efficiency হলব= (.94 ×.96) =0.9024. একই system এর মলযয একাদযক efficiency কদো থাকলল
তখন overall efficiency কবর কলর পুলরা system এর efficiency কবর করা হে। এটা করা হে সব গুললা
efficiency গুন কলর।
আমরা জাদন efficiency mainly power related. তাই আমরা আলে output power transmission by
gear train কবর কলর দনব।
2𝜋𝑁
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 = 100 × = 3141.6𝑊
60
এটা output power যা ১ম ২টা stage এর মাযযলম output দহসালব এলসল ।তাই আমরা বললত পাদর
input power কথলক output power 2টা efficiency হলে এলসল ।
3141.6 3141.6
𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 3481.37𝑊
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 0.9024
এই power টা motor কক provide করা লােলব। এর জনয motor এর required torque হলব,
2𝜋 × 3000
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 ⇒ 3481.37 = 𝑇 × ⇒ 𝑇 = 11.08𝑁𝑚
60
#The gear ratio of a transmission is 𝟑: 𝟓: 𝟏 and the final drive ratio is 𝟒: 𝟏. If the
engine speed is 4000 rpm, what is the output shaft speed? [Boiler Instructor-
23]Ref:https://apps.associatedelectrics.com/ateamapps/vehicle_tuning/fdr/in
dex.html
Solution:

𝐹𝐷𝑅 = 𝐺𝑅 × Transmission ratio [GR=Engine Speed/output shaft speed]

4000 4000
⇒ (4: 1) = × (3.5: 1) ⇒ 𝑁 = × 3.5 = 3500rpm
𝑁 4
Difference Simple gear, Compound gear and Elliptical gear train [35th BCS]
Simple gear Compound gear Elliptical gear train
In compound gear there is extra

In simple gear only one gear in In elliptical gear train axis of
than one gear on shaft which is
every shaft and there is a shaft on which the gear are
1. firmly fix and mash through the
relative motion among shaft mount can move relative to the
gear on another shaft forming
axis. fixed axis.
gear train.
In a compound gear train, every Elliptical gears rotating about

In a simple gear train, a few of
2. gear has its own shaft for their geometric centers are
similar shaft.
rotation. identical.
In simple gear trains, the final Compound gear trains enhance
Elliptical gear trains are power
3. geatio is resolute through power transfer more than
transfer both gears.
the driver and driven gears. simple gear trains.
For large speed reduction in

For large rate reduction, large For large speed reduction the
4. elevated velocity moderate
size of gear is necessary. small gear ratio is necessary.
dimension gear is necessary.
* The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in the load e.g., when the load on an engine increase, its speed decreases,
therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. On the other hand,
when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is
required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with
the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
Disc Brake Drum Brake

Balancing of Rotating Mass

যখন ককান mass ঘুলর কসটা একটা
centrifugal force create কলর shaft এর
উপর। এই force কক balance করার জনয
দবপরীত দদলক এর সমপদরমাণ force দদলত
হলব। এলকই balancing বলল।
এর দবদিন্ন প্রকারলিদ আল । মালে মালে 1 টা
mass দদলে 1টা mass কক balance করা হে।
মালে মালে 1 টা mass কক 2 টা দদলে balance
করা হে। এরকম আরও আল ।
প্রথলম আদস 1 টা mass দদলে 1টা mass কক
balance করা দদলে।
এর balancing equation হলঃ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑟1 = 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑟2
আমরা োইলল balancing mass 𝑚2 এর মান কম দনলে distance 𝑟2 কবদি দনলত পাদর অথবা উল্টাও
করলত পাদর।
এইিালব balancing করলল একটা moment পলি shaft bearing এর উপর। কারন একই মালন ২ টা
force দবপরীত দদলক আল । তাই আমরা যদদ complete balance োই তাহলল ২টা mass দদলে ১ টালক
balance করার try কদর।এলত আবার আমালদরলক ২টা balance consider করলত হলব। প্রথমত main
mass এর centrifugal action কক balance করলত হলব।এলক static balance বলল। আবার কযলহতু
force এর arrangement কারলন couple ততদর হে কসটাও balance করলত হলব। এই ২ balance কক
একলত্র dynamic balance বলল।
দনলে একটা math কদো আল । এটা হল balance of several masses in the same plane.
প্রথলম সব গুলা mass এবং distance গুন কলর এলদরলক angle অনুযােী সাজালত হলব। দনলে দব
আঁকা আল । তারপর mechanics এর components formula apply কলর summation কলর আমালদর
balancing mass এর মান কবর করলত হলব।
পরীক্ষ্াে সাযারণত এত বি math দদলব না। তলব ক াট কলর 2/3 টা mass দদলে আসলত পালর।
# [Khurmi-21.1] Four masses 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒎𝟑 and 𝒎𝟒 are 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠, 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐠 and
𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐠 respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝐦, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦
and 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦 respectively and the angles between successive masses are 𝟒𝟓∘ , 𝟕𝟓∘ and
𝟏𝟑𝟓∘ . Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius
of rotation is 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦. [35th BCS]
Solution:
Given : 𝑚1 = 200 kg; 𝑚2 = 300 kg; 𝑚3 =

240 kg; 𝑚4 = 260 kg; 𝑟1 = 0.2 m; 𝑟2 =
0.15 m; 𝑟3 = 0.25 m; 𝑟4 = 0.3m;
𝜃1 = 0∘ ; 𝜃2 = 45∘ ; 𝜃3 = 45∘ + 75∘ = 120∘ ;
𝜃4 = 45∘ + 75∘ + 135∘ = 255∘ ; 𝑟 = 0.2 m
Let 𝑚 = Balancing mass, and
𝜃 = The angle which the balancing mass
makes with 𝑚1

Resolving 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑟1 , 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑟2 , 𝑚3 ⋅ 𝑟3 and 𝑚4 ⋅ 𝑟4 horizontally,

𝛴𝐻 = 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 ⋅ 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 + 𝑚4 ⋅ 𝑟4 cos 𝜃4
= 40cos 0∘ + 45cos 45∘ + 60cos 120∘ + 78cos 255∘ = 40 + 31.8 − 30 − 20.2 = 21.6 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
Now resolving vertically,
Σ𝑉 = 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 ⋅ 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 + 𝑚4 ⋅ 𝑟4 sin 𝜃4
= 40sin 0∘ + 45sin 45∘ + 60sin 120∘ + 78sin 255∘ = 0 + 31.8 + 52 − 75.3 = 8.5 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
∴ Resultant, 𝑅 = √(Σ𝐻)2 + (Σ𝑉)2 = √(21.6)2 + (8.5)2 = 23.2 kg − m
We know that
𝑚 ⋅ 𝑟 = 𝑅 = 23.2 or 𝑚 = 23.2/𝑟 = 23.2/0.2 = 116 kg
and
Σ𝑉 8.5
tan 𝜃 ′ = = = 0.3935 or, 𝜃 ′ = 21.48∘
Σ𝐻 21.6
Since 𝜃 ′ is the angle of the resultant 𝑅 from the horizontal mass of 200 kg, therefore th angle
of the balancing mass from the horizontal mass of 200 kg,
𝜃 = 180∘ + 21.48∘ = 201.48∘
#Balancing of masses in different plane [BITAC-21]: In order to have a complete

balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following two conditions
must be satisfied:
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e., the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couples about the reference plane must balance, i.e., the resultant couple must be
zero.
Balancing Of a Reciprocating Mass

It is, therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be
completely balanced as far as possible. A reciprocating engine say, an IC engine has both
rotating and reciprocating parts. The unbalanced reciprocating masses will produce a
shaking force (unbalanced force) and a shaking couple (couple due to the shaking force).
These effects are undesirable as they produce forced vibration on the engine parts. Hence,
like rotating masses, reciprocating masses should also be balanced.
এখালন মূলত engine operation কক consider করা হলব। আমরা একটা formula কদদখ। এটা হল
crank-connecting rod-Piston এর acceleration equation.
cos 2𝜃
𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑟 [cos 𝜃 + ]
𝑛
where,
𝑚 = Mass of the reciprocating parts; 𝜔 = Angular speed of the crank,
𝑟 = Radius of the crank; 𝜃 = Angle of inclination of the crank with the line of stroke
𝑙 = Length of the connecting rod, and 𝑛 = Ratio of length of the connecting rod to the crank
radius = 𝑙/𝑛
এটা হল reciprocating parts এর acceleration. তাহলল unbalanced force FU is given by
cos 2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
FU = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 [cos 𝜃 + ] = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
∴ Primary unbalanced force,
FP = m𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
and secondary unbalanced force,
cos 2𝜃 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
FS = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 ; 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑛 𝑛
এই secondary unbalanced কক low and moderate speed engine এর জনয ignore করা যাে।দকন্তু
high speed এর জনয consider করলত হলব।
#Static balancing and Dynamic Balancing explanation? [35th BCS]

