Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the province. For the peninsula, see Shandong Peninsula. For other uses,
see Shandong (disambiguation).
"Shantung" redirects here. For the fabric, see Shantung (fabric). For other uses, see Shan Tung
(disambiguation).

Shandong
山东

Province

Province of Shandong

Name transcription(s)

• Chinese 山东省 Shāndōng shěng

• Abbreviation SD / 鲁 Lǔ

Penglai Pavilion

Yellow River delta

 Weishan Lake

Temple of Confucius

Mount Tai

St. Michael's Cathedral in Qingdao

 Guangyue Tower

Daming Lake

Location of Shandong within China

Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E

Country China

 山 shān – Taihang
Named for
 Mountains
 东 dōng – 'east'
 "East of the Taihang
Mountains"

Capital Jinan
Largest city Linyi
Divisions 16 prefectures, 140 counties,
1941 townships

Government
• Type Province
• Body Shandong Provincial People's
Congress
• CCP Secretary Lin Wu[1]
• Congress chairman Lin Wu
• Governor Zhou Naixiang
• CPPCC chairman Ge Huijun
• National People's 174 deputies
CongressRepresentation

Area
[2]

• Total 157,100 km2(60,700 sq mi)

• Rank 20th

Highest elevation 1,545 m (5,069 ft)

(Mount Tai)

Population
(2020)[3]
• Total 101,527,453
• Rank 2nd
• Density 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
• Rank 5th

Demonym Shandongese

Demographics
• Ethnic composition  Han – 99.3%
 Hui – 0.6%
• Languages and dialects Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu
Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin

GDP[4]
 • Total CN¥9.20 trillion (US$1.3
trillion)
• Per capita CN¥81,846 (US$12,689)

ISO 3166 code CN-SD

HDI (2019) 0.759[5]

high · 14th

Website www.sd.gov.cn

Shandong

"Shandong" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese

characters

Simplified Chinese 山东

Traditional Chinese 山東

Literal meaning East of the Taihang Mountains

Transcriptions

Shandong[a] is a coastal province in East China.[8] Shandong has played a major role in Chinese
history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has
served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism.
Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest
histories of continuous religious worship in the world.[9] The Buddhist temples in the mountains south
of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China.[10] The city
of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius, and later became the center of Confucianism.[11]
Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading
routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and
economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in
recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-
most populous subnational entity, and China's second-most populous province.[12] The economy of
Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a GDP of CN¥8.3 trillion (US$1.3 trillion)
in 2021, equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14] If considered among sovereign states, Shandong
would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous as of 2021.[15] Its GDP per
capita is around the national average.
Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher
education institutions, ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese first-
level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan.[16] As of 2023, the Nature Index ranked Jinan
ranked 32nd and Qingdao 43rd in the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research output.[17]
Etymology
Shandong's name literally means 'east of the mountains', from 'mountain' (山) and 'east' (东). The
name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains.[18][19] A common nickname
for Shandong is Qilu (齐鲁; 齊魯), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during
the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor
political role but became renowned as the home of Confucius, and its cultural influence came to
eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation
of Lǔ(鲁; 魯).[20]
History
Ancient history

Remains of Ancient Linzi city sewer passing

underneath the former city wall A Song-era monument to a

legendary native of Shandong, the Yellow Emperor, at his supposed birthplace
With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession
of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli (c. 6500–5500 BC), Beixin (c. 5300–
4100 BC), Dawenkou (c. 4100–2600 BC), Longshan (c. 3000–2000 BC), and Yueshi cultures (c.
1900–1500 BC).
The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while
eastern Shandong was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the
inhabitants of the Central Plain. Following the annexation of Lai [zh] by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the
Dongyi gradually became sinicized.
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, power was accumulated by regional
states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi, and the state of Lu based in Qufu. Lu
is famous for being the home of Confucius; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being
annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power
throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Linzi, Jimo (near modern Qingdao) and Ju.
Imperial history
The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han
dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions (刺史部) in what is
now modern Shandong: Qingzhou (青州) in the north and Yanzhou (兗州) in the south. During
the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei, which ruled
over northern China.
After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to
invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun.
Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao,
then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song dynasty,
and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and
Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.
In 412 AD, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the
Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought
back from India.
The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next
golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit,
one of the circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in
the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in
the north.
The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was
based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the
discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a
major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to
have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).
The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong
was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its
current name.
Early modern history
 Linqing City, with a view of the Grand Canal.
Drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassyto China in 1793.
The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty, where it had a more expansive
territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning. After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644,
Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.
On 25 July 1668, an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an epicenter just northeast
of Linyidevastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.[21][22]
During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and
Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly
affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of
foreign pressure from the Russian Empire, which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the
Qing encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria.
Shandong was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the
centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to
suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.

Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th

century, photographed by the crew of the ARA Presidente Sarmiento
Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under
threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were
invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths, heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating
dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks,
factories, and rail lines.[23] As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized Germany holdings
in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versaillestransferred ownership to Japan instead of
restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as
the Shandong Problem, led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement. Among
the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved.
Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during
the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.[24]

1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula,

showing the Kiautschou Bay concession
Shandong's return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was
handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the
northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the
warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong
Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord".[clarification needed][25] He ruled over the province until
1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju,
who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing
government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed
the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province
under his rule.
In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would
eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy
Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River
valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River.
He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.
During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one
of the provinces where the scorched-earth Three Alls policy ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was
implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura. This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945,
killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist Chinese Red
Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil
War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic
of China) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong (熊)
family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient
viscountcy originating in Chu. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in October of that
year.
Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-
lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired
the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most
part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.
About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the Great Chinese Famine.[26]
In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic
development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.
Geography

The sacred Mount Tai

View of Rongcheng from a hill

Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow
River, and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the
north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the
northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu.
The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North
China Plain. The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent.
The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao
Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow
Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of 1,545 metres
(5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges. [citation needed]
The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been
entering the sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee, higher than the
surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and
the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the
northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province.
Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline
with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea, is
bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller,
is surrounded by Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of
the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.
With Jinan serving as the province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess
has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai. [citation needed]
Climate
Shandong has a temperate climate: humid continental (Köppen Dwa); it is bordering humid
subtropical (Cwa under the Köppen climate classification) in the south. Generally, summers are hot
(typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C)
and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −9 to
1 °C (16 to 34 °F) in January and 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 550 to
950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due
to monsoonal influences.
Geology
Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the Mesozoic,
Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the
thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence
experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.
Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern
Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur
bones from Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and other genera were found, likely the largest collection
ever discovered at one location.[27]
Politics
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Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of

Confucius, Kong Yanjin. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius
ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers.
Main articles: Politics of Shandong and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong
province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the
power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing
committee is Li Ganjie.
The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its
main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The
provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of the
People's Republic of China.
The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang.
Economy
As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading
to Guangzhouto exchange clothing and fabrics.[20] The economy of Shandong is China's third largest
provincial economy with a GDP of CNY¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD$1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is
equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14] Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Compared
to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021.[15]
Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products,
including cotton, wheat, and garlic[28] as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also
has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world.[29] Other important crops
include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in
the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of
the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from
seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.
Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large
enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of
the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South
Korean and Japaneseinvestment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.
[30]
The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to
three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense.
Besides, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's
economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued
with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.[30]

Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present (SNA2008)[31]

(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[note 1]

GDP per capita (GDPpc)

GDP based on mid-year Reference index
population

exchange rate
year 1 foreign
GDP in millions GDPpc
currency
real to CNY
growth
(%)
PPP PPP Int'l$. 1
CNY USD CNY USD USD 1
(Int'l$.) (Int'l$.) (PPP)

201
6,802,449 1,024,110 1,943,057 7.6 68,733 10,348 19,633 6.6423 3.5009
6

201
6,393,074 1,026,439 1,801,120 8.0 65,114 10,454 18,345 6.2284 3.5495
5
 Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present (SNA2008)[31]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[note 1]

201
6,030,036 981,643 1,698,410 8.7 61,774 10,056 17,399 6.1428 3.5504
4

201
5,602,372 904,601 1,566,265 9.6 57,702 9,317 16,132 6.1932 3.5769
3

201
5,071,045 803,334 1,428,142 9.9 52,490 8,315 14,783 6.3125 3.5508
2

201
4,543,951 703,529 1,296,235 10.9 47,416 7,341 13,526 6.4588 3.5055
1

201
3,962,074 585,283 1,196,784 12.3 41,579 6,142 12,559 6.7695 3.3106
0

200
3,425,154 501,413 1,084,768 12.2 36,270 5,310 11,487 6.8310 3.1575
9

200
3,123,138 449,689 983,108 12.1 33,253 4,788 10,467 6.9451 3.1768
8

200
2,599,074 341,804 862,076 14.3 27,833 3,660 9,232 7.6040 3.0149
7

200
2,205,967 276,721 766,573 14.7 23,775 2,982 8,262 7.9718 2.8777
6

200
1,849,700 225,802 646,974 15.1 20,075 2,451 7,022 8.1917 2.8590
5

200
833,747 100,714 306,604 10.3 9,326 1,127 3,430 8.2784 2.7193
0
 Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present (SNA2008)[31]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[note 1]

199
151,119 31,594 88,758 5.3 1,815 379 1,066 4.7832 1.7026
0

198
29,213 19,496 19,534 12.2 402 268 269 1.4984 1.4955
0

197
22,545 14,498 10.1 316 203 1.5550
8

197
12,631 5,131 15.7 199 81 2.4618
0

196
8,625 3,504 22.0 152 62 2.4618
5

195
6,139 2,358 -3.5 116 45 2.6040
7

195
4,381 1,971 91 41 2.2227
2

Wine industry
See also: Wine in China

Shandong coastal vineyards

The production of wine is the second largest[citation needed] industry in the Shandong Province, second only
to agriculture.
Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and
rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems.
Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape
Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in Yantai). The region produced more than
40% of China's grape wine production.[34] Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet
Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden
stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.
Major producers

 Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.

 China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.
Economic and technological development zones

 Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind
approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning
area of 83 km2 (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km2 (13 sq mi), an export
processing district of 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km2 (15 sq mi). Since
its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG,
Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology