Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Zeal Education Society's

Zeal Education Society’s
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
SECOND YEAR (SY)

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SCHEME: I SEMESTER: III
NAME OF SUBJECT: Thermal Engineering

Subject Code: 22337
MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

1. MSBTE WINTER-18 EXAMINATION
2. MSBTE SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
3. MSBTE WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Page 1 of 10
21819
22334
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication

devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10
(a) Define simplex and half duplex system with neat sketch.
(b) Define the term signal to noise ratio.
(c) Represent FM wave in time domain & frequency domain.
(d) State the types of AM with respect to frequency spectrum.
(e) Draw pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits used in FM transmission and

reception.
(f) Define fading with respect to wave propogation.
(g) Draw sketch of Loop antenna along with its radiation pattern.
[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22334 [2 of 4]
2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12
(a) Explain the sources of noise in communication system.
(b) Explain power relation in AM wave.
(c) Explain duct propagation with neat sketch.
(d) Explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.
(a) A 500 watts carrier is modulated to depth of 80%.
Calculate :
(i) Total power in AM
(ii) Power in sidebands
(b) A frequency modulated signal is represented by the voltage equation

efm = 10 sin (6  108t + 5 sin 1250 t)
Calculate :
(i) Carrier frequency fc
(ii) Modulating frequency fm
(iii) Maximum deviation
(iv) What power will this FM wave dissipates in 20  resistor ?
(c) Compare between simple AGC and delayed AGC.
(d) Compare resonant & non-resonant antenna on the basis of
(i) Definition
(ii) Circuit
(iii) Reflection co-efficient
(iv) Radiation Pattern
(e) Differentiate between ground wave and sky wave propagation.

22334 [3 of 4]
(a) Draw the block diagram of basic electronic communication system.
(b) Differentiate between AM & FM on the basis of
(i) Definition
(ii) Bandwidth
(iii) Modulation index
(iv) Application
(c) Draw the circuit diagram of practical AM diode detector. Sketch its input and
output waveforms.
(d) Describe the term virtual height with the help of diagram showing ionized
layer and path of wave.
(e) Draw the construction of Yagi-Uda antenna. Draw its Radiation Pattern and
write two applications.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

(a) Write down range of different frequencies in electromagnetic spectrum for
following :
(i) Voice frequency
(ii) High frequency
(iii) Infrared frequency
(iv) Visible spectrum (light)
(v) Radio frequency
(vi) UV frequency
Also, write one application area of each frequency.
(b) Explain why the local oscillator frequency should be always greater than
signal frequency in radio receiver. A superheterodyne radio receiver with an
IF of 455 kHz is turned to 1000 kHz. Find its Image frequency and local
oscillator frequency.
P.T.O.
22334 [4 of 4]
(c) Name the different layers of atmosphere which satisfy following conditions :
(i) Reflects LF, absorbs MF and HF waves to some degree.
(ii) Helps surface waves and reflect HF waves.
(iii) Partially absorbs HF waves yet allowing them to reach its upper layer.
(iv) Efficiently reflects HF waves, specially in night.
(v) Exists in Day time only.
(vi) Exists in day time but merges with F2 layer in night time.

(a) Explain the effect of modulation index on AM wave with waveforms for
(i) m<1
(ii) m=1
(iii) m > 1
(b) Explain working of AM super heterodyne receiver with the help of neat block
diagram and waveforms.
(c) Explain following terms in short related to antennas
(i) Antenna resistance
(ii) Directivity
(iii) Antenna gain
(iv) Power density
(v) Radiation pattern
(vi) Polarization
_______________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10- Total

Marks
(a) Define simplex and half duplex system with neat sketch 2M
Ans: Simplex System: - The system in which the information is communicated only in one 1M per
direction, called as simplex system e.g. TV broadcasting or radio. system(1/2
mark
definition
&1/2 mark
sketch)
Fig: Simplex System

Half Duplex System: The system which is bidirectional that is they can transmit as well
receive information but one at a time is known as half duplex.
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Fig: Half Duplex System
(b) Define term signal to noise ratio. 2M
Ans: Signal to Noise ratio: The ratio of the strength of an electrical or other signal carrying 2 M for
information to that of unwanted interference is called as signal to noise ratio. correct
definition
OR
Signal to Noise Ratio is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power at the same
point.
S/N=Ps/Pn
where,Ps=Signal Power
Pn=Noise Power at the same point
(c) Represent FM wave in time domain and frequency domain 2M
Ans: 1M for
each
a) FM in time domain spectrum domain
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b) FM in frequency domain spectrum
(d) State the types of AM w.r.t. frequency spectrum 2M
Ans: Types of AM based on frequency spectrum: ½ mark