Static Balancing: Static balancing is considered and applied only when the system of
masses revolves in one plane. When, the center of the system acts on the axis of rotation then
the system is under static balancing. This type of balancing system is used for small and
medium objects or parts like gears, fans, etc.
Dynamic Balancing: Dynamic Balancing is considered or applied when the system of
masses revolves in different planes. When there is no force and the resultant couple is acting
on the system then the system is under dynamic balancing. This type of balancing system is
used for heavy equipment and the different size of parts like turbines, motors, etc.
Vibration
When elastic bodies such Transverse vibrations and 3 . Torsional vibrations.
as a spring, a beam and a
shaft are displaced from
the equilibrium position
by the application of
external forces, and then
released, they execute a
vibratory motion.
The following three types
of free vibrations are
important from the
subject point of view: 1.
Longitudinal vibrations 2.
Longitudinal vibrations: When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis
of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations. In this case, the shaft is
elongated and shortened alternately and thus the tensile and compressive stresses are
induced alternately in the shaft.
Natural frequency,
1 1 𝑘 1 𝑔 0.4985 𝑊⋅𝑙
𝑓𝑛 = = √ = √ = ; 𝑘 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 𝛿 =
𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 𝛿 √𝛿 𝐸⋅𝐴
If we consider the mass of shaft/spring,( 𝑚C = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) then,
1 𝑠
𝑓𝑛 = ; 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2𝜋 𝑚 + 𝑚C
√
3
Transverse vibrations: When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
In this case, the shaft is straight and bent alternately and bending stresses are induced in the
shaft.
1 1 𝑠 1 𝑔 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑓𝑛 = = √ = √ ; 𝛿= (in metres)
𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 𝛿 3𝐸𝐼
1 𝑠
𝑓𝑛 = ; 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
2𝜋 √𝑚 + 33𝑚C
140
এটা মূলত হে beam এর কক্ষ্লত্র। আলে deflection কবর কলর তারপর frequency এর formula কত
কফললত হলব। এগুলা আপনারা solid mechanics section-এ পালবন। কলেকটা deflection এর
formula মুখস্ত রাখলবন। তাহলল তািাতাদি কলর কফললত পারলবন। কযমনঃ

#A point load is applied to a beam and deflection is 0.1mm. Find frequency in

hz? [BCPCL-23]
Solution:
1 𝑔 1 9.81
𝑓𝑛 = √ = √ = 49.85𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝛿 2𝜋 0.1
# A cantilever shaft/Beam 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter and 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 long has a disc of mass

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠 at its free end. The Young's modulus for the shaft material is 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐆𝐍/𝐦𝟐 .
Determine the frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the shaft.
[NPCBL-17] Ref: Khurmi mechanics of machinery example 23-1
Solution: Given: 𝑑 = 50 mm = 0.05 m; 𝑙 = 300 mm = 0.03 m; 𝑚 = 100 kg; 𝐸 = 200GN/
m2 = 200 × 109 N/m2
We know that cross-sectional area of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = × 𝑑2 = (0.05)2 = 1.96 × 10−3 m2
4 4
and moment of inertia of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = (0.05)4 = 0.3 × 10−6 m4
64 64
Frequency of longitudinal vibration
𝑊. 𝑙 100 × 9.81 × 0.3
𝛿= = = 0.751 × 10−6 m … . . … (∵ 𝑊 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑔)
𝐴. 𝐸 1.96 × 10−3 × 200 × 109
∴ Frequency of longitudinal vibration,
1 𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = √ = 575 Hz
2𝜋 𝛿
Frequency of transverse vibration
𝑊. 𝑙 3 100 × 9.81 × (0.3)3
𝛿= = = 0.147 × 10−3 m
3𝐸. 𝐼 3 × 200 × 109 × 0.3 × 10−6
∴ Frequency of transverse vibration,
1 𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = √ = 41 Hz
2𝜋 𝛿
# A shaft of length 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐦, supported
freely at the ends, is carrying a body
of mass 𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐠 at 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦 from one
end. Find the natural frequency of
transverse vibration. Assume 𝑬 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐆𝐍/𝐦𝟐 and shaft diameter =
𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦.
Solution:

