WOLKITE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architecture
Course name: Building materials and construction IV

Course code: ARCH 3172

Group Assignment

Group members ID
1. Naol dawit ……………………..1862/14
2. Tsion teshome ………………..2168/14
3. Ashenafi meskele……………2699/14
4. Dagmawi tibebu………………0666/14
5. Tesgazeab abiyu……………..2418/14
6. Ayub abrar……………………..0382/14
7. Zufan birhanu………………….2431/14

Submitted to Mr. Mintesnot

What is Facade?
Facade, at its essence, refers to the exterior surface or the “face” of a building. It
encompasses everything visible on the exterior of a structure, from materials and colors to
windows and ornaments. The facade serves as both a building’s protective skin against
the external environment and its aesthetic identity in the urban landscape.The term
“facade” is derived from the French word “facade”, which translates to “face”. In
architectural terms, a facade is not just the front elevation of a building but any side that
faces a public space or an external environment. A facade is often composed of several
elements:

 Wall surfaces: These can be composed of brick, stone, glass, metal, or a

combination of materials.
 Openings: Windows, doors, and other penetrations that provide light, access, or
ventilation.
 Ornaments: Decorative elements such as cornices, moldings, and sculptures.
 Functional features: Aspects like louvers, sunshades, or shutters that have specific
utilities.
While the internal architecture focuses on creating functional spaces that cater to human
activities, the facade is about the building’s interaction with its external environment and
its visual impact. It’s the first thing one notices about a building and often shapes first
impressions.

A well-designed facade takes into consideration the interplay of aesthetics and

functionality. It isn’t just about creating a “pretty face” but also addressing practical
concerns like weather protection, insulation, and energy conservation. Additionally, it can
convey a message or tell a story, reflecting the building’s purpose, its historical context,
or the vision of its architects.

The Functional Role of Facades

One of the primary functions of a facade is to act as the building’s shield against external
factors (this is sometimes called a rainscreen). It provides protection against rain, wind,
snow, and even the harsh rays of the sun.

A well-designed facade can prevent water seepage, keeping the interiors dry, and also
safeguard the structural integrity of the building from potential damages caused by
weather extremes.Beyond just protection, facades play a significant role in maintaining
the interior climate of a building.

They can be designed to promote natural ventilation, reducing the need for artificial
cooling or heating. By controlling the amount of sunlight that enters a space, a facade can
help maintain a comfortable temperature.They also contribute to the building’s security.
Features like reinforced materials, secure entry points, and advanced locking systems
incorporated into the facade design can deter unauthorized access, making the building
safer for its occupants.

Aesthetic Importance

Every building has a story, and its façade is often the cover of that tale. The exterior
design, materials, and layout of the façade convey the essence of the building’s purpose,
history, and context. Iconic buildings are often recognized by their unique facades, which
become synonymous with the structure’s identity.

Facades often mirror the culture and era in which they were built. From the ornate
decorations of Baroque architecture to the sleek minimalism of modern designs, facades
provide insight into societal values and aesthetic preferences of their time.They can
encapsulate the spirit of a nation, a city, or even a particular neighborhood.

With advancements in technology and the availability of diverse materials, architects

have a wider palette to draw from than ever before.The use of glass in modern
skyscrapers, the raw appeal of exposed brick in industrial designs, or the sustainable
integration of green walls all showcase how material choices can shape the visual impact
of a façade.Moreover, as technology evolves, it allows for more intricate and dynamic
designs, making buildings not just static structures but interactive pieces of art.

7 Different Types of Facades

Lightweight Façades

A lightweight facade consists of a system that does not contribute to the structural stability of
a building. Because they only have to support their own load, rather than supporting any of
the building’s load, they can be made of lightweight materials such as aluminium. These
façades are easier to install and more cost-effective because of this, in comparison to
traditional building materials.
The lightweight nature of these façades can also contribute to the energy efficiency and
sustainability of the construction process, as they require less energy to transport.
However, one downside to lightweight façades to consider, is that they provide less sound
insulation and heat insulation compared to other types of façades.Despite this, lightweight
façades offer a practical and efficient solution for modern building design and are used in
many construction projects.

