Dielectric Magnetic Properties
Dielectric Magnetic Properties
Dielectric Magnetic Properties
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Dielectric Properties:
Dielectric material
Dielectric constant
Polarization of dielectric materials,
Types of Polarization (Polarizability).
Equation of internal fields in liquid and solid (One Dimensional)
Claussius Mussoti-Equation,
Frequency dependence of dielectric constant,
Dielectric Losses,
Magnetic Properties:
Magnetization,
Dia, para and ferro magnetism,
Langevin’s theory for diamagnetic material,
Phenomena of hysteresis and its applications.
Dielectrics are the materials having electric dipole moment
permantly.
All dielectrics are electrical insulators and they are mainly used to
store electrical energy.
p=2aq =pxE
The electric dipole
moment (p) is a vector
directed along the line
p=2aq
joining the charges from –q
to +q ,
Polarizability:
Is a Polarizability constant
Electric susceptibility:
The polarization vector P is proportional to
the total electric flux density and direction of
electric field.
Therefore the polarization vector can be
written
P 0 e E
P
e
0E
0 ( r 1) E
0E
e r 1
When the specimen is placed inside a d.c.
electric field, polarization is due to four types of
processes….
1.Electronic polarization
2.Ionic polarization
3.Orientation polarization
4.Space charge polarization
When an EF is applied to an atom, +vely charged
nucleus displaces in the direction of field and ẽ could in
opposite direction. This kind of displacement will produce an
electric dipole with in the atom.
i.e, dipole moment is proportional to the magnitude of field
strength and is given by
e E
or
e e E
where ‘αe’ is called electronic Polarizability constant
The ionic polarization occurs, when atoms form
molecules and it is mainly due to a relative
displacement of the atomic components of the
molecule in the presence of an electric field.
x1 x2
+
_
+ _
+ _
+ _
It is also called dipolar or molecular polarization. The
molecules such as H2 , N2,O2,Cl2 ,CH4,CCl4 etc., does not
carry any dipole because centre of positive charge and
centre of negative charge coincides. On the other hand
molecules like CH3Cl, H2O,HCl, ethyl acetate ( polar
molecules) carries dipoles even in the absence of electric
field.
How ever the net dipole moment is negligibly small since all
the molecular dipoles are oriented randomly when there is
no EF. In the presence of the electric field these all dipoles
orient them selves in the direction of field as a result the net
dipole moment becomes enormous.
1.2µi
Ei E
a 0
3
Consider a dielectric material having cubic
structure , and assume ionic Polarizability &
Orientational polarizability are zero..
i 0 0
polarizati on..P N
P N e Ei ......where., e Ei
P
where., Ei E
3 0
P N e Ei
P
P N e ( E )
3 0
P
P N e E N e
3 0
P
or , P N e N e E
3 0
N e
or , P (1 ) N e E
3 0
N e E
or , P ...................(1)
N e
(1 )
3 0
We known that the p olarization vector
P 0 E ( r 1)............( 2)
from eq n s (1) & ( 2)
N e E
0 E ( r 1)
N e
(1 )
3 0
N e N e E
1
3 0 0 E ( r 1)
N e N e E
1
3 0 0 E ( r 1)
N e N e
1
3 0 0 ( r 1)
N e 3
1 (1 )
3 0 r 1
N e 1
3 0 (1
3
)
r 1
N e 1
r ...... Classius M osottirelation
3 0 r 2
Fora lossy (imperfect) dielectric the
dielectric constant can be represented by a
complex relative dielectric constant:
From Q = oAV/d = CV
Q C Vo eit
Current flow on discharge of the capacitive cell in time, t:
dQ
I iCV
dt
For a real dielectric the current I has vector components IC and
IR:
I = IC + IR
DIELECTRIC LOSS
From magnitude of these currents, also we can
define a dissipation factor, tan , as
IR
tan
IC
Quality factor Q is: