Math On Go FS

MATHONGO – formula sheet – SET RELATION
Union of Two Sets

A B
Let A and B be two sets.
Then, A  B  {x : x  A or x  B}
Clearly, A  A  B, B  A  B A B
and A B  B  A
Intersection of Two Sets

Intersection of two sets A and B is denoted by A B and,
A  B  {x : x  A and x  B} A B
Trivially, A  B  A, A  B  B
and A  B  B  A.
A B
Complement of a Set
Complement of a set B in set A is written as A ~ B  {x : x  A, x  B}
 
e.g. I ~ N  {.... 3,  2,  1, 0}.
 
The set of irrational numbers  R ~ Q
In any discussion involving sets and their

A B
operations, we presume that all these
A'
sets are subsets of a parent set called
Universal set, U. The complements of A
A~B A
and U is denoted by AC or
A'  {x : x  A} .
Some properties of operations on sets
(a) A  (B  C)  ( A  B)  C
(b) A  B  B  A, A     A B
(c) A  B  A B  A  A B  B
(d) (A  B)' A'B' and (A  B)' A' B' AB
(De Morgan’s Law)
n  n
(e)  
A ~  Ai   ( A ~ Ai )
 i 1  i 1
(Generalized De Morgan’s Law)
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n  n
(f)  
A ~  Ai   ( A ~ Ai )
 i 1  i 1
Symmetric difference of two sets

AB  (A ~ B)  (B ~ A)
Cartesian Product
Let X be a non-empty set and a, b  X. Then the symbol (a,b) denotes ordered pair and is
defined by property that (a, b)  (c,d) if and only if a  c and b  d. The cartesian product of
sets A and B is denoted by A  B  B  A, moreover,
A(B  C)  ( A  B)  ( A  C) and A  (B  C)  ( A  B)  ( A  C)
Relations
A relation from set of X to a set Y is a subset R of X Y . If Y

(a, b) R, we say a is related to b and often write it as a R b. If
X  Y, we say that R is relation on X. R

Let R be a relation from X to Y. For each subset A of X, we write
R( A)  {y Y : x R y for some x  A} X
and call it the (direct) image of A under R, and for each subset B of Y, we write
R 1(B)  {x  X : x R y for some y  B} and call it the inverse image of B under R.
One can think of R1 as relation from Y to X, where
yR1x  xRy
that is, R 1  {(y, x ) : ( x, y )  R}
R1 is called the reverse of the relation R.

Domain of a relation R from a set X to a set Y is the set of all first components of the elements
of R, i.e. dom R  {a  X : (a, b)  R for some b  R}
Let R be a relation from X to Y and S from Y to Z, then SoR  {(x, z) | x  X, z  Z and
y Y such that and (x, y ) R and (y, z)  S.
Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a set X (i.e. R  X  X ) is said to be
(a) reflexive if x R x for all x  X.
(b) symmetric if x R y  y R x, where x, y  X
(c) transitive if x R y, y R z  x R z, where x, y, z  X
(d) antisymmetric if x R y and y R x then x  y.
Further, a relation R in a set X is said to be an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric

and transitive.
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – QUADRATIC EQUATION
The roots of the quadratic equation
 b  b 2  4ac
ax 2  bx  c  0 are a  0
2a
Relation between the roots and coefficient

(a) If  and  be the roots of the equation, then ax 2  bx  c  ax  x  
b c
(b) Sum of the roots,      , product of the roots,   .
a a
Sign of the roots (roots are real)
(a) If a, b, c are all positive or all negative, the sum of the roots is negative while their
product is positive. Hence both the roots are negative.
(b) If a and b are of the same sign and c of the opposite sign, both the sum and the
product of the roots are negative. Hence one root is positive and the other root is
negative.
(c) If a and c are of the same sign and b of the opposite sign, both the sum and
product of the roots are positive. Hence both the roots are positive.
(d) If b and c are of the same sign and a of the opposite sign, the sum of the roots is
positive, while their product is negative. Hence one root is positive and the other
root is negative.
Nature of the roots
(a) If b 2  4ac be a positive quantity, the roots are real and distinct.
(b) If b 2  4ac be a perfect square of a rational number and a, b are rational

numbers, then roots are rational.
(c) If b 2  4ac  0 , the roots are real and equal.
(d) If b 2  4ac be a negative quantity, the roots are complex.
Definition
b 2  4ac is called the discriminant of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .
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(e) Let D  b 2  4ac . Hence for real roots D  0 .
(f) If one root of a quadratic equation is irrational, the other root is its irrational
conjugate (given that a, b, c are rational).
(g) If one root of a quadratic equation is complex, the other root is its complex
conjugate. (given that a, b, c are equal)
Formation of a quadratic equation whose roots are known
x 2  x (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
Common roots
(a) If ax 2  bx  c  0, a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 have a common root, then
ca1  c1a2  bc1  b1cab1  a1b

ca1  c1a bc1  b1c
The common root is or ab1  a1b  0
ab1  a1b ca1  c1a
(b) If ax 2  bx  c  0, a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 have both the roots common, then
a b c
  .
a1 b1 c1
Quadratic Expressions
ax 2  bx  c , where a, b, c are constants is called a quadratic expression in x.
Sign of a quadratic expression
(a) When a is positive ax 2  bx  c is positive for all real values of x if b2  4ac is

negative.
(b) When a is negative ax 2  bx  c is negative for all real values of x if b2  4ac is

negative.
(c) When a is positive ax 2  bx  c is negative when x lies between the roots of the
equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .
(d) When a is negative ax 2  bx  c is positive when x lies between the roots of the
equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .
All these four cases can be combined in a single statement.
The value of the quadratic expression ax 2  bx  c has always the same sign as a,
except when ax 2  bx  c = 0 has real and distinct roots and x lies between them.
Maximum and Minimum values
4ac  b2
(a) When a is positive, the minimum value of ax 2  bx  c is and is attained
4a
b
when x   .
2a
4ac  b2
(b) When a is negative, the maximum value of ax 2  bx  c is and is
4a
b
attained when x   .
2a
Geometrically, the equation y = ax2 + bx + c represents a parabola
(a) The curve y  ax  bx  c , where

2
a  0 opens
a>0
upwards if a is positive and opens downwards if a is
negative.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola are a<0
  b 4ac  b 2 
  i.e.,   b ,  D 
 2a , 4a   2a 4a 

Position of roots of a quadratic equation
(a) If a real number k lies between the roots of a quadratic equation

f x   ax 2  bx  c  0 , then D  0 , f k  and ‘a’ are of opposite signs and
therefore af k   0
 b D 
  ,  k
 2a 4a 
 f(k) 
 f(k) 
 b D 
k   , 
 2a 4a 
a < 0, f(k) > 0 a > 0, f(k)<0
(b) If the two roots of the quadratic equation f x   ax 2  bx  c  0 are real and
distinct and a real number k does not lie between the roots, then D > 0 and
af k   0 .
 b D 
  , 
 2a 4a  f(k)   f(k)
k k
k k
   b D 
f(k) f(k)   2a , 4a 
 
a < 0, f(k) < 0 a > 0, f(k)>0
(c) If a real number k is less than both the real and distinct roots of a quadratic
equation f x   ax 2  bx  c  0 , then
(ii) af k   0
b
(i) D > 0 (iii) k  
2a
(d) If a real number k is greater than both the real roots of the equation, then
(ii) af k   0
b
(i) D > 0 (iii) k  
2a
Note: If the equation is squared at any stage, extraneous roots may occur. Hence
determine whether the solutions satisfy the given equation or not.
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER
Definition
An ordered pair of real numbers (a, b) united symbolically in the form a  ib is called a
complex number. A complex number consists of two parts a and b, a is called the
real part and b is called the imaginary part.
i denotes a quantity such that i 2  1. Hence i   1 .
Note: When b = 0, a  ib  a
When a  0 , a  ib  ib
 the set of all real numbers and the set of all purely imaginary numbers are subsets
of the set of complex numbers.
If A  a  ib, a  ib is called its conjugate and is denoted by A .
Properties
(a) If a  ib  0 , then a  0 and b  0 .
(b) If a  ib  c  id , then a  c and b  d .
(c) The sum, difference, product or quotient (the denominator is not zero) of two
complex numbers is a complex number.
Modulus amplitude form of a complex number
If a  ib is expressed in the form r cos  i sin, r is called the modulus denoted by
a  ib and  is called the amplitude or argument denoted by arga  ib
a  ib  r  a 2  b 2
a b
 is given by the equation cos  , sin 
a b
2 2
a  b2
2
The value of  such that       is called the principal value of the amplitude or
argument and the general value of argument is 2k   , where k is any integer.
Properties of modulus, conjugate and argument
 | z | | z |
 zz  | z |2
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 | z1z2 | | z1 | | z2 |
z1 |z |
  1
z2 | z2 |
 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |
 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |
 z1  z2  z1  z2
 z1  z1
   
 z2  z2
 zz  z is purely real.
z  z  z is purely imaginary.
 Arg (z1z2) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable
 z1 
Arg  
z  = Arg z1  Arg z2 + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable,
 2
Arg z =  Arg z
 If arg (z) = 0  z is real.
Properties of argument of complex number
(a) arg(z1z2 )  argz1  argz2
 z1 
(b) arg   argz1  argz2
 z2 
z1  z3
(c) If r is the modulus of , P(z1)
z2  z3

z1  z3 z z
 r cos  i sin  1 3 e i , where  is R(z3) Q(z2)
z2  z3 z2  z3
the angle between RQ and RP.
Rotation of a complex number
(a) Rotate OP through an angle  in the y

Q z (cos + isin)
 
anticlockwise direction, then P z1 will occupy
1
P(z1)
the point Q represented by the point 
z1cos  i sin . x x
O
y
(b) If PQ is rotated through an angle  in the R

anticlockwise direction, Q will occupy the point Q(z2)
R which represents 
z1  z2  z1 cos  i sin P(z1)

x x
O
y
(c) If S any point other than Q on PR where PS  PQ, then S can be represented by
complex number z1  z2  z1  cos  i sin