We know that moment of inertia of the shaft,

𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = (0.05)4 m4 = 0.307 × 10−6 𝑚4
64 64
and static deflection at the load point (i.e., at point 𝐶 ),
𝑊𝑎2 𝑏 2 90 × 9.81(0.25)2 (0.5)2
𝛿= = = 0.1 × 10−3 m … (∵ 𝑏 = 𝐵𝐶 = 0.5 m)
3𝐸𝐼𝑙 3 × 200 × 109 × 0.307 × 10−6 × 0.75
0.4985 0.4985
𝑓𝑛 = = = 49.85 Hz
√𝛿 √0.1 × 10−3
Critical or Whirling Speed of a Shaft: Shaft এর উপলর Pully বা gear যখন বসান হে তখন
তালদর CG এবং shaft এর CG একসালথ match কলর না। অথাৎ থ এলদর মলযয একটা gap থালক। এই
কারলন rotation এর সমে shaft-এর মলযয একটা centrifugal force develop কলর। এই force এর
দরুন shaft টা bend হলে যাে। সমলের সালথ সালথ speed বািার সালথ এই gap আরও বালি।ফলল এক
সমে shaft fail কলর।তার মালন এই bending টা শুযুমাত্র কয CG এর eccentricity এর জনয হে তা না।
shaft এর speed এর জনয হে।
The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis
of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling speed. মালন কয speed-এ
shaft fail করলব কসটাই।
𝑠 𝑔 𝑚⋅𝑔
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝜔𝑐 = √ = √ Hz … (∵ 𝛿 = )
𝑚 𝛿 𝑠
𝑠 = Stiffness of the shaft i.e. the load required per unit deflection of the shaft.
If 𝑁𝑐 is the critical or whirling speed in r.p.s., then
𝑔 1 𝑔 0.4985
2𝜋𝑁𝑐 = √ or 𝑁𝑐 = √ = r.p.s.
𝛿 2𝜋 𝛿 √𝛿
Where, 𝛿 = Static deflection of the shaft in metres.
কযলহতু shaft/beam এর কক্ষ্লত্র এই critical speed প্রলযাজয তার মালন transverse vibration এর
frequency কবর করলল যা পালবা কসটা Critical speed. তারপর rotation কবর করলত 2𝜋𝑁𝑐 =
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 বযবহার করব।লসটা হলব rps। আমরা যদদ RPM করলত োই তাহলল 60 দদলে গুন
করলত হলব।
একটা shaft এর 2 প্রালে bearing থালক তাই
আমরা এলক fixed beam দহসালব কদখলত
পাদর।যদদ এই shaft এর center-এ একটা
point load কদো হে তাহলল deflection হলব,
এইবার উপলরর formula কত কফলললই speed
পাওো যালব।

# A vertical shaft of 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 diameter is 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 long and is supported in long