Panelled Façades

If you're looking for a modern and sleek appearance for your building, consider a panelled
façade.A panelled façade is a type of building exterior that's composed of individual panels
that hook or clip onto an external wall frame; these panels can be made from various
materials such as glass, metal, or composite materials.Panelled façades offer several
advantages. Firstly, they allow for flexibility in design, as the individual panels can be
fabricated in various shapes, sizes, and finishes, and can further be hooked on horizontally or
vertically. They also provide excellent thermal and acoustic insulation when installed as a
rainscreen system, contributing to energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Additionally,
panel façades are durable and require minimal maintenance - with maintenance simplified as
the panels can be removed in isolation.These panel systems are a popular choice for
commercial and residential high rise buildings, as they offer a contemporary and sophisticated
aesthetic while providing practical benefits.
Curtain Wall Façades

Curtain wall systems are a popular facade choice due to their modern and elegant appearance.
These non-structural cladding systems consist of lightweight aluminium frames that support
glass or opaque panels, known as glazing. The panels serve multiple functions, such as
allowing in natural light, protecting the interior from the elements, and providing thermal
efficiency.
Curtain walling is a durable facade design, which offers a contemporary aesthetic; it
performs well in weather conditions when manufactured and installed in line with regulations
and can also improve the thermal performance of the building. However, they are high
maintenance systems, with glass panels requiring regular cleaning. With their sleek design
and functional benefits, curtain wall facades are an excellent choice for buildings seeking a
sophisticated and efficient exterior solution.
Heavyweight Façades

As the name suggests, heavyweight facades refer to systems which weigh significantly more
than their counterpart, the lightweight system. The weight of the system may be affected by
the panel material or material thickness, for example. The support system for heavyweight
facades has to be designed with bearing the increased load in mind; some heavyweight
systems are also designed to help bear structural loads, also.
Heavyweight facades are durable systems, offering protection from harsh weather conditions,
alongside sound and thermal insulation. However, their weight can pose some installation
difficulties.
When it comes to building construction, heavyweight façades are known for their durability
and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions. These façades are typically made of solid
materials, such as concrete or stone, which provide excellent protection against wind, rain,
and extreme temperatures.
The weight of these materials also adds to their strength, making them less susceptible to
damage from impacts or vibrations. Additionally, heavyweight façades offer superior sound
insulation, reducing noise pollution from outside sources.
Their robust construction and long lifespan make them a popular choice for buildings in areas
with challenging climates or high traffic. Overall, heavyweight façades provide a reliable and
sturdy solution for ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of a building.
Prefabricated Façades

Prefabricated façades, often known as modular façades, are exterior panels pre-assembled off-
site and later transported to the construction location for installation. Composing components
like panels, windows, and insulation, they are produced in controlled environments to ensure
the highest quality and precision. While they promise advantages such as a quicker
construction process;, diminished disruptions on-site due to most assembly taking place off-
site; enhanced energy efficiency through precise fitting to reduce air leaks and thermal
bridging; and consistent quality control, there are also some challenges to be mindful of. The
logistics of construction and installation when working with prefabricated structures should
always be considered. For example, late delivery or unexpected manufacturing delays could
disrupt construction and installation processes onsite.
Furthermore, after the façades are manufactured, any significant design alterations become a
complicated, often costly, endeavour. It's also worth noting that the initial investment for
these façades can be steeper than traditional methods, albeit this is balanced out by the faster
construction and reduced labour expenses.
Lastly, installation must be precise; any misalignment could result in issues such as water
leaks or insulation inefficiencies. It's paramount for those considering prefabricated façades to
collaborate with experts, to ensure the successful integration of this system into their
construction projects.

Traditional Façades
Traditional façades, like those found in older buildings or residential homes, are constructed
using traditional building materials such as brick or stone. These façades are designed to
maintain the character of a building and are highly valued for their aesthetic appeal.
Traditional facade materials are durable and versatile in their aestheticism, and are built to
withstand the test of time in all weather conditions. They are also structural, and help support
the load of the building.
However, it’s important to note that traditional façades are not suitable for the construction of
all types of buildings. We largely see traditional facades in residential homes, or, when used
in large buildings, it is typically for Heritage refurbishment projects.

Rainscreen Cladding Systems?

Rainscreen cladding, also referred to as ventilated facade systems, is our final facade type.
Rainscreen cladding, particularly prevalent in contemporary structures, employs a method
where an outer layer is positioned away from the main building, forming a breathable space in
between. This gap plays a crucial role in ensuring air circulation, managing moisture, and
enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the building.
Aluminium panels have emerged as a popular choice for the outer layer of rainscreen
cladding. These panels are not only lightweight and robust, but they also boast a high
resistance to corrosion, making them particularly suited for environments with variable
weather conditions. When used in rainscreen cladding, aluminium panels not only protect the
building structure from external environmental factors but also provide an enhanced, modern
appearance that's both functional and visually appealing.