1)Double side-band Full Carrier System(DSB-FC) for any 4
types
2) Double side-band Suppressed Carrier System (DSB-SC)
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3)Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier System(SSB-SC)

4)Independent Sideband System(ISB)
5)Vestigial Sideband System(VSB)
e) Draw pre emphasis and de emphasis circuit used in FM transmission and reception 2M
Ans: 1 M per
circuit
Fig-Pre emphasis Circuit
Fig-De emphasis Circuit
f) Define fading w.r.t. wave propagation 2M
Ans: Fading: 2M for

The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver, which is mainly due to the interference of correct
two waves which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths, is definition
known as fading.
g) Draw sketch of Loop antenna along with its radiation pattern 2M
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Ans: 1M sketch
& 1M
radiation
pattern
Fig: Loop Antenna
Fig: Radiation Pattern

No. Q. Scheme
N.
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

Marks
a) Explain the sources of noise in communication system 4M
Ans: Any 4
Noise: Noise is any spurious or undesired disturbances that mask the received signal in a source
communication system. with ief
explanatio
a) Atmospheric Noise : Atmospheric Noise is also known as static noise which is the natural
m
source of disturbance caused by lightning, discharge in thunderstorm and the natural
disturbances occurring in the nature.
b) Industrial Noise : Sources of Industrial noise are auto-mobiles, aircraft, ignition of electric
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motors and switching gear.

c) Extraterrestrial Noise : Extraterrestrial Noise exist on the basis of their originating source.
They are Solar Noise
ii) Cosmic Noise
Internal Noise are the type of Noise which are generated internally or within the
Communication System or in the receiver. They are as follows:
1) Shot Noise : These Noise rises in the active devices due to the random behaviour of
Charge particles or carries. In case of electron tube, shot Noise is produces due to
the random emission of electron form cathodes.
2) Partition Noise : When a circuit is to divide in between two or more paths then the noise
generated is known as Partition noise. The reason for the generation is random fluctuation
the division.
3) Low- Frequency Noise : They are also known as FLICKER NOISE. These type of noise are
generally observed at a frequency range below few kHz. Power spectral density of these
noise increases with the decrease in frequency. That why the name is given Low- Frequency
Noise.
4) High- Frequency Noise : These noises are also known TRANSIT- TIME Noise. They are
observed in the semi-conductor devices when the transit time of a charge carrier while
crossing a junction is compared with the time period of that signal.
5) Thermal Noise : Thermal Noise are random and often referred as White Noise or Johnson
Noise. Thermal noise are generally observed in the resistor or the sensitive resistive
components of a complex impedance due to the random and rapid movement of molecules
or atoms or electrons.
Dark current noise: When there is no optical power incident on the photodetector a small
reverse leakage current still flows from the device terminals. This Dark current contributes to
the total system noise and gives random fluctuations about the average particle flow of the
photocurrent.
The Dark current noise is given by:
where e is the charge on an electron

Id is the dark current
⇒Quantum noise: Discrete nature of electrons cause a signal disturbance called Quantum
noise or Shot noise.It arises from the statistical nature of the production and collection of
photoelectrons. It is given by
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Ip is the photocurrent
b) Explain power relation in AM wave 4M
Ans: 4M for
correct
answer
OR
OR
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Or
c) Explain Duct propagation with neat sketch 4M
Ans: Duct propagation: (Microwave Space Wave Propagation) 2M

diagram &
2M
explanatio
n
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Duct propagation is the special type of phenomenon which is also called as “super
refraction”.
It is observed at very high microwave frequencies.
As the height above the earth increases, the air density decreases and the refractive index
increases. The change in the refractive index is normally linear and gradual.
However under certain special atmospheric condition, a layer of warm air may get trapped
above the cooler air. This happens usually over the surface of the water.
Due to this the refractive index will decreases more rapidly with height than usual. This
happens near the ground normally within a distance of 30 meters above the surface.
Due to this rapid reduction of refractive index, the microwave will completely bend back
towards the earth surface.
Microwaves are thus continuously refracted inside the duct and reflected back by the
conducting ground or water surface.
These waves then then propagate around the curvature of the earth over a distance of 1000
Km.
The region in which super refraction takes place is called duct.
d) Explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch 4M
Ans: The beamwidth of an antenna is described as the angles created by comparing the half 2M
power points (3 dB) on the main radiation to be its maximum power points. diagram &
2M
explanatio
n

No. Q. Scheme
N.
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3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks
a) A 500 watts carrier is modulated to depth of 80% 4M