bearings at its ends. A disc of mass 𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐠 is attached to the centre of the shaft.
Neglecting any increase in stiffness due to the attachment of the disc to the
shaft, find the critical speed of rotation. 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐆𝐍/𝐦𝟐 .
Solution:
We know that moment of inertia of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = (0.005)4 = 30.7 × 10−12 m4
64 64
Since the shaft is supported in long bearings, it is assumed to be fixed at both ends. We know
that the static deflection at the center of the shaft due to a mass of 50 kg,
𝑊𝑙 3 50 × 9.81(0.2)3
𝛿= = = 3.33 × 10−3 m
192𝐸𝐼 192 × 200 × 109 × 30.7 × 10−12
... (∵ 𝑊 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑔)
We know that critical speed of rotation (or natural frequency of transverse vibrations),
0.4985
𝑁𝑐 = = 8.64 r.p.s.
√3.33 × 10−3
# In vibrating systems, the effect of friction is referred to as damping. The damping provided
by fluid resistance is known as viscous damping.
1 𝜔𝑑 1 1 𝑠 𝑐 2
𝑓𝑑 = = = √(𝜔𝑛 )2 − 𝑎2 = √ −( )
𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑚 2𝑚
c=damping co-efficient, s= spring constant=k, m=mass of system
# A vibrating system consists of a mass of 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠, a spring of stiffness 𝟖𝟎 𝐍/𝐦𝐦
and a damper with damping coefficient of 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐍/𝐦/𝐬. Determine the frequency
of vibration of the system. [40th BCS]
Ref: Khurmi-theory of machine example-23.9
Solution:
𝑠 80 × 103
𝜔𝑛 = √ =√ = 20rad/s
𝑚 200
𝜔𝑑 = √(𝜔𝑛 )2 − 𝑎2 = √(𝜔𝑛 )2 − (𝑐/2𝑚)2 … (∵ 𝑎 = 𝑐/2𝑚)
= √(20)2 − (800/2 × 200)2 = 19.9rad/s
∴ Frequency of vibration of the system,
𝑓𝑑 = 𝜔𝑑 /2𝜋 = 19.9/2𝜋 = 3.17 Hz
# A shaft has two heavy rotors mounted on it. The transverse natural
frequencies, considering each of the rotor separately are 100 cycles/sec and
200 cycles/sec respectively. The lowest critical speed is- [40th BCS]
Ref: https://testbook.com/question-answer/a-shaft-has-two-heavy-rotors-mounted-on-it-
the-tr--5f2fcfbddd89060d0bf36784
Solution:
Dunkerley's empirical formula:
1 1 1
2 = 2+ 2
𝑓𝑛 𝑓1 𝑓2
where 𝑓𝑛 = critical speed or whirling speed
f1 = 100 Hz, f2 = 200 Hz
Critical speed is:
1 1 1 1 1
2 = 2+ 2= 2
+ 2
⇒ 𝑓𝑛 = 89.44 𝐻𝑧 or rps
𝑓𝑛 𝑓1 𝑓2 100 200
Critical speed in rpm = 89.44 × 60 = 5367rpm

# Resonance is a special case of forced vibration. When the frequency of an externally

applied periodic force on a body is equal to its natural frequency, the body starts vibrating
with an increased amplitude, known as resonance.
𝑓 = frequency of the applied force, 𝑓𝑛 = natural frequency of the system,
For resonance both must be equal.
# An automotive engine weighing 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐠 is supported on four springs with

linear characteristics. Each of the front two springs have a stiffness of 𝟏𝟔𝐌𝐍/𝐦
while the stiffness of each rear spring is 𝟑𝟐𝐌𝐍/𝐦. The engine speed (in rpm)
and frequency at which resonance is likely to occur. [BREB-18]
Ref: https://testbook.com/question-answer/an-automotive-engine-weighing-240-kg-is-
supported--565ffee203282114ca220f6e
Solution:
k1 = k 2 = 16MN/m
k 3 = k 4 = 32MN/m, m = 240 kg
springs are parallel, so
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + 𝑘4
= 16 + 16 + 32 + 32
𝑀𝑁
⇒ 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 96
𝑚
we know that at resonance,
𝑘 2𝜋𝑁 𝑘eq
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝜔𝑛 = √ ⇒ =√
𝑚 60 𝑚
60 96 × 106 1 96 × 106
⇒𝑁= ×√ = 6039.5 ≃ 6040rpm & ⇒ 𝑓 = ×√ = 100.65𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 240 2𝜋 240
Torsional vibrations: When the shaft is twisted and untwisted alternately and torsional
shear stresses are induced, the resulting vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
The particle of the body moves in a circle about the axis of the shaft.
m=Mass of disc in kg, I=Mass moment of inertia of disc in kg-m 2 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑘 2
K=Radius of gyration in meters, q=Torsional stiffness of the shaft in N-m.=GJ/L; G=modulus of rigidity
𝜋
J=polar moment of inertia=32 𝑑4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡; L=length of shaft.
natural frequency,
1 1 𝑞
𝑓𝑛 = = √
𝑡𝑝 2𝜋 𝐼
# [Theory of machine by Khurmi-Example 24.1.] A shaft of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter
and 1 metre long has one of its ends fixed and the other end carries a disc of
mass 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠 at a radius of gyration of 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦. The modulus of rigidity for the
shaft material is 𝟖𝟎𝐆𝐍/𝐦𝟐. Determine the frequency of torsional vibrations.
[BCIC-19]
Solution: Given: 𝑑 = 100 mm = 0.1 m; 𝑙 = 1 m; 𝑚 = 500 kg; 𝑘 = 450 mm = 0.45 m; 𝐶 =
80GN/m2 = 80 × 109 N/m2
We know that polar moment of inertia of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐽= × 𝑑4 = (0.1)4 = 9.82 × 10−6 m4
32 32