When choosing your rainscreen cladding system, however, you should ensure the system has
undergone CWCT (or Centre for Window and Cladding Technology) testing - validating its
ability to withstand adverse weather conditions.
Facade systems
The specific components of a facade system will vary depending on factors such as the
building's size, location, use, and desired aesthetics. There are many different facade system
types, some examples include:
Curtain wall systems:These are lightweight systems comprised of a non-structural
aluminum frame that supports a glass or metal panel infill.
Rainscreen systems:These have an airspace cavity between the cladding and the
weatherproofing barrier, which allows water drainage and ventilation.

Metal Composite Panels (MCPs):These are lightweight panels with a layered

construction, typically consisting of two thin metal sheets bonded to a plastic core. MCPs are
popular for their versatility, affordability, and ease of installation.
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Stone Cladding:Natural stone like granite or limestone can be used as a facade cladding
material. Stone offers durability, beauty, and fire resistance, but it can be expensive and
heavy.
Curtain Wall

A curtain wall is an exterior covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural,
instead serving to protect the interior of the building from the elements. Because the curtain
wall façade carries no structural load beyond its own dead load weight, it can be made of
lightweight materials. The wall transfers lateral wind loads upon it to the main building
structure through connections at floors or columns of the building.

Curtain walls may be designed as "systems" integrating frame, wall panel, and
weatherproofing materials. Steel frames have largely given way to aluminum extrusions.
Glass is typically used for infill because it can reduce construction costs, provide an
architecturally pleasing look, and allow natural light to penetrate deeper within the building.
However, glass also makes the effects of light on visual comfort and solar heat gain in a
building more difficult to control. Other common infills include stone veneer, metal panels,
louvres, and operable windows or vents.

Functions of Curtain Walls in Buildings

Elimination of Water Penetration

Water penetration is the fundamental function of a facade. Here bringing a completely
impermeable sealed curtain panel system is not possible. Hence two stages of prevention are
placed. Primary level where complete defense of water is conducted and if that fails a
secondary level where a direction to let percolated water to drained out has to be provided.
Air impermeability

This function is more of an environment concern to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide
due to rate of heat loss or gain within the external and internal environment.
Resistance to wind, thermal and acoustic action

Wind actions are transferred by the cladding system to the building floors which act as a
linear support. Building cladding systems formed of large panels are usually one-way
spanning. Each floor level therefore supports one level of wind load on a building. Thermal
insulation function which is strictly necessary for a facade in order to reduce energy
consumption and CO2 emissions. Insulated materials are provided to both opaque as well as
transparent areas. Acoustic Insulation too is necessary between the inside and the outside
environment mainly city centered building. Massive structural elements possess higher
acoustic insulation like masonry or concrete structures.

Solar levels

This can be reduced by providing a selective solar control coating on one of the surfaces of
the glass. This coating is called selective because solar radiation of different wavelengths is
selectively allowed to pass through the coating: visible wavelengths of light are allowed to
pass more freely than infrared wavelengths. For example, spaces for exhibitions or displays of
materials can undergo degradation due to ultraviolet radiation. For this a UV-inhibiting film
can be applied to the surface of glazing.

Types of Curtain Wall System

Curtain wall systems are factory pre casted systems. They are bought to the site and
assembled. These are of two types based on the way each component is assembled.

 Stick Curtain Wall System

 Unitized Curtain Wall System

Stick Curtain Wall System involves its components to be assembled piece by piece on the
building at the site. These are mainly installed in low rise building or small regions. This is
because, to reach higher elevations exterior access is essential. For this additional
requirements like scaffolding, cranes etc. will be required. The above system gains the
advantage of low shipping cost as onsite adjustments are possible. But the time and labor
consumption is recorded to be high.
Unitized curtain wall systems involves assembling by means of interlocking units that are
bought from the factory. The whole components are bought together as a single unit from the
factory. Individual installation of each component are not necessary as in sticky curtain wall
system. The size of the unitized curtain walls are dependent on the floor to floor height of the
building. Hence it is essential to keep in mind the mode of transportation and installation
while planning the depth of facade. This system is mainly used in high rise building. This
does not require exterior supports like cranes or scaffolding. Only mini cranes or a temporary
hoist can be held over floor to keep it help during installation. This system gains advantage of
faster construction and higher quality because of factory manufacturing. But it gains high
shipping charge as mentioned due to requirement of larger protection during transportation.
Components of a Curtain Wall
The complete unit consist of the following structural elements