PS
.
PQ
De Moivre’s theorem
(a) For all integral values of n, cos  i sin  cosn  i sinn

n
(b) The q values of cos  i sin1 q are obtained from
2n   2n  
cos  i sin by putting n = 0, 1, 2, ……, (q – 1).
q q
(c) (cos1  i sin 1 )(cos2  i sin 2 )...(cosn  i sin n )
 cos(1  2  ...  n )  i sin(1  2  ...  n )
Euler’s Formula
e i  cos  i sin, e i  cos  i sin
e i  e i e i  e i
From this, cos  , sin 
2 2i
Cube roots of unity
The three cube roots of unity are 1,

1
2
 1
  
 1  3 ,  1  3 and denoted as 1, , 2
2
respectively.
Properties
(a) The product of the two imaginary cube roots of unity is unity. i.e., . 2  1
(b) The integral power of cube root of unity is 1 or  or 2 , where  is one of the
imaginary cube roots of unity. (3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n +2 = 2, where n  Integer)
(c) The sum of the three cube roots of unity is zero i.e., 1   2  0 .
(d) Some identities involving :
(i) 
a3  b3  a  ba  b a  2 b 
(ii) a3  b  a  ba  ba   b
3 2
(iii) a 4  a b  b  a  ba  ba  b a  b 

2 2 4 2 2
(iv) a 2  b  c  ab  bc  ca  a  b  c a  b  c

2 2 2 2
(v) a3  b  c  3abc  a  b  c a  b  c a  b  c

3 3 2 2
3, if n is multiple of 3
(vi) 1 n  2n   .
0, if n is not multiple of 3
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – TRIG. RATIOS & EQUATIONS
Functions of compound angles
Addition formulae
 sinA  B  sin AcosB  cosA sinB
 sinA  B  sin AcosB  cosA sinB
 cosA  B  cosA cosB  sin A sinB
 cosA  B  cosAcosB  sin A sinB
tan A  tan B
 tanA  B 
1 tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
 tanA  B 
1 tan A tan B
  1  tan 
 tan   
4  1  tan 
  1  tan 
 tan   
4  1  tan 
cot A cot B  1
 cot(A  B) 
cot B  cot A
cot A cot B  1
 cot(A  B) 
cot B  cot A
2 tan A
In particular sin2A  2 sin A cosA 
1 tan2 A
1 tan2 A
cos2A  cos2 A  sin2 A  1 2 sin2 A  2 cos2 A  1 
1 tan2 A
2 tan A
tan 2A 
1 tan2 A
 sin3A  3 sin A  4 sin3 A
 cos3A  4 cos3 A  3 cosA
3 tan A  tan3 A
 tan 3A 
1 3 tan2 A
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Transformations of sums into products and vice versa
AB AB
 sin A  sinB  2 sin cos
2 2
AB AB
 sin A  sinB  2cos sin
2 2
AB AB
 cosA  cosB  2cos cos
2 2
AB BA
 cosA  cosB  2 sin sin
2 2
sin A sinB  [cosA  B  cosA  B]

1

2
cosAcosB  [cosA  B  cosA  B]

1

2
sin A cosB  [sinA  B  sinA  B]

1

2
 sin(A  B) sin(A  B)  sin2 A  sin2 B
 cosA  BcosA  B  cos2 A  sin2 B
sin2n 
 cos  cos2.......cosn1 2 
2n 
sin(A  B)
 tan A  tan B 
cos A cosB
 2 sin A cosB  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)
 2 cosA sinB  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)
 2 cosA cosB  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)
 2 sin A sinB  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)
 d
sin n 
2  d
 sina  sin(a  d )  ..... sina  n  1)d    sin a  (n  1) 
sin
d  2
2
 d
sin n 
 d
cosa  cos(a  d )  ..... cosa  n  1)d   
2
 cos a  (n  1) 
sin
d  2
2
3 1
 sin15   cos75
2 2
3 1
 cos15   sin75
2 2
 tan15  2  3  cot 75
 cot15  2  3  tan 75
 1  1
 sin 22   2 2
 2 2
 1  1
 cos 22   2 2
 2 2
 1 
 tan 22   2  1
 2
5 1
 sin18   cos72
4
1
 cos18  10  2 5  sin72
4
1
 sin18  10  2 5  sin72
4
1
 sin36  10  2 5  cos54
4
 cos36 
1
4
 
5  1  sin54
Identities relating to the angels of a triangle
 sin2A  sin2B  sin2C  4 sinA sinB sinC
 cos2A  cos2B  cos2C  1 4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
 sinA  sinB  sinC  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
 cosA  cosB  cosC  1 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
 tan A  tanB  tanC  tan A tanB tanC
A B B C C A
 tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 cotB cotC  cotC cot A  cot AcotB  1
A B C A B C
 cot  cot  cot  cot .cot .cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
General Solutions Of Equations
If  radians is one of the solutions of the equation:
(i) sin  c 1  c  1 , the general solution is n   1n 
(ii) cos  c 1  c  1 , the general solution is 2n  
(iii) tan  c , the general solution is n   ,
(iv) sin2   k 2    n  sin1 k (Also if | sin  | = k)
(v) cos2   k 2    n  cos1 k (Also if | cos  | = k)
(vi) tan 2   k 2    n  tan 1 k (Also if | tan  | = k),
where n is any integer and the corresponding expressions for solutions in degrees can be got
from these. Generally  is taken to be the smallest numerical solution of the equation
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – sequence series
Arithmetic Progression
Definition
If the terms of a series successively increase or decrease by a constant quantity, the series is
called an arithmetic progression. The constant quantity is called the common difference.
The general form of an arithmetic progression denoted by A.P. is a, a  d, a  2d, .......
(a) 
The nth term of the A.P. is a  n  1 d . 
[2a  n  1d ] or an  a, where an is the nth term.

n n
(b) Sum of n terms of the A.P. is
2 2
(c) Sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end is equal. i.e.
a1  an  a2  an1  a3  an2  ......
Geometric Progression
Definition
If the terms of a series increases or decreases by a common ratio, the series is called a
geometric progression.
The general form of a geometric progression denoted by G.P. is a, ar , ar ....... r  0

2
 
n1
(a) The nth term of the G.P. is ar .
(b) Sum of n terms of the G.P. =


a 1 r n 
, where r  1 .
1 r
(c) Sum of an infinite geometrical progression of first term a and common ratio r | r |  1 is
a
.
1 r
(d) In a G.P., product of terms equidistant from beginning and end is equal.
(e) If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in G.P., then log a1, log a2 ,log a3 ,...,log an are in A.P.
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Harmonic Progression
Definition
A set of terms is said to be in harmonic progression when their reciprocals are in arithmetic
1 1 1
progression. The general form of a harmonic progression is , , , ........
a a  d a  2d
1
a  n  1d
The nth term of the series is
Arithmetico-Geometric Progression (A.G.P.)
k1
1. General term : tk = [a +(k  1)d]br
2. Sum of to n terms :
ab dbr (1  r n 1 ) [a  (n  1)d ]br n

Sn    ,r  1
1 r (1  r )2 1 r
nb
 [2a  (n  1)d ], r  1
2
ab dbr
3. Sum till infinity: S   ,| r | 1
1  r (1  r )2
Means
Let A be the arithmetic mean, G be the geometric mean and H the harmonic mean between
two positive quantities a and b, then
ab 2ab
(a) A , G  ab, H 
2 ab
(b) A, G, H are in G.P. i.e., G2  HA
(c) A G  H
a1  a2  ....... an
(d) Arithmetic mean of n quantities a1, a2 , .......,an is and their
n

geometric mean is a1 a2 ........an 1 n .
a1  a2  ...... an
(e)  a1a2 .......an 1 n and the equality sign is got when
n
a1  a2  ...... an .
(f) A1, A2 , ..., An are n inserted arithmetic means between a and b if a, A1, A2 , ..., An , b
ba
are in A.P. where d  .
n 1
SUM OF SERIES
nn  1
(a) 1 2  3  ...... n 
2
nn  12n  1
(b) 12  22  32  ...... n 2 
6
n 2 n  12
(c) 13  23  33  ...... n 3 
4
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – INEQUALITIES
Definition
The absolute value of a, written as |a| is the positive numerical value of the real number a and
is called the modulus of a real number.
(a) a  a if a positive
=  a if a is negative
(b) ab  a  b
(c) a  b  | a | | b |
(d) ab  a . b
(e)
a |a|
 b  0
b |b|
(f) 
If x, a, l are 3 numbers such that x  a  l , then a  l  x  a  l .   
(g) If a and b are real | a |  | b | if and only if a 2  b 2 .
Inequalities
 
(a) a > b, if a and b are real and a  b is positive.
(b) a  b , if a and b are real and a  b is negative.
(c) If c is real and a > b, then
(i) ac  bc (ii) a c  b c

(d) If m is real and a  b , then
(i) am  bm , If m > 0 (ii) am  bm if m  0
m
(iii) a
m
 b m if m  0 (iv) a  b m if m  0
a a ax
(e) (i) If 0   1, then   1 for any x > 0
b b bx
a a ax
(ii) If  1, then   1 for any x > 0
b b bx
(f) (i) a 2  b 2  2ab
 2x  0
1
(ii) x 
x
   