∴ Torsional stiffness of the shaft,

𝐶. 𝐽 80 × 109 × 9.82 × 10−6
𝑞= = = 785.6 × 103 N − m
𝑙 1
We know that mass moment of inertia of the shaft,
𝐼 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑘 2 = 500(0.45)2 = 101.25 kg − m2
∴ Frequency of torsional vibrations,
1 𝑞 1 785.6 × 103 88.1
𝑓𝑛 = √ = √ = = 14 Hz
2𝜋 𝐼 2𝜋 101.25 2𝜋
# A flywheel is mounted on a
vertical shaft as shown in Fig. The
both ends of a shaft are fixed and its
diameter is 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦. The flywheel has
a mass of 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠 and its radius of
gyration is 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦. Find the natural
frequency of torsional vibrations, if
the modulus of rigidity for the shaft
material is 𝟖𝟎𝐆𝐍/𝐦𝟐 .
Solution: Given: 𝑑 = 50 mm = 0.05 m; 𝑚 = 500 kg; 𝑘 = 0.5 m; 𝐺 = 80GN/m2 = 84 × 109 N/

m2
We know that polar moment of inertia of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐽= × 𝑑4 = (0.05)4 m4 = 0.6 × 10−6 𝑚4
32 32
∴ Torsional stiffness of the shaft for length 𝑙1 ,
𝐶. 𝐽 84 × 109 × 0.6 × 10−6
𝑞1 = = = 56 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑙1 0.9
Similarly torsional stiffness of the shaft for length 𝑙2 ,
𝐶. 𝐽 84 × 109 × 0.6 × 10−6
𝑞2 = = = 84 × 103 N − m
𝑙2 0.6
∴ Total torsional stiffness of the shaft,
𝑞 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 56 × 103 + 84 × 103 = 140 × 103 N − m
We know that mass moment of inertia of the flywheel,
𝐼 = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑘 2 = 500(0.5)2 = 125 kg − m2
∴ Natural frequency of torsional vibration,
1 𝑞 1 140 × 103 33.5
𝑓𝑛 = √ = √ = = 5.32 Hz
2𝜋 𝐼 2𝜋 125 2𝜋
Spring Mass Damper System:

The mass-spring-damper model consists of discrete mass nodes distributed throughout an
object and interconnected via a network of springs and dampers. Main কথা হল এই system টা
apply হে কযলকালনা Dynamic system এর কক্ষ্লত্র। একটা dynamic system এর মলযয inertia বা
mass থাকলব। এই mass ককই মূলত েদতিীল করা হে। spring টা রাখা হে energy absorb করার
জনয। আর Damper রাখা হে energy dissipate করার জনয।
#Draw a simple Spring-Mass-Damper system, FBD and write differential

equation.

By Newton's 2nd law of motion equilibrium equation

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 2 +𝑏 + 𝑘𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)[𝑫𝑴𝑻𝑪𝑳 − 𝟏𝟗]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
#1 spring 1 mass 1 damper system:

#Write a relation between constants? [BITAC-21]
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 2
+𝐷 + 𝑘𝑥(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
For relation solve this differential
equation:
Let, 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑡 . Now DE we will get,
⇒ 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝐷𝑝 + 𝑘 = 0
−𝐷 ± √𝑝2 − 4𝑚𝑘
⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠, 𝑝 =
2𝑚
These are all constants.
# 1mass 1damper 2 spring system: [DMTCL-19]
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 2
+ 𝑘2 𝑥 + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ) 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2+ 𝑥+ =0⇒ 2 +𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
#2 mass 1 spring Damper with external force: [SGCL-20]

