EEE3821 Chapter7 Decoder MUX

Combinational logic circuits
Chapter 3
EEE3821
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 7 ENCODERS & MULTIPLEXERS
1
 to explain and analyse decoders & encoders in digital
circuits applications.
 to explain and analyse operation of multiplexers and

demultiplexers in digital circuit applications.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Ronald J. Tocci,

2
Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss
Introduction
• Digital systems obtain data and information continuously
operated on in some manner:
• Decoding/encoding.
• Multiplexing/demultiplexing.
• These and other operations have been facilitated by the
availability of numerous ICs in the MSI (medium-scale-
integration) category.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss
Decoders
• Decoders are used when an output or a group of outputs is to be
activated only on the occurrence of a specific combination of
input levels.
• Often provided by outputs of a counter or a register.

Decoders
• A decoder accepts a set of inputs that represents a binary number—activating
only the output that corresponds to the input number.
For each of these

input combinations,
only one of the M
outputs will be
active (HIGH); all the
other outputs are
LOW.
Many decoders are designed to produce active-LOW outputs,

where only the selected output is LOW while all others are HIGH.

Decoders
Circuitry for a decoder with three inputs and 8 outputs.
It uses all AND gates, so

outputs are active-HIGH
Output O6 goes HIGH only

when CBA 1102 = 610.

Decoders
Circuitry for a decoder with three inputs and 8 outputs.
This can be called a 3-line-to-8-line

decoder—it has three input lines
and eight output lines.
Also called a binary-to-octal

decoder or converter—taking
three-bit binary input code
and activating one of eight
(octal) outputs.
Also referred to as a 1-of-8

decoder—only 1 of the 8 outputs
is activated at one time.

Decoders
• Some decoders have one or more enable inputs used to control
the operation of the decoder.
• The decoder is enabled only if ENABLE is HIGH.
• With common ENABLE line connected to a fourth input of each
gate:
• If ENABLE is HIGH, the decoder functions normally.
• A, B, C input will determine which output is HIGH.
• If ENABLE is LOW, all outputs will be forced LOW.
• Regardless of the levels at the A, B, C inputs.

Decoders
The 74ALS138 decoder.
ENABLE
inputs

Example:
Indicate the states of the 74ALS138 output for each of the
following sets of inputs.
(a) E3= E’2=1, E’1=0, A2=A1=1, A0=0
(b) E3= 1, E’2= E’1=0, A2= 0, A1=A0=1
solutions:
(a)With E’2=1, the decoder is disabled and all of its output will
be in their inactive HIGH state.
(b) All of the enable inputs are activated, so the decoding portion
is enabled. It will decode the input code 0112=310 to activate the
output O’3.This the O’3 will be LOW and all other outputs will be
HIGH.
10
Decoders
7442
BCD-to-decimal
decoder.
This decoder
does not have
an enable input.
Each output goes LOW only when its

corresponding BCD input is applied.
Also called 4-to10 decoder or 1-of-10
decoder Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e
Decoders
7445 BCD-to-decimal decoder/driver.
Suitable for directly

driving loads such
as indicator LEDs
or lamps, relays,
or dc motors.
Termed a driver because this IC
has open-collector outputs that
operate at higher current/voltage
limits than a normal TTL output.
When the decoder inputs come from a
counter that is being continually pulsed,
the decoder outputs will be activated
sequentially and they can be used as
timing or sequencing signals to turn
devices on or off at specific times.

The timing diagram shows the sequence of events. If we
assume that the counter is in the 0000 state at time 0, then
both outputs O’3 and O’6 are initially in the inactive HIGH state,
where their output transistors are off and both relays are de-
energized. As clock are applied the counter will be
incremented once per second. On third pulse, the counter
goes 0011 (3) state, so O’3 is activated and relay K1 energized.
On forth pulse, the counter goes to the 0100 (4) state, O’3 will
deactivate and de-energize relay K1.
Similarly at time 6, the counter will go to the 0110 (6) state,

this will make O’6 = 0 and energize K2. At time 7, the counter
goes to 0111(7) and deactivate O6 and de-energize K2.
13
Review Questions :
1. Can more than one decoder output be activated at one time?

2. What is the function of a decoder ‘s enable input(s)?
3. How does the 7445 differ from the 7442?
4. The 74154 is a 4-to-16 decoder with two active –LOW enable inputs. How
many pins (including power and ground) does this IC have?
Solutions:
1. No
2. To enable input controls whether or not the decoder logic responds to
the input binary code
3. 7445 has open-collector output that can handle up to 30V and 80 mA.
4. 24 pins : 2 enables, 4 inputs, 16 outputs, Vcc and ground.
14
BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder/Drivers
• The 7-segment display is a common way to display decimal or hexadecimal
characters.
• One common arrangement uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for each segment.
By controlling current through each LED,

some segments are turned on & emit light,
while others are turned off, which
generates the desired character pattern.
• The 7-segment display is a common way to display decimal or
hexadecimal characters.
• One common arrangement uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for each segment.
Diodes allow current to flow in one direction,

but block flow in the other direction.
When the LED anode is more positive than the cathode
by approximately 2 V, the LED will light up.
BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver.
The 7446/47
activates specific
segment patterns
in response to
input codes
Digital Systems: Principles and