(iii) a12  a22  ....... an2 b12  b22  ...... bn2  a1b1  a2b2  ...... an bn 2
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – PERMUTATION COMBINATION
Permutation
(a) A permutation is an arrangement. The number of ways of arranging n given things taken r
n
at a time is denoted by the symbol Pr .
(i) The number of permutations of r objects taken out of n different objects without
Pr  nn  1........n  r  1 
n n!
repetition is .
n r !
(ii) n
Pr  n1Pr  r n1Pr 1.
(iii) Particularly
n
P0  1; n P1  n; n Pn  n !
(b) If there are n objects of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike and of a second kind, r
n!
are alike of third kind and so on, the number of permutation is .
p ! q ! r ! .......
(c) The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time with repetition is nr .
(d) 
n unlike objects can be arranged in a circle in n  1 ! ways. 
However, if no difference is made between clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement the
number of arrangements is
1
n  1 ! .
2
(e) The total number of permutations of n unlike things taken r at a time in which a particular
thing always occurs is

n 1 P
r 1 .
(f) The number of permutations of n unlike things in which a particular thing will not occur is
n1 P .
r
Combination
A selection of r objects out of n different objects without reference to the order in which the
objects stand in it, is called the combination of n things taken r at a time and the number of
n
combinations is denoted by Cr .
n
Pr n!
n
Cr  
n  r  ! r !
(a) (i)
r!
(ii)
n
Cr  nCnr
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(b) The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time in which p particular things will
always occur is
n  p  C
r p .
(c) The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time in which p particular things will
not occur is np Cr .
(d) If all the objects are different, the total number of combinations of n objects taken any
number at a time is 2n 1.
(e) If p are alike objects of one kind, q are alike of second kind, r are alike of third kind and so
on, the number of combinations of n objects taken any number at a time is
p  1q  1r  1....... 1.
(f) The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time when repetitions are allowed is
nr 1C .
r
Grouping
(a)  
The number of ways of dividing m  n  p  ....... unlike objects into q unequal groups
containing m, n, p, ……. objects and so on is

m  n  p  ...... ! .
m! n ! p ! .......
(b) If m = n = p = ……..q terms (i.e., if each group contains m objects), the number of
divisions is
mq ! .
q ! m !q
Product of r consecutive integers is exactly divisible by r !.
Use of multinomial
 If there are l objects of one kind, m objects of second kind, n objects of third kind and so on;
then the number of ways of choosing r objects out of these objects
r 2 3 l 2 m
(i.e., l + m + n + ….) is the coefficient of x in (1 + x + x + x + … x ) (1 + x + x + ….. + x ) (1
2 n
+ x + x + .. + x ).
Further if one object of each kind is to be included, then the number of ways of choosing r
r 2 3 l 2 3
objects out of these objects is the coefficient of x in (x + x + x + …. x ) (x + x + x +….. +
m 2 3 n
x ) (x + x + x + ….. + x ) and the number of possible permutations of r objects out of these
r
objects is the coefficient of x in
 x x2 xl   x x2 x m   x x2 x n 
r ! 1   ....   1   ....  1   ....  ...
 1! 2 !  
l !   1! 2 !  
m !   1! 2 ! n ! 

While applying it we use the coefficient of x in (1  x)n is

r n+r1 n+r1
Cr or Cn  1 .
DEARRANGEMENT
 1 1 1
 n things arrangement in a row can be dearranged in n! 1   ...( 1)n  ways such
 1! 2 ! n!
that none of them occupies its original place.
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – binomial theorem
Statement
x  an  nC0 x n  nC1x n1a  nC2nn2a2  ...... nCnan ,

where n is a positive integer. (r + 1)th term is called the general term and is usually denoted by
Tr 1 .
 Tr 1  nCr x nr a r
(a) The expansion contains (n + 1) terms.
(b) (i)
n
Cr  nCnr
(ii)
n
Cr  nCr 1  n1Cr
Cr n  r  1
n
(iii) n

Cr 1 r
n1 n 1 n
(iv) Cr 1  C
r 1 r
n
(c) If Cr is greatest binomial coefficient
n
(i) r , when n is even.
2
n 1 n 1
(ii) r  or , when n is odd.
2 2
(d)
th
r term from end in this expansion is (n r  2) th term from the beginning.
(e) 1 xn  nC0  nC1x  nC2 x 2  ........ nCn x n

It is convenient to write the expansion in the form C0  C1x  C2 x  ...... Cn x .
2 n
(f) Series involving binomial coefficients:
(i) C0  C1  C2  ....... Cn  2n
n1
(ii) C0  C2  C4  ....... C1  C3  C5  ....... 2
 
(iii) C0  2.C1  3.C2  ....... n  1 .Cn  2  n . 2
n n1
C1 C2 C 2n1  1
(iv) C0    ....... n 
2 3 n 1 n 1
2n !
(v) C0  C1  C2  ....... Cn 
2 2 2 2
n !2
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – binomial theorem
1 xn  1 nx  nn  1 x 2  nn  1n  2 x 3  ....... when x  1.

2! 3!
When n is not a positive integer, the number of terms in the expansion is infinite.
Expansions
1 x1  1 x  x 2  x3  x 4  ...... 1n x n  ......

1 x1  1 x  x 2  x 3  x 4.....
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – STRAIGHT LINE
Points
(a)   
Let A, B, C be respectively the points x1, y1 , x2 , y 2 and x3 , y 3  
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y 2  y 3 
(i) The centroid of the triangle ABC is  , 
 3 3 
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by 2  cy3 

(ii) The incentre of the triangle ABC is  , ,
 abc abc 
where BC  a, CA  b and AB  c
(iii) The area of the triangle ABC is the numerical value of
[ x y  y 3   x2 y 3  y1   x3 y1  y 2 ]
1
2 1 2
x1 y1 1
[y x  x3   y 2 x3  x1   y 3 x1  x2 ]
1 1
or or x y2 1
2 1 2 2 2
x3 y 3 1
(b) Conditions for three points to be collinear
(i) The area of the triangle formed by three points is zero or
x1 y1 1
(ii) x2 y2 1  0
x3 y3 1
Locus
When a point moves in accordance with a geometric law, its path is called a locus. The
equation to the locus is merely the equation connecting the x and y coordinates of every point
on the curve. Method to find locus is
(a) Let the point (h, k) or (, ) whose locus is to be determined.
(b) Establish an algebraic relation according to given condition(s) in (h, k) / (, ) independent
of any parameter.
(c) Now replace (h, k) / (, ) by (x, y) to get the locus of (h, k) / (, ).
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Standard forms of equations to a straight line
(a) ax  by  c  0 (general form)
(b) Line passing through the points x1, y1  and x2 , y 2 
x  x1 y  y1

x1  x2 y1  y 2
y1  y 2
Slope of this line is
x1  x2
(c) Line through x1, y1  with slope m, y  y1  mx  x1 
(d) Line through the origin y  mx
(e) y = mx + c is slope form of a line, m is slope and c is y-intercept.
(f) The line making intercepts a and b on the x and y axes is
x y
  1 (intercept form), i.e. line passes through (a, 0) and (0, b)
a b
(g) If the perpendicular from the origin to the line is of length p and makes an angle  with the
positive direction of the x-axis, the equation of the line is
x cos  y sin  p (normal form)
(h) Lines parallel to the coordinate axes
x = constant (parallel to y-axis)
y = constant (parallel to x-axis)
(i) The line passing through a fixed point x1, y1  and having inclination  with the positive
x  x1 y  y1
direction of x-axis is  r where r is the algebraic distance of any point
cos sin
x, y  from the given point. The coordinates of any point (x, y) on this line are given by
x  x1  r cos, y  y1  r sin
a
(j) The slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is  .
b
(k) ax  by    0 is family of parallel lines to the line ax  by  c  0
(l) bx  ay    0 is family of perpendicular lines to the line ax  by  c  0
Position of two points with respect to a line
   
Two points x1, y1 and x2 , y 2 lies on the same side (or opposite sides) of the straight line
ax  by  c  0 according as ax1  by1  c and ax2  by 2  c are of the same sign (or of
opposite signs).
(a) 
Length of the perpendicular from the point x1, y1 to the line  ax  by  c  0 is
ax1  by1  c
a2  b2
(b) Sign of the perpendicular
The perpendicular from a point P to a straight line is positive or negative according as P

lies on the same side of the straight line as the origin or on opposite sides.
Two or more lines
(a) The coordinates of the point of intersection of two straight lines are obtained by solving the
equations of the two lines.
(b) If  is the angle between the line y  m1x  c1 and y  m2 x  c2 , then
m1  m2
tan   .
1 m1m2
(i) The condition that y  m1x  c1 and y  m2 x  c2 to be parallel is m1  m2 .
(ii) The condition that y  m1x  c1 and y  m2 x  c2 to be perpendicular to one
another is m1m2  1
(c) If the two equations a1x  b1y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 represent the same lines,
a1 b1 c1
then   .
a2 b2 c2
(d) The equation to any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
a1x  b1y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 can be written as
a1x  b1y  c1  k a2 x  b2 y  c2   0 , …(i)
where k is a constant. For various real values of k, equation (i) represents a line through
the point of intersection of the given lines.
(e) Bisectors of the angle between the lines a1x  b1y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
a1x  b1y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
have equations  .
a12  b12 a22  b22
(i) Let the equations be written with constant terms positive i.e., c1  0, c2  0 .
If a1a2  b1b2 is positive, then the origin lies in the obtuse angle between the lines.
If a1a2  b1b2 is negative, then the origin lies in the acute angle between the lines.
(ii) The bisector of the angle in which the origin is situated is given by
a1x  b1y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
 and the other bisector is given by
a12  b12 a22  b22
a1x  b1y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2

a12  b12 a22  b22
(f) The three lines a1x  b1y  c1  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 and a3 x  b3 y  c3  0 are

a1 b1 c1
concurrent if a2 b2 c 2 = 0, the coordinates of the point of intersection of two lines
a3 b3 c3
satisfy the equation of the third line.
(g) Area of triangle formed by

ai x + bi y + ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3
2
a1 b1 c1
1
 a2 b2 c2
2C1C2C3
a3 b3 c3
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – CIRCLE
Equation to the circle
(a) The equation to the circle having its centre at Oh, k  and radius r is
x  h2  y  k 2  r 2 . Any point P on this circle is h  r cos, k  r sin, where 