Calculate :
(i) Total power in AM

(ii) Power in side bands
Ans: 2M-for
each
calculatio
n
b) A frequency modulated signal is represented by the voltage equation 4M

efm= 10 sin ( 6 x 108 t + 5 sin 1250 t )
calculate :
(i) Carrier frequency fc
(ii) Modulating frequency fm

(iii) Maximum deviation
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(iv) What power will this FM wave dissipate in 20 Ω resistor
Ans: 1M for
each
calculatio
n(each
value)
c) Compare between simple AGC and delayed AGC 4M
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Ans: (1M for

each
correct
point)
Parameter Simple AGC Delayed AGC
i) Definition Simple AGC is a system by Delayed AGC is a system

means of which overall gain which does not reduce the
of a radio receiver is varied gain for weak signals but
automatically reduces the gain for strong
signals only.
ii)Advantages Simplicity,Low cost High cost

iii)Applications Simple AGC circuit is used in Delayed AGC is used in the
all the low cost domestic high quality receivers like
radio receiver. communication receivers.
iv)Characteristics Refer Fig Fig 3C –The AGC Refer Fig Fig 3C –The AGC
characteristics characteristics
d) Compare resonant and non resonant antenna on the basis of 4M

(i) Definition
(ii) Circuit
(iii) Reflection co efficient

(iv) Radiation pattern
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Ans (1M for

: Each
Parameter Resonant antenna Non resonant antenna Parameter
)
It is transmission Line of It is transmission line whose

i) Definition length equal to multiples of length is not a multiple of
λ/2 and open at both end. λ/2
ii) Circuit
(iii) Reflection co efficient Standing wave present Standing wave not present
(iv) Radiation pattern
e) Differentiate between ground wave and sky wave propagation
Ans: Sr. No Parameters Ground

Ground
WaveWave Sky Wave Any Four
Sky Wave Propagation
Propagation
Propagation Propagation relevant
correct
points – 1
1 Frequency Range 30 kHz to 3 MHz 3 MHz to 30 MHz mark
2 Polarization Vertical Vertical
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3 Applications Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting

(MW Range) (SW Range)
4 Range of Less (OR) More (OR)

Communication Few hundred Km Few Thousand Km
5 Limitations Limited Range, Tall Skip Distance, Power

Antenna Required, loss due to
High transmission absorption of energy
power. in layers
6 Fading Problem Less Severe

No. Q. Scheme
N.
4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks
(a) Draw the block diagram of basic electronic communication system 4M
Ans: 4M for
correct
block
diagram
Fig: Basic electronic communication system
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(b) Differentiate between AM & FM on the basis of 4M
(i) Definition
(ii) Band width
(iii) Modulation index
(iv) Application
Ans: 1M-Each
difference
(c) Draw the circuit diagram of practical AM diode detector. Sketch its input and output 4M
waveforms
Ans: (2M-Circuit
Diagram
2M
waveforms)
Fig: Circuit diagram of Practical AM diode detector
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Fig: Input and Output waveforms
(d) Describe the term virtual height with the help of diagram showing ionized layer and 4M
path of wave
Ans: 2M Diagram
2M
Description
Virtual height: -The incident wave returns back to the earth due to refraction. In this
process it bends down gradually and not sharply, but the incident and reflected rays
follow exactly the same paths as those if the signal have been reflected from a surface
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located at greater height.

It is the height above the earth’s surface from which a refracted wave appears to have
been
reflected. It is also defined as the maximum height that the hypothetical reflected wave
would have reached.
(e) Draw the construction of Yagi Uda antenna . Draw its radiation pattern and write 4M
two applications
Ans: 2M
construction
1M
radiation
pattern
1M
application
Fig: Yagi Antenna
Application:- (any two) :- ½ M each

1) It is used as HF transmitting antenna.
2) It is used as VHF and UHF as TV receiver antenna because of its physical size.
3) A stack of Yagi - Uda antenna can be used as a super gain antenna.
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No. Q. Scheme
N.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12- Total

Marks
a) Write down the range of different frequencies in electro magnetic spectrum for 6M
following :
(i) Voice frequency
(ii) High frequency

(iii) Infra red frequency
(iv) Visible spectrum (light)
(v) Radio frequency
(vi) UV frequency
Also write one application area of each frequency
Ans: Sr No. Frequency Range Application 1M each

for
1 Voice frequency 300 Hz to 3KHz transmission correct
of speech range &
applicati
2 High frequency 3MHz to 30 MHz SW band of AM Rx on
(1/2 M
3 Infra red frequency 3 THz to 30 THz Used for directed
range &
links e.g. to connect 1/2 M
different buildings applicati
via laser links. on)
4 Visible spectrum 375 THz to 750 THz Smart

