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    Classification of Survey

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    Ryuu

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    Classification of Survey

    Uploaded by

    Ryuu
    7 views19 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views19 pages

    Classification of Survey

    Uploaded by

    Ryuu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    CLASSIFICATION OF

    SURVEYING
    BASED ON INSTRUMENTS
    CHAIN SURVEYING
    • Generally linear measurements are taken with a chain and tape.
    • In Chain surveying, no angular measurements are taken. The main
    instrument in chain surveying is a metallic chain.
    • The principle of chain surveying is triangulation.
    • Chain surveying is suitable for small areas with level grounds. It is a
    relatively simple and inexpensive method that is often used for
    small-scale surveys and for preliminary surveys for larger projects.
    Chain surveying is not suitable for areas with sloped ground or
    highly undulated areas. It is also known as “tape surveying.”
    COMPASS SURVEYING
    • In compass surveying both the linear and angular measurements are taken.
    Horizontal angles are measured with a compass ( prismatic or surveyors
    compass) and linear measurements are taken with tape or a chain.
    • Compass surveying is suitable for small areas with level ground. The compass
    surveying is not suitable for areas with high magnetic influence. It is often used
    in conjunction with chain surveying or tape surveying.
    • Compass surveying is mostly used in the early stages of a survey project, for
    reconnaissance and layout of the different survey lines. It is a relatively simple
    and inexpensive method, but it does have a few limitations, such as being
    affected by local magnetic attraction and thus so not providing accurate
    measurements over long distances.
    • It is also known as “directional surveying” or “bearing surveying.”
    PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
    • It is a method of land surveying that uses a flat board, called a
    plane table, to prepare a map of an area by plotting the points
    directly on that board.
    • Fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously in this method.
    This method is the most rapid method of surveying.
    • The principle of the plane table survey is parallelism. In this
    method, there is no possibility of overlooking any object or
    measurement as the plotting is done in the field.
    • This method of surveying does not provide the most accurate
    results.
    THEODOLITE SURVEYING
    • The theodolite survey is generally used in triangulation and traversing.
    Theodolite is called a universal instrument in surveying because of its
    various capabilities.
    • The theodolite can be used for measuring-
    • horizontal angles
    • vertical angles
    • deflection angles
    • magnetic bearings
    • the horizontal distance between two points
    • the vertical height of an object
    • ranging a line
    • difference of elevation between various points.
    TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING
    • A tachometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm
    and anallatic lens. In this type of surveying the horizontal distance
    and vertical distances are obtained by taking only angular
    measurements. The chaining is completely eliminated in
    tacheometric surveying. This method is adopted for areas with
    highly undulated areas.
    PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
    • In this type of surveying aerial photographs are taken by aerial
    methods, then they are plotted in the office.
    BASED ON METHODS
    TRIANGULATION SURVEYING
    • Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be
    surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted. The entire area is
    divided into network of triangles.
    TRAVERSE SURVEYING
    • A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed.
    When the linear measurements are done with a chain and a tape
    and the directions or horizontal angles are measured with a
    compass or a theodolite respectively the survey is called
    traversing.
    • Types of traverse Surveying
    1. Closed traverse.
    2. Open traverse.
    1. Open traverse
    • The traverse, which does not return to its starting station or to
    another station is called on the open traverse. It consists of a
    series of connected links.
    2. Closed traverse
    • The traverse, which returns to its starting station or to another
    whose location is already known as closed traverse.

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