𝑑2 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2
𝑚1 + 𝑘(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑏( − )=𝑢
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑚2 2
+ 𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏( − )=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Here u is applied force. একটা spring 2টা mass কক connect করলল কয mass এর জনয
Differential equation দলখব কসটার co-ordinate- অনয mass এর co-ordinate. তাই ১ম mass এর
জনয আমরা পাজে 𝑘(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) কপলেদ । একইিালব একটা damper দদলে ২ টা mass connected
𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2
থাকললও আমরা 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑑𝑡
হলেল ।
1 mass 2 𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥1
𝑚 − 𝑘𝑑 + 𝑘𝑑 + 𝑘1 𝑥1
spring 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
with = 𝐹; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
common 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥1
𝑘2 𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
damping 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 0; for spring
𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥1
𝑚1 + 𝑘1 𝑥1 + 𝑐1
2 mass 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
spring 1 + 𝑘2 (𝑥1 − 𝑥1 ) = 0
damping 𝑑2 𝑥2
with 𝑚2 + 𝑘2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = F
𝑑𝑡 2
external
force:
[BSCIR-
21]
2 mass 2 For mass-1:
spring 2 𝑑 2 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥1
𝑚1 + 𝑘1 𝑥1 + 𝑐1
damping 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
system + 𝑘2 (𝑥1 − 𝑥1 )
with 𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2
+ 𝑐2 ( − )
external 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
force: = 𝐹1
For mass-2:
𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚2 + 𝑘2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥1
+ 𝑐2 ( − )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹2
#2 mass 3 spring 3 damper System:

𝑚1 2
+ (𝜆1 + 𝜆2 ) − 𝜆2 + (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑥1 − 𝑘2 𝑥2 = 0
𝑚2 2
− 𝜆2 + (𝜆2 + 𝜆3 ) − 𝑘2 𝑥1 + (𝑘2 + 𝑘3 )𝑥2 = 0
m1 ẍ1 + b1 ẋ1 + (k 2 + k1 )x1 − k 2 x2 = Fe

b2 ẋ2 + (k 2 + k 3 )x2 − k 2 x1 = 0
# Explain Damping? What is critical Damping?
In a system, damping explains how quickly the system will return to a state of rest after some
external force has acted upon it. For example, in control systems, the goal is often to stop a
system from spinning or vibrating. The damping ratio expresses that response as a ratio
between the actual damping of the system and the critical damping coefficient. It is
expressed as follows:
𝑐
𝜁=
𝑐𝑐
where: 𝜁 is the damping ratio; 𝑐 is the actual damping coefficient; 𝑐𝐶 is the critical damping
coefficient. The value of 𝜁 will determine the kind of damping that is seen by the system,
which will enable an engineer to make necessary changes to the system to achieve the
desired end state. The ideal damping state of the system is referred to as critical damping.
When a system is critically damped, the damping coefficient is equal to the critical damping
coefficient and the damping ratio is equal to 1.
The critical damping coefficient is the solution to a second-order differential equation that
is used to evaluate how quickly the system will return to its original (unperturbed) state. For
a single degree of freedom system, this equation is expressed as:
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 2 +𝑐 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
where: 𝑚 is the mass of the system; 𝑐 is the damping coefficient; 𝑘 is the spring rate
In the case of critical damping, 𝑐 will be 𝑐𝑐 and can be determined from the following:
𝑘
𝑐𝑐 = 2√km = 2𝑚√ = 2𝑚𝜔𝑛 ; 𝜔𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑚
In critical damped system, the system will return to the ideal state more quickly than the
overdamped system but will not overshoot that ideal state as the underdamped system will
do.
# A vibratory system consists of a mass 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐠, a spring of stiffness 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍/𝐦,
and a dashpot with damping coefficient of 𝟏𝟓𝐍𝐬/𝐦. The value of critical damping
of the system is- [BR PGen-21-MIST exam hall]
Ref: Byjus.com
Solution: Critical damping coefficient= 2√km = 2√1000 × 12.5 = 223.6𝑁𝑠/𝑚

#The natural
frequency of the
spring mass system
shown in the figure is
closest to:
Solution:
k1 = 4000 N/m, k 2 = 1600 N/m and m
= 1.4 kg
Springs are in parallel correction
∴ k eq = k1 + k 2 = 4000 + 1600 = 5600 N/m
𝑘cq 5600
𝜔𝑛 = √ ⇒√ = √4000;
𝑚 1.4
𝜔𝑛 √4000
𝑓= ⇒ ≈ 10 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
# For the system shown in figure, find the frequency of vibration, where 𝐦 = 𝟐𝟎
Tones and 𝐊 = 𝟐. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐍/𝐦. [36th BCS]
Solution: 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠, m = 3 × 20 T = 60 T = 60000 kg

Equivalent spring constant for 2 series spring,
1 1 1 2.8 × 106 × 2.8 × 106
= + ⇒k= = 1400000 N/m
𝑘 𝑘1 𝑘2 (2.8 × 106 ) + (2.8 × 106 )
1 𝑘 1 1400000
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑓= √ = √ = 0.769 Hz
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 60000
#Define Free, Forced and Damped Vibration? [35th BCS]
Free vibrations are the type of vibrations where there is no external force provided to start
or stop the vibrations of the particle. In an ideal condition, a free vibration would go on for
an infinite time. Generally, the solution of a free vibration is a sinusoidal wave function. The
amplitude of a free vibration remains constant throughout; hence it does not grow or decay.
Forced vibration is when a time-varying disturbance (load, displacement, velocity, or
acceleration) is applied to a mechanical system. The disturbance can be a periodic and
steady-state input, a transient input, or a random input. The periodic input can be a
harmonic or a non-harmonic disturbance. Examples of these types of vibration include a
washing machine shaking due to an imbalance, transportation vibration caused by an engine
or uneven road, or the vibration of a building during an earthquake.
In damped vibrations, there is an external force which affects the free vibration, it
dampens or reduces the amplitude of the system. When an external force is provided to show
resistance to the motion of the system, hence ultimately stopping the motion of the system,
then such vibrations are called damped vibrations. Energy of the system is dissipated due to
this external force such as friction or resistance.

Facebook Group: Job Hacks For Mechanical Engineers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Facebook Group: Job Hacks For Mechanical Engineers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Facebook Group: Job Hacks For Mechanical Engineers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACEBOOK GROUP: JOB HACKS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

THEORY OF MACHINE | 606

THEORY OF MACHINE | 607

Equivalent mass of the system

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

THEORY OF MACHINE | 608

For a particle with SHM velocity,

THEORY OF MACHINE | 609

THEORY OF MACHINE | 610

#Difference between Machine and Structure? [BIWTA]

Slider Crank Mechanism:

L = length of connecting rod (in, mm ),

# The mechanism shown has a crank 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 radius which rotates at 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐞𝐯/

THEORY OF MACHINE | 611

2. এইবার কদখলত হলব OA link এর A দবন্দুলত

3. এইবার আমালদর ৩ে link OB এর দদলক

The velocity of 𝐵 relative to 𝑂 is 7 m/s.

THEORY OF MACHINE | 612

# A slider-crank mechanism with a

# In a slider crank mechanism crank is rotating with an angular velocity of

# In a slider-crank mechanism, the

THEORY OF MACHINE | 613

# A shaft is rotating at a speed of 10 rad/s. Upon this shaft a block is moving

*Minimum Force Required to Slide a Body

* Torque with friction Co-efficient,

# A 𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦 diameter shaft running in a bearing carries a load of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍. If the

THEORY OF MACHINE | 614

#Difference between Clutch and coupling?

# Mention the name of mechanical Power transmission system? Also give

THEORY OF MACHINE | 615

• Advantages and disadvantages of gear systems

• Advantages and disadvantages of chain drive systems

• Advantages and disadvantages of belt and pulley systems

Velocity Ratio of Belt Drive:

THEORY OF MACHINE | 616

Power Transmitted by Belt

𝜋 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

THEORY OF MACHINE | 617

Crowning of pulley: The rim of the

# A pulley 𝟒𝟎 𝐜𝐦 in dia at a 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦. Calculate ther is driven at 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝐫𝐩𝐦 by a shaft

𝑟1 and 𝑟2 = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys, 𝑟1 − 𝑟2

THEORY OF MACHINE | 618

# [Khurmi Theory of Machines, Example 11.4] Find the power transmitted by a

THEORY OF MACHINE | 619

Maximum power transmitted by belt:

From equations (𝑖) and (ii),

THEORY OF MACHINE | 620

# Advantage of 𝐕 belt over Flat Belt

THEORY OF MACHINE | 621

Compound gear Train: যখন একটা shaft

তাহলল আমরা বললত পাদর,

THEORY OF MACHINE | 622

Reverted Gear Train: এইখালন driver

Epicyclic Gear Train: এটা একটা

Compound Epicyclic Gear Train/Sun and Planet gear/Planetary Gear System:

Sun gear হল driver gear. এখালন carrier আর Arm একই জজদনস।

THEORY OF MACHINE | 623

# [Khurmi-Theory of machine-Example 13.1.] The gearing of a machine tool is

# A compound gear train is run by an electric motor, where 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