(light) Lighting,Mobile
Connectivity
5 Radio frequency 3 kHz-300 GHz radar signals or

communications
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6 UV frequency 3 - 30 PHz Pool water

purification
b) Explain why the local oscillator frequency should be always greater than signal 6M
frequency in radio receiver. A Suprehetrodine radio receiver with an IF of 455 kHz is
turned to 1000kHz. Find its image frequency and local oscillator frequency.
Ans: Reason for local oscillator frequency to be greater than signal frequency in radio receiver: 3M for
correct
The local oscillator frequency is made greater than signal frequency in radio receiver. answer &
3M for
Local oscillator frequency range is 995 KHz to 2105 KHz for MW band. Numerical
s
Fmax/Fmin=2105/995=2.2
If local oscillator has been designed to be below signal frequency,the range would be 85 to
1195KHz and frequency ratio is F max/Fmin=1195/85=14.0
The normal tunable capacitance ratio is Cmax/Cmin=10
So this capacitance ratio easily gives the frequency ratio of 2:2:1
Hence the 2:2:1 ratio required for the local oscillator operating above signal frequency is
well within range whereas the other system has a frequency ratio of 14:1 whose capacitance
are not practically available.
Numerical:
A signal (image) can interfere with a superheterodyne receiver if fits the following equation.
Image = Signal +/- 2 x I.F.
Which says that a signal has the capacity to interfere with a superhet receiver if its frequency
is equal to the signal frequency (1000 kHz in our question) plus or minus twice the IF (455
kHz in our question).
So one possible image is: 1000 + ( 2 x 455 ) = 1910 kHz
And the other: 1000 - ( 2 x 455 ) = 90 kHz
local oscillator frequency=455 + 1000 =1455 KHz
c) Name the different layers of atmosphere which satisfy following conditions : 6M

(i) Reflects LF, absorbs MF and HF waves to some degree
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(ii) Helps surface waves and reflect HF waves
(iii)Partially absorbs HF waves yet allowing them to reach its upper layer
(iv) Efficiently reflects HF waves , specially in night
(v) Exists in day time only
(vi) Exists in day time but merges with F2 layer in night time
Ans: Sr No. Name of the layer of Frequencies most affected 1M each

atmosphere
1 D (Part of Stratosphere) Reflects LF, absorbs MF and
HF waves to some degree
2 E( Part of Stratosphere) Helps surface waves and

reflect HF waves
3 F1 (Part of mesosphere) Partially absorbs HF waves
yet allowing them to reach
its upper layer
4 F2 (Thermosphere) Efficiently reflects HF waves
, specially in night
5 D & E (Part of Stratosphere) Exists in day time only
6 F1 (Part of mesosphere) Exists in day time but
merges with F2 layer in
night time

No. Q. Scheme
N.
6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total

Marks
a) Explain the effect modulation index on AM wave with waveforms for 6M

(i) m<1
(ii)m=1
(iii)m>1
Ans: i) m< 1 (2 M for

 If m < 1 or if the percentage of modulation is less than 100% then this type of each
effect with
modulation is known as under modulation .
waveform
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 The amplitude of modulating signal less than carrier amplitude, no distortion will )
occur.
ii) m = 1
 If m = 1 or percentage of modulation is 100 this type modulation is 100% modulation

 The ideal condition for AM is m =1, since this will produce the greatest output at the
receiver with no distortion.
(iii)m>1
 If m>1 or if the percentage of modulation is greater than 100% then this type of
modulation is known as overmodulation .
 The amplitude of modulating signal greater than carrier amplitude.For m>1 the
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envelope can sometimes reverse the phase.

 overmodulation introduces envelope distortion.Hence it should be avoided.
b) Explain the working of AM super heterodyne receiver with the help of neat block 6M
diagram and waveform
Ans: 2 M-
Diagram,1
M-
waveform,
3M-
Explainati
on
AM super heterodyne receiver works on the principle of super heterodyning.

In the super heterodyne receiver, the incoming signal voltage is combined with a
signal generated in the receiver. The local oscillator voltage is normally converted
into a signal of a low fixed frequency with the help of mixer.
The signal at this intermediate frequency contains the same modulation as the original
carrier and it is now amplified and detected to reproduce the original modulating signal
Functions of each block-

Receiving antenna- AM receiver operates in the frequency range of 540 KHz to 1640
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KHz.
RF stage- Selects wanted signal and rejects all other signals and thus reduces the
effect of noise.
Mixer- Receives signal from RF stage Fs and the local oscillator Fo, and are mixed to
produce intermediate frequency signal IF which is given as:
IF=Fo-Fs
Ganged Tuning- To maintain a constant difference between the local oscillator and
RF signal frequency, gang capacitors are used.
IF stage- The IF signal is amplified by the IF amplifier with enough gain.
Detector-Amplified signal is detected by the detector to get original modulating
signal. The detector also provides control signals to control the gain of IF and RF
stage called as AGC.
AGC- Automatic gain control controls the gain of RF and IF amplifiers to maintain a
constant output level at the speaker even though the signal strength at the antenna
varies.
c) Explain following terms in short related to antenna 6M
(i) Antenna resistance

(ii) Directivity
(iii)Antenna gain
(iv)Power density
(v) Radiation pattern
(vi)Polarization
Ans: (i)Antenna resistance:- 1 M for

each
The resistance of an antenna has two components: correct
1. Its radiation resistance due to conversion of power into electromagnetic waves definition
2. The resistance due to actual losses in the antenna.
or
The antenna resistance has two components:
1.Radiation resistance: it is defined as the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to
square of the current at the input of the antenna feed point.
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Where
Pt is radiated power by antenna
I is the current at feed point
2.Resistance due to actual losses in the antenna
(ii).Directivity:-
The directive gain can be defined in any direction. However directivity means the maximum
directive gain which is obtained in only one direction in which the radiation is maximum.
Therefore Directivity = Maximum Directive gain.

OR
The directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one
antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an omnidirectional antenna
(isotropic antenna).
The maximum directive gain is called directivity.
(iii)Antenna gain:-
Antenna Gain –
The directional antenna radiate more power in certain direction. The Omni-directional
antenna radiates information equally in all directions.
Or
Antenna gain
It is the ratio of focused transmitted power (Pt) to the input power of the antenna (Pi)
Or
Antenna gain: antenna gain is defined as the ratio of the power density radiated in a
particular direction to the power density radiated to the same point by the reference
antenna.
(iv)Power density:-
The EM waves cause the energy to flow from one point to the other in the direction of
propagation.
The power density is defined as the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area
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in free space.
Therefore,
Power density = Energy per unit time per unit area.
(v) Radiation pattern:-
The transmitting antenna transmit more energy in some directions than the other directions.
A graph or diagram which tells us about the manner in which an antenna radiates power in
different directions is known as the “Radiation Pattern of antenna”.
Fig.- Radiation Pattern of an antenna
(vi)Polarization:-
Polarization is defined as the direction of the electric vector in the electromagnenic wave
radiated from an antanna.
OR
The polarization of a plane EM wave is simply the orientation of the electric field vector with
respect to the surface (i.e. looking at the horizon)
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11920
22334
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
(7) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication
devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10
(a) Define the term signal to noise ratio.
(b) Define modulation index of FM.
(c) Write Carson’s rule to calculate BW of FM wave.
(d) Draw the labelled circuit dia. of ratio detector.
(e) Write the IF value of

(i) FM radio receiver.
(ii) MW band AM.
(f) Define fading w.r.t. wave propagation.
(g) Sketch the radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda antenna.

[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22334 [2 of 4]
(a) Draw the basic block diagram of Electronic communication system. State the
function of transmitter.
(b) A 10 kW carrier is amplitude modulated by two sine to a depth of 0.5 & 0.6
respectively. Calculate total power of modulated carrier.
(c) Compare AM & FM w.r.t. following points.
(i) Definition
(ii) Modulation Index
(iii) Bandwidth
(iv) Application
(d) Explain the concept of Deemphasis with neat diagram.
(a) Compare narrow band FM with wide-band FM w.r.t. following points.
(i) Modulation index
(ii) Maximum deviation
(iii) Range of modulating frequency
(iv) Application.
(b) Sketch AM signal in (i) Time domain (ii) Frequency domain.
(c) Explain why reception for high frequency band is better during night time.
(d) Explain structure of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with its radiation
pattern.
22334 [3 of 4]
(a) Explain Electromagnetic spectrum.
(b) Draw the block diagram of AM. Superheterodyne radio receiver and state the
function of each block.
(c) In FM if max. deviation is 75 kHz and the max. modulating frequency is 10

kHz. Calculate the deviation ratio and Bandwidth of FM.
(d) Compare sky wave and space wave propagation w.r.t. following points.
(i) Frequency range (ii) Effect of Fading
(iii) Polarization (iv) Application
(e) Explain the working of half dipole antenna with its radiation pattern.
(a) Derive a mathematical expression for AM wave.
(b) A 400 W carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 75%. Calculate the total
power in AM wave.
(i) Explain the types of noise in a communication system.
(ii) Compare simplex and duplex mode of communication.
(c) (i) Write any one application of the following range.
(1) Radio frequency
(2) IR frequency
(3) Medium frequency
(ii) Draw and label PLL based FM detector.

P.T.O.
22334 [4 of 4]
(a) (i) List any two advantages of folded dipole antenna.
(ii) Draw the radiation patterns of the following resonant dipole antenna.
(1) l = /2 (2) l=
(3) l = 3λ (4) l = 3

2
  Where l is the length of dipole antenna.
(b) Explain Tropospheric scatter propagation with sketch.
(c) (i) Draw the practical AM diode detector circuit. Sketch its input and
output waveforms.
(ii) Define the terms :
(1) Skip distance
(2) Maximum usable frequency
(3) Virtual height
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(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 19EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of Electronic Communication Model Answer Subject Code: 22334
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the understanding
level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The figures drawn by
candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues may vary and there
may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) Define the term signal to noise ratio. 2M
Ans: Signal to Noise ratio: The ratio of the strength of an electrical or other signal carrying Definiti
information to that of unwanted interference is called as signal to noise ratio. on: 2
OR marks
Signal to Noise Ratio is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power at the same
point.
S/N=Ps/Pn
where,Ps=Signal Power
Pn=Noise Power at the same point
b) Define modulation index of FM. 2M
Ans: Modulation index of FM is defined as the ratio of the frequency deviation to 2M

the modulating frequency.
M.I.= / fm
Where - frequency deviation
Fm- modulating frequency
c) Write Carson’s rule to calculate BW of FM wave. 2M
Ans: Carson's Rule for FM bandwidth rule

B.W. = 2(Δf+fm) 2M
Where:
Δf = deviation
fm = modulating frequency
d) Draw the labelled circuit dia. Of ratio detector. 2M
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Ans: Ckt.
Diagra
m: 2
marks
e) Write the IF value of 2M

(i) FM ratio recevier.
(ii) MW band AM.
Ans: (i) 10.7 Mhz 1 mark
(ii) 455 Khz each
f) Define fading w.r.t. wave propagation. 2M
Ans: Fading: Definiti

The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver, which is mainly due to the interference of on 2M
two waves which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths, is
known as fading.
g) Sketch the radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda antenna. 2M
Ans:
Pattern
2M
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
a) Draw the basic block diagram of Electronic communication system. State the function
4M
of transmitter.
Ans Block diagram: Block

: diagram: 2
Marks,
 Transmitter
The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspects.
For example in radio broadcasting the electrical signal obtained from sound signal, is Function: 2
processed to restrict its range of audio frequencies (up to 5 kHz in amplitude modulation Marks
radio broadcast) and is often amplified.
In wire telephony, no real processing is needed. However, in long-distance radio
communication, signal amplification is necessary before modulation.
Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the message signal is
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superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier signal.
In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processing such as restriction of range
of audio frequencies, amplification and modulation of signal are achieved.
All these processing of the message signal are done just to ease the transmission of the signal
through the channel.
A 10kW carrier is amplitude modulated by two sine to a depth of 0.5 & 0.6
b) 4M
respectively. Calculate total power of modulated carrier.
Ans Calculation
: of Pt1- 1.5
Marks,
Pt2- 1.5
Marks, Pt-
1 Marks
Compare AM & FM w.r.t. following points.

(i) Definition
c) (ii) Modulation index 4M
(iii)Bandwidth
(iv) Application
Ans
:
4 Points
4M
d) Explain the concept of De-emphasis with neat diagram. 4M
Ans
: diagram
2M
,Explanatio
n 2M
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 In the De-emphasis circuit, by reducing the amplitude level of the received high
frequency signal by the same amount as the increase in pre-emphasis is termed as
De-emphasis.
 The pre-emphasis process is done at the transmitter side, while the de-emphasis
process is done at the receiver side.
 Thus a high frequency modulating signal is emphasized or boosted in amplitude in
transmitter before modulation. To compensate for this boost, the high frequencies are
attenuated or de-emphasized in the receiver after the demodulation has been
performed. Due to pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the S/N ratio at the output of
receiver is maintained constant.
 The de-emphasis process ensures that the high frequencies are returned to their
original relative level before amplification.
 Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter or differentiator which allows high
frequencies to pass, whereas de-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter or integrator
which allows only low frequencies to pass.
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
Compare narrow band FM with wide-band FM w.r.t. following points.

(i) Modulation index
a) (ii) Maximum deviation 4M
(iii)Range of modulating frequency
(iv) Application
Ans Sr. No Parameters Narrow band FM Wide band FM 1M for
: each
1 Modulation index Less than or slightly Greater than 1 correct
greater than 1 point
2 Maximum deviation 5 KHz 75 KHz
3 Range of modulating 30Hz to 3 KHz 30Hz to 15 KHz

frequency
4 Application FM mobile communication Entertainment

like police wireless, broadcasting can be
ambulance etc. used for high quality
music transmission
b) Sketch AM signal in (1)Time domain (2)Frequency domain. 4M
Ans AM in Time domain 2M-time

: domain ,
2M-
frequency
domain
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AM in frequency domain
c) Explain why reception for high frequency band is better during night time. 4M
Ans In sky wave propagation, the transmitted signal travels into the upper atmosphere where it is 2M-
: bent or reflected back to earth. This bending or reflection of signal takes place due to the explainatio
presence of a layer called as ionosphere in the upper atmosphere. n
There are four main ionospheric layers F2, F1, D, E in the descending order.
At night the F1 and F2 layers combine to form one layer and the lower two layers D and E
disappears. As the lower layers are absent, the absorption of the signal does not take place,
which was taking place during the day time.
This improves the strength of the reflected signal and hence the reception for high frequency
band is better during night time.
2M –
Diagram
d) Explain structure of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with its radiation pattern. 4M
Ans In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means 2M-
: an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB).It is a explainatio
kind of internal antenna. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. An individual n
microstrip antenna consists of a patchofmetal foil of various shapes (a patch antenna) on the
surface of a PCB (printed circuit board), with a metal foil ground plane on the other side of
the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple patches in a two-dimensional array.
The antenna is usually connected to the transmitter or receiver through
foil microstrip transmission lines. The radio frequency current is applied (or in receiving
antennas the received signal is produced) between the antenna and ground plane. Microstrip
antennas have become very popular in recent decades due to their thin planar profile which
can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and missiles; their ease
of fabrication using printed circuit techniques; the ease of integrating the antenna on the
same board with the rest of the circuit, and the possibility of adding active devices such
as microwave integrated circuits to the antenna itself to make active antennas.
The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch which looks like a
truncated microstrip transmission line. It is approximately of one-half wavelength long.
When air is used as the dielectric substrate, the length of the rectangular microstrip antenna
is approximately one-half of a free-space wavelength. As the antenna is loaded with a
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dielectric as its substrate, the length of the antenna decreases as the relative dielectric
constant of the substrate increases. The resonant length of the antenna is slightly shorter
because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the electrical length of the
antenna slightly. An early model of the microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip
transmission line with equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.
2M-
Diagram
Q.4 12 M
Attempt any THREE of the following:
a) Explain Electromagnetic spectrum. 4M

Ans The information signal should be first converted into an electromagnetic signal before 2M
: transmission because the wireless transmission takes place using electromagnetic waves. explanation
The electromagnetic waves are oscillations which propagate through free space.
The electromagnetic wave consists of both electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic
waves can travel a long distance through space.
In electromagnetic waves, the direction of electric field, magnetic field & propagation are
mutually perpendicular. Since the oscillations are perpendicular to direction of propagations
of waves they are said to be transverse waves.
The frequency of electromagnetic signals ranges from few Hertz to several GHz. This entire
range of frequency of EM waves is called EM spectrum.
2M-
diagram
b) Draw the block diagram of AM. Super heterodyne ratio receiver and state the function 4M
of each block
Ans diagram
:
– 2M,
AM super heterodyne receiver works on the principle of super heterodyning.

In the super heterodyne receiver, the incoming signal voltage is combined with a Signal
explanation
generated in the receiver. The local oscillator voltage is normally converted into a signal of a
– 2M
low fixed frequency with the help of mixer.
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The signal at this intermediate frequency contains the same modulation as the
original carrier and it is now amplified and detected to reproduce the original modulating
signal.
Functions of each block-
Receiving antenna- AM receiver operates in the frequency range of 540 KHz to 1640
KHz.
RF stage- Selects wanted signal and rejects all other signals and thus reduces the
effect of noise.
produce intermediate frequency signal IF which is given as:
IF=Fo-Fs
Ganged Tuning- To maintain a constant difference between the local oscillator and
RF signal frequency, gang capacitors are used.
IF stage- The IF signal is amplified by the IF amplifier with enough gain.
AGC- Automatic gain control controls the gain of RF and IF amplifiers to maintain a
constant output level at the speaker even though the signal strength at the antenna
varies.
c) In FM if max. Deviation is 75kHz and the max. Modulating frequency is 10 kHz. 4M
Calculate the deviation ratio and bandwidth of FM.
Ans Given-: max=75 KHz 2M-
: fm=10KHz Deviation
i)Deviation Ratio= max/fm(max) ratio,
=75KHz/10KHz
2M-
=7.5
Deviation Ratio=7.5 banwidth
ii)Bandwidth=2( max+fm(max))
= 2x(75+10)KHz
= 170 KHz
Bandwidth=170 KHz
d) Compare sky wave and space wave propagation w.r.t. following points.
(i) Frequency range
(ii) Effect of fading 4M
(iii)Polarization
(iv) Application
Ans Sr. No Parameters Sky Wave Propagation Space Wave 1M for
: Propagation each
correct
1 Frequency range 3 MHz to 30 MHz Above 30 MHz
point
2 Effect of fading Problem of fading is severe Fading is not severe