1. Transom
2. Mullions
 3. Vision Glass
4. Anchor

cavity wall
A cavity wall is a structural system used in building construction. It consists of two parallel
masonry walls (known as wythes) separated by a gap or cavity. These walls are usually made
of brick, concrete blocks, or other masonry materials.The outer wall, known as the "outer
leaf" or "wythe," serves as the building's primary weather-resistant barrier, while the inner
wall, referred to as the "inner leaf" or "wythe," provides structural support and insulation.
The Purpose of Cavity Walls
Cavity walls serve several vital purposes in construction:
Weather Resistance: The outer leaf of the cavity wall acts as a shield against external
elements, such as rain, wind, and extreme temperatures, protecting the interior of the building
from moisture and temperature fluctuations.

Thermal Insulation: The gap or cavity between the two walls creates a barrier that reduces
heat transfer, helping to maintain a comfortable interior temperature and increase energy
efficiency.
Sound Insulation: Cavity walls also provide sound insulation, reducing the transmission of
noise from the exterior to the interior and vice versa.
Structural Support: The inner leaf of the cavity wall provides structural support to the
building, ensuring its stability and durability.

How to Build a Cavity Wall?

Building a cavity wall involves several key steps:
1. Foundation and Footings
The construction process begins with the excavation of the foundation and the creation of
suitable footings to support the weight of the walls. Properly designed and constructed
foundations are crucial for the stability of the entire structure.
2. Constructing the Inner Leaf
The inner leaf, typically made of bricks or concrete blocks, is constructed first. The bricks or
blocks are laid using mortar, and reinforcement, such as wall ties, may be incorporated to
enhance structural stability. Care is taken to ensure that the inner leaf is plumb and level.
3. Adding Insulation (Optional)
Depending on the building's design and insulation requirements, insulation materials may be
added within the cavity. Common insulation materials include mineral wool, rigid foam
boards, or foam-filled cavity wall ties. Insulation boosts thermal efficiency and energy
efficiency.
4. Building the Cavity
Once the inner leaf is complete, a cavity is created by installing spacers or ties that maintain
the separation between the inner and outer leaves. The cavity width can vary depending on
design specifications but is typically between 50mm and 100mm.
5. Constructing the Outer Leaf
The outer leaf, often made of bricks or masonry units, is constructed over the cavity. It is
essential to ensure proper bonding between the inner and outer leaves to maintain structural
integrity. Openings for doors and windows are also created as the outer leaf progresses.
6. Wall Ties and Damp Proofing
Wall ties, typically made of metal, are installed to connect the inner and outer leaves and
prevent them from separating. Damp proofing measures, such as a damp-proof course (DPC),
may also be incorporated to prevent moisture from rising through the walls.
7. Completion and Finishing
Once the outer leaf is finished, the cavity wall construction is completed. The wall is then
typically rendered, plastered, or clad, depending on the desired finish.
Cavity Wall Details
Cavity walls can vary in complexity, and their specific details may differ based on
construction requirements and design specifications. However, some common cavity wall
details include:
1. Wall Ties
Wall ties are crucial components of cavity wall construction. They connect the inner and outer
leaves, providing stability to the wall system. Wall ties can be made of materials such as
stainless steel or galvanized steel and are available in various designs to suit different
construction needs.
2. Damp Proof Course (DPC)
A damp-proof course, typically made of a waterproof material like bitumen or plastic, is
installed at the base of the cavity wall. It prevents rising damp by blocking moisture from
migrating from the foundation into the walls. Proper DPC installation is vital to ensure the
wall's longevity and prevent moisture-related issues.
3. Cavity Insulation
Insulating the cavity is an effective way to improve the thermal performance of a building.
Common cavity wall insulation materials include:
Mineral Wool: This material, often in the form of batts or rolls, offers excellent thermal and
acoustic insulation properties.
Rigid Foam Boards: Extruded or expanded polystyrene foam boards are used to insulate the
cavity and improve energy efficiency.
Blown-in Insulation: Loose-fill insulation materials can be blown into the cavity, filling gaps
and voids effectively.
4. Weep Vents
Weep vents are small openings or vents installed near the base of the outer leaf. They allow
any moisture that enters the cavity to drain out, preventing the accumulation of water within
the wall system.