is the angle made by OP with the x-axis.
(b) If the centre is the origin and radius is r, the equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  r 2 .
Any point on this circle can be taken as r cos, r sin , where  is the parameter
of the point.
(c) The general equation to the circle is x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 . Its centre is
 g,  f  and radius is g2  f 2  c .
(d) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents a circle if a = b and h = 0. To find

the centre and radius of this circle, reduce it to the form
2g 2f c
x2  y 2  x y  0
a a a
 g f g 2  f 2  ca
Centre is   ,   and radius is
 a a a
(e) Equation to the circle described on the line joining the points x1, y1  and x2 , y 2 
as a diameter is x  x1 x  x2   y  y1 y  y 2   0 .
The length of the tangent from the point
(i) x1, y1  to the circle x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is x12  y12  2gx1  2fy1  c .
(ii) The point x1, y1  lies outside, on or inside the circle x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0
according as x12  y12  2gx1  2fy1  c , ,  0 respectively.
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Tangent to the circle
(a) (i) Equation of the tangent to the circle x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 at x1, y1  is
xx1  yy1  gx  x1   f y  y1   c  0 .
(ii) Condition for the line y  mx  c to touch the circle x 2  y 2  a2 is

c 2  a2 1 m2 . 
(b) The equation of a tangent to the circle x 2  y 2  a2 is y  mx  a 1 m2 .
(c) The equation of a tangent to the circle x 2  y 2  a2 at (a cos, a sin) is

x cos  y sin  a .
Two or more circles
(a) Let d be the distance between the centres of two circles with radii r1, r2 .
(i) If d  r1  r2 , one circle lies completely inside the other circle. They do not
have any common tangent.
(ii) If d  r1  r2 , the two circles do not intersect. They have four common
tangents; two are called direct common tangents and two transverse common
tangents.
(iii) If r1  r2  d  r1  r2 , the two circles intersect at two distinct points and circles
have only two direct common tangents.
(iv) If d  r1  r2 , the two circles touch one another externally and the point of
contact divides the line joining the centres internally in the ratio r1 : r2 . Three
common tangents and tangent at their point of contact is S1  S2 = 0.
(v) If d  r1 ~ r2 , the two circles touch one another internally and the point of
contact divides the line joining the centres externally in the ratio r1 : r2 .
(b) Let S  x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 and S  x 2  y 2  2g1x  2f1y  c1  0 be the

equations of two circles. Then the two circles will cut each other orthogonally if
2gg 1  2ff1  c  c1 .
(c) (i) If S = 0 and S  0 are the equations of two circles, then S S  0 is the
equation of the radical axis. However, if the two circles S  0, S  0 intersect
their radical axis coincides with the common chord. Therefore S S  0 is
the equation of common chord of the intersecting circles.
(ii) Equation of a circle passing through the points of intersection of circles S = 0
and S  0 can be written as S  kS  0 , where k is a real number.
(iii) The radical axes of three circles taken in pairs are concurrent and the point of
concurrency is the radical centre of the three circles.
(iv) Normal of a circle always passes through centre of the circle.

(v) Centre of a circle touching two intersecting lines lie on their angle bisectors.
(vi) Let S  x 2  y 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 and L  lx  my  n  0 , then S  L  0

is family of circles passing through intersection points of a circle S = 0 and
line L = 0.
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – ELLIPSE
x2 y 2
(a) Standard equation is   1  0 (a > b)
a2 b2
x-axis is major axis and length of major axis 2a.
y-axis is minor axis and length of minor axis 2b.
 
and b2  a2 1 e2 ( e  1 is the eccentricity of the ellipse).
2b 2
Length of latus rectum is Centre of ellipse is (0, 0)
a
(b) There are two foci, one Sae, 0 and the other S ae, 0 respectively, the
a a
corresponding directrices are x  and x   .
e e
(c) If P be any point on the ellipse, then SP  SP  2a
x2 y 2
(d) Parametric form of representation of a point P on the ellipse   1 is
a2 b2
Pa cos, b sin . Here  is parameter and it is called eccentric angle.
x2 y 2
(e) At Pa cos, b sin on  1 0 :
a2 b2
x y
(i) Equation to the tangent is cos  sin  1  0
a b
ax by
(ii) Equation to the normal is   a2  b2 .
cos sin
(f) The locus of points of intersection of perpendicular tangents of the ellipse

x2 y 2
2
 2  1  0 is the circle (called the director circle) x 2  y 2  a2  b2 .
a b
x2 y 2
(g) The circle x 2  y 2  a2 is called the auxiliary circle of the ellipse   1 and
a2 b2
it is the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the centre of the ellipse to its
tangents.
xx1 yy1
(h)  2  1 is equation of tangent at ( x1, y 1 ) and y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2 is
a2 b
equation of tangent in slope form.
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – PARABOLA
(a) Standard equation is y 2  4ax
x-axis is axis of the parabola
y-axis is tangent at the vertex
Vertex is A(0, 0)
Focus is S(a, 0)
Directrix is x a  0
Length of latus rectum is 4a.
Focal distance of a point (x, y) is x a.
(b) Parametric form of representation of a point P on y  4ax is P at , 2at .

2 2
 
(c)  2

At P at , 2at on y  4ax
2
1
Slope of the tangent is
t
Equation of the tangent at P is x  yt  at  0

2
Slope of the normal is t
Equation of the normal at P is y  tx  2at  at  0

3
(d) 2

If P is at1 , 2at1 and  
Q is at22 , 2at2 , then slope of the chord PQ is
2
t1  t 2 
.
Equation to the chord PQ is 2x  y t1  t 2   2at1t 2  0
(e)
2

If the tangent at P at1 , 2at1 and   
Q at22 , 2at2 , are perpendicular, then t1t 2  1. In
this case, the tangents intersect on the directrix.
(f) If PQ is a chord passing through the focus, then t1t 2  1 and it is called focal chord.
Tangents at the ends of a focal chord intersect at directrix of the parabola.
2
(g) If the normal at t1 meets the parabola again at t 2 , then t 2  t1 
t1
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – PARABOLA
(h) If the point P on y 2  4ax is taken in the Cartesian form, then
(i)   
Equation to the tangent at x1, y1 is yy1  2a x  x1  0 
(ii) Equation to normal at x1, y1  is xy1  2ay  x1y1  2ay1   0
a
(i) If the line y  mx  c touches the parabola y 2  4ax , then c  .
m
a  a 2a 
 y  mx  is a tangent to the parabola for all values of m at  2, .
m m m 
(j) The chord of contact of tangents to the parabola y  4ax from the point
2
x1, y1  is
yy1  2ax  x1   0 i.e., T = 0.
(k) 
The chord of the parabola y  4ax whose mid-point is x1, y1 is T  S1
2

 
i.e., yy1  2a x  x1  y1  4ax1
2
Equation of normal to the parabola at (am ,  2am) is y  mx  2am  am .

2 3
(l)
(m) Sum of the ordinates of foot of normals drawn from any point to parabola is zero.
(n) Sum of the slopes of normals drawn from any point to parabola is zero.
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – HYPERBOLA
x2 y 2
(a) Standard equation is  1 0
a2 b2
x-axis is transverse axis, length 2a
y-axis is conjugate axis, length 2b
 
and b 2  a 2 e 2  1 ( e  1 is the eccentricity of the hyperbola).
(b) There are two foci, one Sae, 0 and the other S ae, 0 respectively, the
a a
corresponding directrices are x  and x   .
e e
(c) If P be any point on the hyperbola, then SP  SP  2a
(d) Parametric form of representation of a point P on the hyperbola is a sec , b tan  .
x2 y 2
(e) At Pa sec , b tan  on   1  0 , equation to the tangent at ‘’ is
a2 b2
x y
sec   tan   1  0
a b
(f) The locus of points of intersection of perpendicular tangents of the hyperbola

x2 y 2
2
 2  1  0 is the circle (called the director circle) x 2  y 2  a2  b2 .
a b
x2 y 2
(g) The combined equation of the two asymptotes is   0.
a2 b2
(h) The angle between the asymptotes is given by 2 sec 1 e .
x2 y 2
(i) Equation to the conjugate hyperbola is  1 0 .
a2 b2
(j) The hyperbola is said to be rectangular if a= b, the equation to the rectangular

hyperbola is x 2  y 2  a2 . Angle between asymptotes 90° and eccentricity of this
hyperbola is 2.
xx1 yy1
(k) Equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is  2  1 and in slope form equation of
a2 b
tangent is y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2 .
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – HYPERBOLA
RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA
(a) Standard equation is xy  c 2 (axes are the asymptotes)
 c
(b) Parametric form of representation of a point P on xy  c 2 is  ct, .
 t
 c
(c) At P ct,  on xy  c 2
 t
1
Slope of the tangent is 
t2
Equation to the tangent is x  yt 2  2ct  0
Slope of the normal is t 2

Equation to the normal is xt 3  yt  c  ct 4  0
(d) Eccentricity e of the rectangular hyperbola is e  2 .
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET –MATRICES
Definition
A set of numbers arranged in a rectangle of m rows and n columns is called a matrix.
 a11 a12 ... a1n 

a 
 21 a22 ... a2n 
Thus, A   .... .... .... ...  is a matrix of order m n and it is written as A[ai j ] .
 