Applications, 11/e
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer,
Gregory L. Moss
To illustrate. Let us suppose that the BCD input is D=0, C=0, B=
1, A=1, which is BCD for 3. With these inputs the decoder
outputs a’,b’,g’,c’ and d’ will be driven LOW, allowing current to
flow through the a, b, g ,c and d LED segments and thereby
displaying the numeral 3.
The f’ and e’ outputs will be HIGH (open) so that LED

segments f and e cannot conduct.
18
This is a common-
anode LED display.
The anodes all of
segments are tied
together to VCC .
Another type uses a common-cathode method, with

each segment requiring 10 to 20 mA of current.
TTL/CMOS devices are normally not used to drive a common-
cathode display directly—a transistor interface circuit is often used
Applications, 11/e
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L.
Moss
Encoders
• The opposite of decoding process is encoding.
• Performed by a logic circuit called an encoder.
An encoder has a number of

input lines, only one of which
is activated at a given time.
Shown is an encoder with M

inputs and N outputs.
Inputs are active-HIGH,

which means that they
are normally LOW.
It produces an N-bit output

code, depending on which
input is activated.
Encoders
• An octal-to-binary encoder (8-line-to-3-line encoder) accepts
eight input lines, producing a three-bit output code
corresponding to the input.
Logic circuit for an octal-to-binary (8-line-to-3 line)

encoder. Only one input should be active at one time.
Encoders
• A priority encoder ensures that when two or more inputs are activated, the
output code will correspond to the highest-numbered input.
It has nine active-LOW inputs represent decimal digits

1 through 9, producing inverted BCD code corresponding
to the highest-numbered activated input.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications,
11/e
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L.
Moss
Encoders
• A switch encoder can be used when BCD data must be entered
manually into a digital system.
• The 10 switches might be the keyboard switches
on a calculator—representing digits 0 through 9.

Applications, 11/e
Gregory L. Moss
Encoders
The switches are of the
normally open type, so
the encoder inputs are
all normally HIGH.
BCD output is 0000.
When a key is depressed, the

circuit will produce the BCD
code for that digit.
The 74LS147 is a priority

encoder, so simultaneous
key depressions produce the
BCD code for the higher-
numbered key.

Review Questions
1. How does an encoder differ from a decoder?

2. How does a priority encoder differ from the ordinary
encoder?
3. What will the outputs of switch encoder be in when SW6,
SW5 and SW2 are all closed?
solution
1. An encoder produces an output code corresponding to the activated input. A
decoder activates one output corresponding to an applied input code.
2. In priority encoder, the output code corresponds to the highest-numbered input
that is activated.
3. Normal BCD=0110
25
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)
• A multiplexer (MUX) selects 1 of N input data sources and transmits the
selected data to a single output—called multiplexing.
• A digital multiplexer or data selector is a logic circuit that performs the same task.
Routing control of desired data

input to output by SELECT
inputs—referred to as
ADDRESS inputs.

• A two-input MUX could be used in a digital system that uses two
different MASTER CLOCK signals.
• A high-speed clock in one mode and a slow-speed clock for the other.

Applications, 11/e
Gregory L. Moss
• Two-, four-, eight-, and 16-input multiplexers are available in the TTL
and CMOS logic families.
• These basic ICs can be combined for multiplexing
a larger number of inputs.

The 74ALS157 contains four two-input multiplexers

Example
Determine the input conditions required for each Z output of
74ALS157 to take on the logic level of its corresponding I0 input.
Repeat with I1.
Solutions:
The enable input must be active; E’=0. In order for Za to equal Ioa,
the select input must be LOW. These same conditions will produce
Zb=Iob, Zc=Ioc, Zd=Iod
With E’=0, S=1, the outputs will follow the set of I1 inputs; that is
Za= I1a Zb=I1b, Zc=I1c, Zd=I1d
30
Other types of Mux:
 8-input MUX (74HC151 IC )

 16-input MUX (uses two 74HC151 IC )
Read from the text book
31
Multiplexer Applications
• Multiplexer circuits find numerous and varied applications in digital
systems of all types.
• Data selection/routing, parallel-to-serial conversion.
• Operation sequencing.
• Waveform/logic-function generation.

Applications, 11/e
Gregory L. Moss
Multiplexer Applications - Data
selection/routing
S=1, output from Select and
Counter 1 will be display the
allowed to pass contents of
through the Mux either of two
to decoder to be counters using a
displayed on the single set of
LED readouts. decoder and LED
displays.
System for
S=0, output from displaying two
Counter 2 will be multi digit BCD
allowed to pass counters one at
through the Mux a time.
to decoder to be
displayed on the
LED readouts.

Parallel-to-serial converter.
Waveforms for
X7X6X5X4X3X2X1X0
A three-bit
counter is used 10110101
to provide the
select code bits The LSB (X0) is transmitted
S2S1S0. (cycle first and the MSB (X7) is
from 000 – 111) transmitted last.
Applications, 11/e
Gregory L. Moss
Multiplexer used to implement a logic
function described by the truth table.
Select inputs are used as the logic variables, each

data input is connected permanently HIGH or LOW
as necessary to satisfy the truth table. Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e
Review Questions
1. What are some of the major applications of multiplexers?
2. True or False : When a multiplexer is used to implement a
logic function, the logic variables are applied to the
multiplexer’s data inputs.
3. What type of circuit provides the select inputs when a MUX is
used as a parallel-to-serial converter?
Solutions:
1. parallel-serial conversion, data routing, logic function generation, operations

sequencing
2. False, they are applied to the select inputs
3. Counter
36
Demultiplexers (Data Distributors)
• A demultiplexer (DEMUX) takes a single input and distributes it
over several outputs.
• The select input code determines to which output
the DATA input will be transmitted.

A 1 line to 8 line
demultiplexer.
This demux is very

similar to the 3-line-
to-8-line decoder S S S =000, only AND gate 0 is
2 1 0
circuit enabled, and data input I will Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e
appear at output O0.
Security monitoring system using the 74ALS138.
Security monitoring system in an industrial plant where open/closed status of
many access doors to be monitored. The LEDs are mounted on a remote
monitoring panel at the security guard’s station.
The system shown

can handle eight
doors, but can be
expanded to
any number.
The door switches

are data inputs
to the MUX.
They produce a
HIGH when a door
is open and a LOW
when it is closed.

Applications, 11/e
Gregory L. Moss
Example
For example, the counter is at the count of 110 (6). While the
counter is in this state, let’s say the door 6 is closed. The LOW
at I6 will pass through the MUX and be inverted to produce
HIGH at Z’. This HIGH will pass through the DEMUX to output
O6’ so that the LED 6 will be off, indicating the door 6 is
closed. Now, let’s say that door is open. A LOW will appear
at Z’ and O6’ so that LED 6 will be on to signal that door 6 is
open. Of course, all other LEDs will be off during this time
because O6’ is the only active output.
40
Synchronous data transmission system
A synchronous data
transmission system that is
used to transmit four, four-
bit words serially from a
transmitter to a remote
receiver.

Synchronous data
transmission
system
receiver block

This timing diagram shows the parallel data loaded into the transmitter, the
serial data stream, and distribution/storage
of the four data values in the receiver registers.

Review Questions
1. Explain the difference between a DEMUX and a MUX
2. True or False : The circuit for a DEMUX is basically the same as
for a decoder
3. For the system in security monitoring system figure, what will
the security guard see on the monitoring panel when all of the
doors are open?
Solution:
1. A MUX selects one of many inputs signals to be passed to its output; a DEMUX
selects one of many outputs to receive the input signal.
2. True; provided that the decoder has an ENABLE input
3. The LEDs will go on and off in sequence
44
Question
Consider the system of security monitoring system as in
previous slide. Assume that the clock frequency is 10 pps.
Describe what the monitoring panel indications will be for
each of the following cases.
(a)All of doors closed

(b)All doors open
(c)Doors 2 and 6 open
45

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Combinational logic circuits

 to explain and analyse operation of multiplexers and

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Ronald J. Tocci,

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

For each of these

Many decoders are designed to produce active-LOW outputs,

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

It uses all AND gates, so

Output O6 goes HIGH only

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

This can be called a 3-line-to-8-line

Also called a binary-to-octal

Also referred to as a 1-of-8

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Each output goes LOW only when its

Suitable for directly

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Similarly at time 6, the counter will go to the 0110 (6) state,

1. Can more than one decoder output be activated at one time?

By controlling current through each LED,

Diodes allow current to flow in one direction,

Digital Systems: Principles and

The f’ and e’ outputs will be HIGH (open) so that LED

Another type uses a common-cathode method, with

An encoder has a number of

Shown is an encoder with M

Inputs are active-HIGH,

It produces an N-bit output

Logic circuit for an octal-to-binary (8-line-to-3 line)

It has nine active-LOW inputs represent decimal digits

Digital Systems: Principles and

BCD output is 0000.

When a key is depressed, the

The 74LS147 is a priority

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

1. How does an encoder differ from a decoder?

Routing control of desired data

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

 8-input MUX (74HC151 IC )

Read from the text book

Digital Systems: Principles and

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Select inputs are used as the logic variables, each

1. parallel-serial conversion, data routing, logic function generation, operations

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

This demux is very

The system shown

The door switches

Digital Systems: Principles and

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e

(a)All of doors closed