 .... .... .... ... 
am1 am2 .... amn 
If m = n, it is called a square matrix of order n.
(a) Addition of two matrices A and B are defined if and only if A and B are of the same order
m n .
In this case their sum A  B is simply the matrix got by adding the corresponding
elements of the matrices A and B.
So matrix addition is associative and commutative.
(b) If A is a matrix of order m n and B is of order n p , then AB is defined as follows:
n
ABik   aij b jk , where A  [aij ] and B  [b jk ] ,
j 1
where i  1, 2, 3, .....,m; j  1, 2, .....,n and k  1, 2, 3, .....,p .
If AB is defined, it does not follow BA is defined.
Even if AB and BA are defined, then AB and BA need not be the same.
Matrix multiplication is associative but not commutative.
(c) If A is a square matrix of order n and determinant A i.e., A  0 , then the inverse of A
exists and AA1  A1A  I n ,
1 0 0 .... 0 
0 1 0 ..... 0 

where I n  .... .... .... ... ....  (the unit matrix of order n) AB1  B1A1
 
.... .... .... .... ..... 
 0 0 0 .... 1 
If A  [aij ] be an m n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of A is called the transpose of A and it is denoted by AT or At or A . Note that

AT is of order n  m
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Properties of Transpose
(a) A 
T T
A
(b) A  BT  AT  BT
(c) kAT  KAT (k being a scalar)
(d) ABT  BT AT
A square matrix A  [aij ] is called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji ,  i, j . It is called skew
symmetric of aij  a ji ,  i, j .
4 1 2

Note that the elements in the leading diagonal of a square matrix are all zero. Thus 1 5 3

2 3 6
0 1 2
 
is symmetric while   1 0  3 is skew symmetric.
 2 3 0 
In general, a square matrix A is symmetric if AT  A and skew symmetric if AT  A
Submatrix of a Matrix
Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows
or columns of A is called as submatrix of A.
(i) Some properties of determinant

(a) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.
(b) If two rows are identical (or two columns are identical) then |A| = 0.
(c) |A| =  n |A|, when A = [a i j ] n .
(d) If A and B are two square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|.
(ii) Singular & non singular matrix :

A square matrix A is said to be singular or non singular according as |A|
is zero or non zero respectively.
(iii) Cofactor & adjoint matrix :

Let A = [a i j ] n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing each
element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as matrix of cofactor of
A. The transpose of matrix of cofactor of A is called as adjoint of A,
denoted as adj A.
(iv) Properties of adj A:

(a) A . adj A = |A|  n = (adj A) A where A = [a i j ] n .
(b) |adj A| = |A| n – 1, where n is order of A.

(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also s ymmetric matrix.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.
(v) Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix):

Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix
adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A and is denoted by A – 1 .
Remarks :
1. A –1 is always non singular.
2. If A = dia (a 1 1 , a 1 2 , ....., a nn ) where a i i  0  i, then A –1 = diag (a 1 1 – 1 , a 2 2 –1 , ....,
a n n –1 ).
3. (A –1 )  = (A  ) – 1 for any non singular matrix A. Also adj (A  ) = (adj A)  .
4. (A –1 ) – 1 = A if A is non singular.
5. Let k be a non zero scalar & A be a non singular matrix. Then (kA) – 1 = A – 1 .
6. |A – 1 | = for |A|  0.
7. Let A be a nonsingular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.
8. A is non-singular and symmetric  A –1 is symmetric.
9. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non singular and AB

= 0, then B = 0. Similarly B is non singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB =
0  either both are singular or one of them is 0.
MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – FUNCTIONS
Definition
Let A and B are two non-empty sets, then a function f from A to B is defined as every
element of set A should have a unique image in set B.
In the function f : X  Y , y  f x  , X is called the domain of function f and Y is called
co-domain of function of f and function have real values for each element of set X. And
the exhaustive set of values of y the function attain for X is called range.
For example: y 2  x is not a function as if x  4, y  2 . But if domain of f (x ) is [0,

) i.e. set A and co-domain of f (x ) is [0, ) i.e. set B, then it is function of x.
(a) f ( x )  5 is a constant function (Domain R, Range {5})
(b) f ( x )  x,  x is an identity function (Domain R, Range R)
(c) f ( x)  a0  a1x  a2 x 2  ......... an x n is a polynomial function (Domain R, Range

is R in case of odd degree polynomials only)
(d) f ( x )  a x , (a  0 and a  1) is an exponential function (Domain R and Range is

positive real numbers)
y-axis y-axis
y = ax
(when a >1)
y = ax
(when a >1)
x-axis x-axis
O O
(e) f ( x)  loga x, ( x, a  0 also a  1) is logarithmic function (Domain positive real

numbers, Range R)
y-axis y-axis
y = logax
y = logax
(when a >1)
(when 0 < a <1)
x-axis x-axis
O O
(f) y  | x | is modulus function (Domain R, Range [0, ))

y-axis
(Even function, many one function)

x-axis
O
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 1 for x  0 y-axis

(g) f (x)   0 x 0 is signum function and is
1
 1 for x  0

written as sgn x x-axis
(Domain R, Range {–1, 0, 1} ) O
(Odd function, Many one)
–1
(h) f ( x )  [ x] (where [.] denotes greatest integer) is greatest integer function and
f ( x )  [ x]  I ( I  x  I  1, where I is an integer)
2
Domain R, Range (set of integers)
1
–1 Many-one function
O 1 2 3
–1
Properties (i) [x  I ]  [x]  I

(ii) [x  y ]  [x]  [y ] if 0  {x}  {y }  1
[x]  [y ]  1 if 1  {x}  {y }  2
(iii) [x]  [x] if x  Integer
–[x]–1 if x  Integer
(iv) x  [ x]  { x}
(i) f ( x)  {x} is fractional part function of x.
Periodic Functions
A function y  f (x ) is a periodic function if f ( x  T )  f ( x ) for all x and T is
independent of x. Here T is called period of the function and smallest positive value of
T is called fundamental period.
(a) Period of sin x, cosx, sec x, cosec x, sin3 x, cos3 x is 2 .
(b) Period of | sin x |, | cosx |, tan x, cot x, sin2 x, cos2 x, tan2 x, sin4 x is .
(c) Period of {x} is 1.
(d) If f (x ) is periodic with period T, then f (ax  b) is also a periodic function with
period T / | a | . For example period of cos(3  6x) is  / 3 .
(e) sin x, cos x, ex are not periodic functions.
(f) If f(x) and g(x) are period functions with period T1 and T2 , then period of
f ( x)  g( x) is LCM of T1 and T2 . For example period of sinx  sin2x is 2. But
periods of | sinx |  | cosx | and sin4 x  cos4 x are /2.
Odd and Even functions

If y  f (x ) is a function such that
f (x )  f ( x ) function is an even function.

f (x)  f ( x) function is an odd function.
Examples of even functions are cosx, x 2 , | x | .
Examples of odd functions are sin x, x 3 .

Even functions are many one functions and always symmetric about y-axis.
Odd functions are symmetric about origin, here f (0)  0 if 0 belongs to domain of odd
function.
One-one and Many-one functions

If f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1  x 2 only, then y  f (x) is one-one function
f ( x )  x 3 , f ( x )  x , f ( x)  log x are one-one functions but f ( x )  x 2 is many-one

function as f (3)  f (3) .
One-one functions are also called injective functions.
Onto and into functions

If Range of function is equal to co-domain, then function is onto function otherwise it is
into function. (Onto functions also called surjective functions)
  
For example: f :  ,    1, 1 defined by f ( x)  sin x is one-one onto function.
 2 2
One-one onto functions are also called bijective functions.
Inverse of a function
Inverse is determined only for bijective functions.
  
Method: f :  ,   [1, 1] defined by y  f ( x)  sin x is bijective function.
 2 2
Step I : Find x in terms of x  sin1 y  f 1(y ) (Let)
Step II : Replace y by x  f 1( x )  sin1 x
Here Domain of f (x ) is Range of f 1( x ) and Range of f (x ) is Domain f 1( x ) .
 1   1 
Geometrically  ,  is a point on y  f (x) , so  ,  must satisfy it’s inverse
4 2  2 4
function.
Composite functions
y  f (x) and y  g(x) are two functions of x, then f g( x), gf ( x), f f ( x), gg( x) are
composite functions.
f ( x)  sin x x R
g( x )  e x x R
 
f g( x )  sine x , g f ( x )  e sinx , f f ( x)  sinsinx, gg(x)  ee
x
f g
x f(x) g(f(x))
Here h( x )  g f ( x )
Here Range of f  Domain of g
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – INVERSE TRIGO
(a)   sin1 x or   arcsinx denotes the angel whose sine is x and the numerically
smallest angle satisfying the relation x  sin is chosen as the principal value.
 
 1  x  1 and  
2 2
(b)   cos1 x or   arccosx denotes the angel whose cosine is x.
 1  x  1 and 0    
(c)   tan1 x or   arctanx denotes the smallest angle whose tangent is x.
 
 
2 2
Relations between inverse functions

(a) sin1 x  cos1 x 
2

tan1 x  cot1 x 
2

cosec 1 x  sec  1 x 
2
(b) If x > 0
 1  1
cosec1 x  sin1  cos1 x  sec 1 
x x
 1  1
sin1 x  cosec1  cot1 x  tan1 
x x
 1  1
sec 1 x  cos1  tan1 x  cot1 
x x
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – INVERSE TRIGO
(c) When x and y are positive:
 xy 
tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1  if xy < 1 and
 1 xy 
 xy 
tan1 x  tan1 y    tan1  if xy > 1
 1 xy 
 xy 
tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1 
 1 xy 
(d) sin1 x  sin1 y  sin1[x 1 y 2  y 1 x 2 ]
cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1[xy  1 x 2 1 y 2 ]
sin1 x  sin1 y  sin1[x 1 y 2  y 1 x 2 ]
cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1[xy  1 x 2 1 y 2 ]
 2x  1 1 x 
  tan1 2x 2 
2
(e) 2 tan1  sin1   cos 
 1 x   2 
 1 x   1 x 
2
(f) (i)  
sin sin1 x  x if  1  x  1 and sin1sin   if 

2


2
(ii)  
cos cos1 x  x if  1  x  1 and cos1cos   if 0    
(iii)  
tan tan1 x  x if    x   and tan1tan    if 

2


2
(iv)  
cot cot1 x  x if    x   and cot1cot   if 0    
(v)  
sec sec 1 x  x if | x |  1 and sec 1sec    if 0     and  

2
(vi)  
cosec cosec1 x  x if | x |  1 and cosec1cosec   if 0 and
 
 
2 2
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MATHONGO – formula SHEET – LIMITS
Indeterminate forms
0 
, , 0  ,   , 0, 1 , 0
0 
Laws on limits
If u and v are functions of x,
(a) limu  v   lim u  lim v

xa xa xa
(b) limu  v   lim u  lim v

xa xa xa
(c) lim cu  c lim u , where c is a constant.

xa xa
(d) lim uv   lim u lim v

xa xa xa
 u  lim u
(e) lim    xa , provided lim v  0
x a  v  lim v xa
x a
(f)
x a
 
limu v  lim u xlim
x a
a
v
Some important expansions
x x2 x3
(i) e x  1     ........
1! 2 ! 3 !
x log a x 2 (loga)2
(ii) a x  1    ....
1! 2!
x2 x3
(iii) log (1  x )  x    ....
2 3
 x 11x 2 
(iv) (1  x )1 / x  e 1    ...
 2 24 
x3 x5 x7
(v) sin x  x    ......
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
(vi) cos x  1     ......
2! 4! 6!
x3 2 5
(vii) tan x  x   x  ..........
3 15
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MATHONGO – formula SHEET – LIMITS
12 3 12 32 5
(viii) sin1 x  x  x  x ....
3! 5!
x3 x5
(ix) tan1 x  x    .........
3 5
Some important limits
x n  an
(a) lim  nan1
x a x  a
sin x tan x
(b) lim  1, lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
sinf ( x )
Also lim  1, provided lim f ( x)  0
x a f ( x ) x a
x
 1
(c) lim 1    e, lim1  x 1 x  e
x   x x 0
ex 1
(d) lim  1,
x0 x
ln(1 x) ax 1
lim  1, lim  ln a
x 0 x x 0 x
sin1 x tan1 x
(e) lim  1, lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
L’ Hospital’s Rule
f x  f a
, when f a  0, a  0
0
(a) form: lim 
0 x a x  a
f a
= when f a  0, a  0 and so on.
a
 f x  f a
(b) form: lim  when f a  , a  
 x a x  a
f a
= when f a  , a   and so on.
a
0 
(c) Forms 0   and    can be reduced to the form or .
0 
0 
(d) Forms 00 , 0 , 1 can be reduced to the form or to by taking logarithms.
0 
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – continuity differentiability
Continuous and discontinuous functions
(a) f x  is a continuous at x = a if and only if

lim f x   lim f x   f a  lim f ( x)  f (a)
xa xa x a
(b) If f x  and x  are continuous at x = a, then

(i) f x   x 
(ii) f x . x 
f x 
(iii) , where x   0 are also continuous functions at x = a
x 
(c) If f x  be a continuous function in the closed interval [a, b] with f a and f b
having opposite signs, then f x  is zero for at least one value of x lying
between a and b.
(d) A function which is not continuous at x = a is said to be discontinuous at x = a.
Differentiation
Definition
The differential coefficient or the derivative f x  of f x  at the point x is defined by
f x  h  f x 
f x   lim
h0 h
dy y
If y is a function of x, then  lim , where y is the increment in y corresponding
dx x 0 x
to a small increment x in x.
(a) The function f x  is said to be differentiable at the point x if f x  exists as a
unique finite limit.
(b) A function which is differentiable at a point ‘a’ is continuous at a, but a function
may be continuous at ‘a’ and yet not be differentiable at a.
Some general theorems on differentiation

(a) Function Derivative
C (constant) 0
du
Cu, where u is a function of x C
dx
du dv
u  v , where u and v are functions of x 
dx dx
du dv
u v – do– 
dx dx
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – continuity differentiability
dv du
uv – do– u v
dx dx
du dv
v u
u dx dx
– do–
v v2
du du dt
(b) Function of a function  . , where t is a variable
dx dt dx
dy 1
(c) 
dx dx
dy
dy dy dt
(d) If x and y are expressed in terms of third variable t, 
dx dx dt
(e) Logarithmic differentiation
To differentiate y  uvw......,and y  u v take logarithms and then differentiate.
(f) Derivatives of some well known functions:

Function Derivative
x n (n is a rational number) nxn1
ex ex
ax a x ln a
1
log x
x
1
loga x
x log a
sinx cosx
cosx  sinx
tan x sec2 x
cosecx  cosec xcot x
sec x sec xtan x
cot x  cosec2 x
1
sin1 x
1 x 2
1
cos1 x –
1 x 2
1
tan1 x
1 x 2
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – application of derivatives
Geometrical meaning of derivative
(a) If the tangent at x = a to the curve y  f x  makes an angle  with the x-axis, then
at x  a i.e., f a .
dy
tan  the value of
dx
(b)  
The equation of the tangent at x1, y1 on the curve y  f x is 
 dy   dy 
y  y1    x  x1  , where   is the value of at x1, y1 
dy
 dx 1  dx 1 dx
(c)  
The equation of the normal to the curve y  f x at x1, y1 on the curve is 
y  y1  
1
x  x1 
 dy 
 
 dx 1
(d)    
Angle between two curves y  f x and y   x . Let x1, y1 be a point of intersection
 dy   dy 
of the two curves and m1    for y  f x  and m2    for y  x  .
 dx 1  dx 1
m1  m2
If  is the acute angle between the curves, then tan   .
1 m1m2
The two curves intersect orthogonally if m1m2  1
(e)  
Let P x, y be a point on the curve y  f x . Then 
2
 dy 
y 1  
 dx 
(i) the length of the tangent at P (PT ) 
dy
dx
(ii) the length of normal at y-axis
2
 dy 
P(PN)  y 1  
 dx  P
dx
(iii) the length of sub tangent QT = y
dy 
x-axis
dy N O Q T
(iv) the length of sub normal QN = y
dy
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Derivative as a rate measurer
dy
is the rate of change of y with respect to x.
dx
(a) If s is the distance travelled in time t by a particle, then the velocity of the particle at time t
ds d 2s
is and acceleration is .
dt dt 2
(b) If  is the angle described by a line revolving about a fixed point on it, then the angular
d d 2
velocity of the line at time t is and the angular acceleration is .
dt dt 2
Monotonic functions
f x  is an increasing function at x = a when f a is positive and a decreasing function when

f a is negative. A function f x  is called a monotonic increasing function in an interval if it
is an increasing function in that interval and is called a monotonic decreasing function in an
interval if it is a decreasing function in that interval.
Maxima and Minima
(a) f x  attains a maximum at x = a if f a = 0 and f a is negative and the maximum
value is f a . 
(b) f x  attains a minimum at x = a if f a = 0 and f a is positive and the minimum value

is f a .
(c) f (x ) may have maxima or minima at x = a if f (a) is not defined.
(d) Rules for finding the maximum and minimum values of a function f x . 

(i)Find f  x and f  x 
(ii) 
Find the roots of the equation f  x  0 . Let the roots be a1, a2 , .......
(iii) Substitute the values a1, a2 , ...... in f x  and determine the sign of
f a1 , f a2 , .......
  
If f  a1  negative, f x is at a maximum at x = a1 and the maximum value is f a1 .  
  
If f  a1  positive, f x is at a minimum at x = a1 and the minimum value is f a1 .  
 
If f  a1 = 0, nothing can be said at this stage.
(iv) Also if f (a) changes sign from positive to negative, then x = a is point of maxima
and if f (a) changes sign from negative to positive, then x = a is point of minima but if
its sign doe not change in neighbourhood of a, then it is point of inflection.
Rolle’s Theorem
    
If a function f x is differentiable in an interval a, b and also f a  f b , then there exists at
 
least one value x1 of x in the interval (a, b) such that f  x1  0 .
Mean Value Theorem
  
If a function f x is differentiable in an interval a, b , then there exists at least one value of x1
f b  f a
in the interval a, b such that f x1  = .
b a
Greatest and Least Value of a Function
Above points x = a1, a2, …, an, where f ( x )  0 and also points where derivative does not exist
(and are points of maxima / minima) are called points of local maxima / local minima. But to find
greatest value and least value find value of function at all such points and also value of the
function at end points of domain, then compare all the values to get greatest and least value of
the function.
MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – indefinite integration
Indefinite Integration
d
If
dx 
F( x )  f ( x ) , then f ( x) dx  F( x)  c
Integration by parts
 f (x)g(x)dx  f (x) g(x)dx   f (x) g(x)dxdx

Formulae:
1)
 x n dx 
x n1
 c (n  –1)
8)
 cosec x dx  cot x  c
2
n 1
9)
 sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
 cosecxcot x dx  cosecx  c
1
2)
 x dx  ln | x | c 10)
 e dx  e  c
1
 1 x dx  sin x  c 1
x x
3) 11)
2
ax
4)
 a x dx 
ln a
c 12)

1
dx  tan1 x  c
1 x 2
5)
 cosxdx  sin x  c 1
13)
| x | dx  sec 1 x  c
6)
 sinx dx  cosx  c x 12
7)
 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
14)
 tan xdx  log(secx)  c
15)
 cot x dx  log(sinx)  c
 x 
16)
 sec dx  log(sec x  tan x)  c   logsec x  tan x  c  log 2  4   c
x
17)
 cosec dx  log tan 2   c  logcosec x  cot x  c   logcosec x  cot x  c
1 1 x
18)
x 2
a 2
dx  tan1   c
a a
1 1 x a
19)
 x a
2 2
dx  log
2a x a
c
1 1 ax
20)
 a x
2 2
dx  log
2a ax
c
1
21)
 x a
2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
1
22)
 x a
2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – indefinite integration
1 x
23)
 a x
2 2
dx  sin1   c
a
a2
x  a2  log x  x 2  a2   c
x 2
24)
 x 2  a2 dx 
2 2  
2
x  a2  log x  x 2  a2   c
x 2 a
25)
 x 2  a2 dx 
2 2  
x 2 a 2
x
26)
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin1   c
2 a
27)
 log x dx  x log x  x  c
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – definite integration
Properties of definite integrals

b a
(a)  f x dx   f x dx
a b
b c b
(b)  f x dx   f x dx   f x dx
a a c
a a
(c)  f x dx  2 f x  dx if f x  is an even function [i.e., f x  f  x ]
a 0
= 0 if f x  is an odd function [i.e., f x   f  x ]

a a
(d)  f xdx   f a  xdx
0 0
2a a
(e)  f x  dx  2 f x dx if f 2a  x   f x 

0 0
= 0 if f 2a  x   f x 
b b
(f)  f xdx   f a  b  xdx
a a
f x 
b
ba
(g)  f x  f a  b  x dx 
a
2
anT T
(h)  f xdx  n f xdx , where T is period of function i.e. f x  T   f x
a 0
2 2
m 1 m  3 1
(i) 0
sinm xdx  
0
cosm xdx  .
m m2
......
22
(m even)
m 1 m  3 2
= . ....... (m odd)
m m2 3
2
m  1m  3.....2 or 1n  1n  3......2 or 1
(j)  sin
0
m
x cosn x dx 
m  nm  n  2.....2 or 1
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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – definite integration
Leibnitz Rule:
g x 
F t  dt  g x F g x   f x F f x 
d

dx f x 
Limit of a series as a definite integral
1 r n1  r  1 r n
  f  n  , then its limit as n   is
r
If a series can be put in the form f   or
n r 0  n  n r 1
1
 f x  dx .
0
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEETS – AREA
(a) The area bounded by the curve y  f x ,  y-axis
the x-axis and the ordinates x= a and x =

b
y = f(x)
b is  y dx . (Here f (x) > 0)
a
x-axis
O x=a x=b
(b) The area bounded by the curve y-axis

 
x  f y , the y-axis and the lines x = f(y)
b y=b
y  a and y  b is 
a
x dy .
y=a
x-axis
O
(c) To find the total area enclosed by a curve y-axis

which crosses the x-axis at points between
two abscissa, draw the diagram and divide
the range of integration into appropriate y=f(x)
subranges. x-axis
O a b c
(d) Area between the curves y  f x  and y-axis

y = (x)

y   x . Find the x coordinates of the point y = f(x)
of intersection and let them be a and b.
b
Then the area is  [f x  x] dx
a
x-axis
O a b
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEETS – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
(a) Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the
equation.
(b) Degree of a differential equation is the power to which the highest order derivative is
raised after the all derivatives are cleared of the radicals and fractions.
(c)
(i) Variables separable type (1st order, 1st degree)
f x   gy 
dy
0
dx
dy f x, y 
(ii) Homogeneous type  , where both f and g are functions of x and
dx gx, y 
y, homogeneous of the same degree.
Substitution: y = vx
(d) Linear differential equation
dy
A differential equation of the form  Py  Q , where P and Q are functions of x or
dx
constants is called the linear differential equation of the first order.
The solution of this differential equation is
ye  Qe
P dx
  Pdx
dx  c
e P dx
is called the integrating factor for this equation.
dx
Similarly, if P and Q are functions of y or constants, then the solution of  Px  Q
dy
is xe  Qe
P dy
  Pdy
dy  c
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – VECTOR ALGEBRA
(a) (i) The position vector of the point which divides the distance between the two end points
 
  mb  na
with position vectors a and b in the ratio m: n internally is and externally
mn
 
mb  na
is .
mn
(ii) The position vector of the mid-point of the line joining two points whose position
 
vectors are a, b is 
1  
2
ab . 
(iii) The position vector of the centroid of the triangle with vertices having position vectors
  
   a b c
a, b, c is .
3
  
(iv) The end points of three vectors a, b and c are collinear if three constant l, m, n (not
  
all zero) can be found such that la  mb  nc  0 , where l  m  n  0 .
(b) Components of a vector

 
(i) If a, b are two non-parallel vectors in a plane, then any vector in that plane can be
 
represented as la  mb , where l and m are scalars.
  
(ii) If three constants l, m, n (not all zero) can be found such that la  mb  nc  0 , then
  
a, b and c are coplanar.
   
(iii) Any vector d in space can be represented as la  mb  nc , where l, m, n are scalars
  
and a, b, c are three non coplanar vectors.
Addition and subtraction B
 
If OA  a and AB  b , then the vector  
ab 
  b
OB  a  b .
O  A
If BA is produced to C such that AC  b , then a

    b
OC  a  b a b
C
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Vector obey commutative, associative and distributive laws.
(i) 
   
  
m a  b  c  ma  mb  mc (ii)
   
a b  b a

    
(iii) a  b  c  a  b  c  a  b  c
  
   
Scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors a and b is written as a . b and is defined as
     
a. b  a b cos , where 0     is the angle between a and b .
(a) Scalar multiplication is commutative and distributive

   

      

a . b  b .a and a . b  c  a . b  a .c
  
 a.b
(b) The orthogonal projection of a on a straight line in the direction of b is given by P  
b
(c) iˆ . jˆ  1, jˆ . jˆ  1, kˆ . kˆ  1
iˆ . ˆj  0  ˆj . iˆ
ˆj . kˆ  0  kˆ . ˆj
kˆ . iˆ  0  iˆ . kˆ
   
(d) a . b  a1b1  a2b2  a3 b3 , where a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ
 
a.b a1b1  a2b2  a3 b3
(e) cos    
a b a12  a22  a32 b12  b22  b32
 
(f) Two non-zero vectors are orthogonal if an only if a . b  0
     
(g) If a . b  0 , then either a  0 or b  0 or a and b are orthogonal.
   
(h) Work done by a force F in a displacement d is given by F .d .
Vector Product (or cross product)
 
A vector whose magnitude is equal to the area of the parallelogram witha and b as adjacent
   
sides and whose direction is perpendicular to both a and b and is such that a , b and that
 
vector form a right-handed screw is called the vector product of a and b and is denoted by
 
ab .
   
Thus a  b = a b sin  n̂ , where  is the angle between the 2 vectors and n̂ is the unit
   
vector perpendicular to both a and b and a , b and n̂ form a right-handed screw.
(a)

 
 
 
ka b  k a  b  a  kb , where k is a scalar.
   
(b) Cross multiplication by vectors is not commutative a  b  b  a
  
   
   
(c) Cross multiplication is distributive a  b  c  a  b  a  c 
(d) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   ˆj  iˆ
ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  kˆ  ˆj
kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  iˆ  kˆ
iˆ  iˆ  0, ˆj  ˆj  0, kˆ  kˆ  0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   
(e) a  b  a1 a2 a3 , where a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ, b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ
b1 b2 b3
  
(f) Area of a triangle whose vertices have position vectors a, b, c is
1      
a b  b c  c a
2
  
(g) Condition for three points with position vectors a, b, c to be collinear is
     
ab  b c  c a = 0
   
(h) Moment of a force F about a point P is r  F , where r is the vector of any point on the

line of action of the force F from P.
Scalar Triple Product
  
If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ, b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ, c  c1iˆ  c 2 ˆj  c3 kˆ are three vectors, then the
dot product of
     
    
a and b  c i.e., a . b  c is called the scalar triple product of a, b and c and
a1 a2 a3
  
is denoted by [a b c ] and its value is b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c 2 c3
  
(a) The absolute value of the scalar triple product [a b c ] is the volume of the parallelopiped
  
with a, b, c as its adjacent sides.
     
(i) If three vectors a, b, c are coplanar, then [a b c ] = 0.
   
For example: [a b 2a  3b]  0
     
(ii) If three vectors a, b, c are linearly dependent, then [a b c ] = 0.
(b) (i)    
     
a. b  c  a  b .c
The positions of dot and cross can be interchanged without affecting the value of the
scalar triple product.
(ii) If two vectors are interchanged in a scalar triple product, the sign is changed
    
[a b c ]  [b a c ]  [c b a]
(iii) A cyclic permutation of the three vectors does not change the sign or value of the
scalar triple product.
        
[a b c ]  [b c a]  [c a b]
         
(iv) [a b c  d ]  [a b c ]  [a b d ]
Vector Triple Product

   
  
If a, b, c are three vectors a  b  c is called a vector triple product.
a  b  c   a . c b  a . b c
        
(i)
a  b  c  and a  b  c are different and

     
(ii) hence placing of the brackets is
important.
   
(a) 
   
      
       
a  b . c  d  a . c  b . d  a . d b . c =    
a .c a .d
b .c b .d
(b) a  b c  d  [a b d] c  [a b c]d

       
 [a c d ] b  [b c d ] a
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – VECTOR 3D
 
Distance between two points x1, y1, z1 and x2 , y 2 , z2 is  
x1  x2 2  y1  y 2 2  z1  z2 2
Section formula Z
Point which divides the segment joining x1, y1, z1 and   P
x2, y 2, z2  in the ratio m1 : m2 is

O Y
 m1x2  m2 x1 m1y 2  m2 y1 m1z2  m2 z1 
 m m , m m , m m 
 1 2 1 2 1 2 
X
Direction cosines and direction ratios of vector
If a directed line OP makes the angles , ,  respectively with the positive direction of X, Y, Z
axis(which are mutually perpendicular to each other), then cos, cos, cos are called the
direction cosines of the line OP. They are denoted by l, m, n.
 
If P x, y, z is the point and if OP  r , then
x y z
 cos,  cos and  cos .
r r r
x 2  y 2  z2 r 2
Also, cos2   cos2   cos2    2 1 i.e., l 2  m2  n2  1
r2 r
l m n
If a, b, c are three real numbers such that   , then a, b, c are called direction ratios of
a b c
OP.
a b c
Then l  , m , n
a2  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c 2
   
If P x1, y1, z1 and Q x2 , y 2 , z2 are two points in space, then the direction ratios of PQ are
x2  x1, y 2  y1, z2  z1 . The angle  between two lines with direction cosines l1, m1, n1 and
l 2 , m2 , n2 is given by cos  l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2 or sin  m n 1 2  m2n1 2
Note: Two lines are perpendicular if l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2 = 0 and parallel if
a1 b1 c1
l1  l 2 , m1  m2 , n1  n2 or  
a2 b2 c2
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Standard Form Of The Equation Of A PLANE
(a) If p is the length of the normal from the origin on the plane and l, m, n are the direction
cosines of this normal, then the equation of the plane is lx  my  nz  p
Note:
a b c
If ax  bx  cz  d  0 is the equation of a plane, then , , are the
 a 2
 a 2
 a2
d
direction cosines of the normal to the plane and p  .
 a2
(b) The equation of the plane parallel to ax  by  cz  d  0 and passing through

x1, y1, z1  is ax  x1   by  y1   cz  z1   0 .
(c) The equation of the plane parallel to the z-axis is ax  by  d  0 etc and x = 0 is y-z
plane.
(d) a, b, c are direction ratios of the normal to the plane ax  bx  cz  d  0 .
(e) If aa1  bb1  cc1  0 , the straight line with direction ratios a1, b1, c1 is parallel to the
plane ax  bx  cz  d  0 .
(f) The equation of the plane which cuts off the intercepts a, b, c on the coordinate axes is
x y z
   1.
a b c
(g)   
The equation of the plane through the points x1, y 1, z1 , x 2 , y 2 , z2 and x3 , y 3 , z3   
x y z 1
x1 y 1 z1 1
is 0
x2 y 2 z2 1
x3 y 3 z3 1
(h) The angle between the two planes a1x  b1y  c1z  d1  0 and
a1a2  b1b2  c1c 2

a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is given by cos  .
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c 22
Note: The plane are perpendicular if a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
(i)  
Length of the perpendicular from x1, y 1, z1 on the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
ax1  by1  cz1  d

.
a12  b12  c12
EQUATION OF A LINE IN SPACE

   
(a) Vector equation of a line passing through the point a and parallel to b is r  a  tb ,
where t is a scalar.
    
(b)  
Vector equation of a line passing through the points a, b is r  1 t a  tb , where t is a
scalar.
 
      b1 . b2
(c) (i) Angle between the lines r  a1  t1b1, r  a2  t 2b2 is given by cos    .
b1 b2
(ii) If the two lines are skew, then the shortest distance between the lines
= 
b  b . a  a 
   
1
  2 1 2
b1  b2
  
(d) (i) Vector equation of a plane through a containing vector b and c is
  
r  a  tb  sc , where t and s are scalars.
  
(ii) Vector equation of a plane through the points a, b and containing c is
   
r  1 t a  tb  sc .
  
(iii) Vector equation of a plane passing through the points a, b ,c is
   
r  1 t  s a  tb  sc
 
(e) Vector equation of a plane passing through a and normal to the vector n is
r  a.n  0
 
    n1 . n2
(f) Angle between the planes r .n1  d1 and r . n2  d2 is given by cos   
n1 n2
(a)  
If a line in space passes through the point x1, y 1, z1 and parallel to a line with direction
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
ratios a, b, c, then the equation of the line is   r
a b c
(This is called the symmetric form of the equation of a line).
(b)   
The equation of a line through two given points x1, y 1, z1 and x 2 , y 2 , z2 is 
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y 2 z  z2
(b) Two lines   and =  are coplanar if
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
x 2  x1 y 2  y 1 z2  z1
l1 m1 n1  0.
l2 m2 n2
(d) Skew lines
Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if they are neither parallel nor intersecting
The shortest distance between them is perpendicular to both of them.
The shortest distance between the lines
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y 2 z  z2
  and =  is
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
x  x m n  m n 
2 1 1 2 2 1
m n  m n 
2
1 2 2 1
MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – PROBABILITY
Let A and B be any two events. Then A or B happening is denoted by A  B (sometimes this is
denoted by A  B ) and A and B happening at the same time is denoted by A  B (sometimes
it is denoted by AB).
If A and B are any two events, then
(i)  
PA  PA  B  P A  B
(ii) PB  PA  B  PA  B
(iii) PA  B  PA  B  PA  B   PA  B
(iv) PA  B  PA  PB  PA  B
(v)  
PA  B  1 P A  B
(vi) PA  B  1 P A  B 
(vii) PA  B   PA  P( A  B)
(viii) PA  B  PB  P(AB)
(ix) PA  B  C  P( A)  PB  P(C)  P( AB)  P(BC)  P(CA)  P( ABC)
(a) Mutually exclusive events
Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if the events cannot occur together
i.e., the occurrence of any one of them precludes the occurrence of the other and hence
we speak of the probability of occurrence of one or other of a set of mutually exclusive
events.
PA B  0 if A and B are mutually exclusive.
Hence PA  B  PA  PB
(b) Independent events
Two or more events are said to be independent if the occurrence of one event in no way
affects the occurrence of the other.
If A and B are independent PA  B  PA.PB
If two events A and B are independent events, then
(i) A and B are independent events.
For more such resources and video lecture download the MathonGo App now. http://bit.ly/2CoRy8F
(ii) A and B are independent events.
(iii) A and B are independent events.
Conditional Probability
The probability of occurrence of event B depending on the occurrence of event A is conditional
B
probability of B with respect to A and is written as P .
 A
The probability of occurrence of event A depending on the occurrence of event B is conditional
 A
probability of A with respect to B and is written as P .
B
B  A
PA  B  PA.P   PB.P 
 A B
 A  PA  B
P  
PB
(i)
B
B  P B A
P  
 
(ii)
A PA  
(iii) If A and B are independents, then
B  A
P   PB and P   PA
 A B
 PA  B  PAPB
Baye’s Rule
If E1, E2 , .......,En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and E is any event such that
E
P Ei .P 
E   Ei 
PEi   0 , then P i   n for 1  i  n .
E E 
P Ek .P
 
k 1  Ek 
Mean and variance of a Random Variable
n
The expectation (mean) of the random variable X is defined as E( X )  p x
i 1
i i and the
n n
variance of X is defined as var( X )  
i 1
pi ( xi  E( X ))2 p x
i 1
i
2
i  E( X ))2 .
Mode of Binomial Distribution
For the value of r so that P( X  r ) is maximum, we have two cases.
Case I
(n  1)p is not an integer then, P( X  r ) is maximum when r  m, where m is the greatest

integer  (n  1)p, that is, m  [(n  1)p].
Case II
(n  1)p is an integer then, P( X  r ) is maximum when r  m  1 or m, where (n  1)p  m

and m is an integer.
If X ~ B(n, p),then E( X )  np var ( X )  npq.
Binomial Theorem on Probability
If n independent trials are made in a random experiment and p is probability of it’s success and
q is probability of it’s failure in each trial (p + q = 1), then probability of exactly r success is =
n
Cr ( p)r (q)nr .
Also probability of at least one success is 1 q .

n

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MATHONGO – formula sheet – SET RELATION

Union of Two Sets

Intersection of Two Sets

In any discussion involving sets and their

Some properties of operations on sets

Symmetric difference of two sets

A relation from set of X to a set Y is a subset R of X Y . If Y

X  Y, we say that R is relation on X. R

R 1(B)  {x  X : x R y for some y  B} and call it the inverse image of B under R.

One can think of R1 as relation from Y to X, where

that is, R 1  {(y, x ) : ( x, y )  R}

R1 is called the reverse of the relation R.

Let R be a relation from X to Y and S from Y to Z, then SoR  {(x, z) | x  X, z  Z and

y Y such that and (x, y ) R and (y, z)  S.

A relation R on a set X (i.e. R  X  X ) is said to be

(a) reflexive if x R x for all x  X.

(b) symmetric if x R y  y R x, where x, y  X

(c) transitive if x R y, y R z  x R z, where x, y, z  X

(d) antisymmetric if x R y and y R x then x  y.

Further, a relation R in a set X is said to be an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric

The roots of the quadratic equation

Relation between the roots and coefficient

Sign of the roots (roots are real)

Nature of the roots

(b) If b 2  4ac be a perfect square of a rational number and a, b are rational

(c) If b 2  4ac  0 , the roots are real and equal.

(d) If b 2  4ac be a negative quantity, the roots are complex.

b 2  4ac is called the discriminant of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .

Formation of a quadratic equation whose roots are known

x 2  x (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0

(a) If ax 2  bx  c  0, a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 have a common root, then

ca1  c1a2  bc1  b1cab1  a1b

(b) If ax 2  bx  c  0, a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 have both the roots common, then

ax 2  bx  c , where a, b, c are constants is called a quadratic expression in x.

Sign of a quadratic expression

(a) When a is positive ax 2  bx  c is positive for all real values of x if b2  4ac is

(b) When a is negative ax 2  bx  c is negative for all real values of x if b2  4ac is

Maximum and Minimum values

Geometrically, the equation y = ax2 + bx + c represents a parabola

(a) The curve y  ax  bx  c , where

(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola are a<0

(a) If a real number k lies between the roots of a quadratic equation

i denotes a quantity such that i 2  1. Hence i   1 .

If A  a  ib, a  ib is called its conjugate and is denoted by A .

(a) If a  ib  0 , then a  0 and b  0 .

(b) If a  ib  c  id , then a  c and b  d .

Modulus amplitude form of a complex number

If a  ib is expressed in the form r cos  i sin, r is called the modulus denoted by

a  ib and  is called the amplitude or argument denoted by arga  ib

Properties of modulus, conjugate and argument

 zz  z is purely real.

 If arg (z) = 0  z is real.

Properties of argument of complex number

(a) arg(z1z2 )  argz1  argz2

Rotation of a complex number

(a) Rotate OP through an angle  in the y

(b) If PQ is rotated through an angle  in the R

z1  z2  z1 cos  i sin P(z1)

complex number z1  z2  z1  cos  i sin