but shadow zones
due to tall objects
and ghost
interference are
serious problems.
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3 Polarization Vertical Line of Sight
Propagation with
waves horizontally
Polarized
4 Application RadioBroadcasting (SW Range) Used for TV and
FM broadcasting
e) Explain the working of half dipole antenna with its radiation pattern. 4M
Ans Half wave dipole antenna diagram
:
Diagram
Explanation: -1M
1. It is a resonant antenna Explanat
2. It is exact half wavelength (λ /2) long & open circuited at one end. ion-2M
3. The dipole antennas have lengths λ /2 , λ , 3 λ /2 etc. which are all multiple of λ /2.
Hence they are resonant. Radiatio
4. In half wave dipole antennas the forward waves & reflected waves exist. Hence n
radiation pattern is bidirectional. pattern-
The radiation pattern of half wave dipole antenna is – 1M
Q.5 12 M
Attempt any TWO of the following:
(a) Derive a mathematical expression for AM wave. 6M
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Ans 6M
:
A 400 W carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 75%.Calculate the total power in

(b) AM wave. 6M
(i) Explain the types of noise in a communication system.
(ii) Compare simplex and duplex mode of communication.
Ans
:
2M
problem,2
(i) Noise: Noise is any spurious or undesired disturbances that mask the received signal in a M for
communication system. noise,2M
a) Atmospheric Noise: Atmospheric Noise is also known as static noise which is the natural
Compariso
source of disturbance caused by lightning, discharge in thunderstorm and the natural
disturbances occurring in the nature. n any 2
b) Industrial Noise: Sources of Industrial noise are auto-mobiles, aircraft, ignition of points 2M
electric motors and switching gear.
c) Extraterrestrial Noise: Extraterrestrial Noise exist on the basis of their originating
source. They are i) Solar Noise ii) Cosmic Noise
Internal Noise are the type of Noise which are generated internally or within the
Communication System or in the receiver. They are as follows:
1) Shot Noise : These Noise rises in the active devices due to the random behaviour of
Charge particles or carries. In case of electron tube, shot Noise is produces due to the
random emission of electron form cathodes.
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2) Partition Noise : When a circuit is to divide in between two or more paths then the noise
generated is known as Partition noise. The reason for the generation is random fluctuation
the division.
3) Low- Frequency Noise : They are also known as FLICKER NOISE. These type of noise
are generally observed at a frequency range below few kHz. Power spectral density of these
noise increases with the decrease in frequency. That why the name is given Low- Frequency
Noise
. 4) High- Frequency Noise : These noises are also known TRANSIT- TIME Noise. They are
observed in the semi-conductor devices when the transit time of a charge carrier while
crossing a junction is compared with the time period of that signal.
5) Thermal Noise: Thermal Noise are random and often referred as White Noise or Johnson
Noise. Thermal noises are generally observed in the resistor or the sensitive resistive
components of a complex impedance due to the random and rapid movement of molecules
or atoms or electrons. Dark current noise: When there is no optical power incident on the
photodetector a small reverse leakage current still flows from the device terminals. This
Dark current contributes to the total system noise and gives random fluctuations about the
average particle flow of the photocurrent.
The Dark current noise is given by: where e is the charge on an electron Id is the dark
current
Quantum noise: Discrete nature of electrons cause a signal disturbance called Quantum noise
or Shot noise.It arises from the statistical nature of the production and collection of
photoelectrons.
(ii) comparision of Simplex and Duplex
Sr. Simplex Duplex
No.
1. It is one way communication It is a two way communication
2. Information is communicated in only Information can transmit as well as
one direction. receives simultaneously or not
simultaneously.
3. Examples- Examples-
TV broadcasting, radio broadcasting, Walkytalky,telephone,mobile,Radar,
telemetry, remote control FAX,Pager
4.
(i) Write any one application of the following range.

1. Radio frequency
(c) 3M
2. IR frequency
3. Medium frequency
Ans Application of
: 1. Radio Frequency- Radar signals and communication 1M each
2. IR Frequency- LED, Laser, TV remote, Used for directed links e.g. to connect
different buildings via laser links.
3. Medium Frequency- AM broadcasting.
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(ii) Draw and label PLL based FM detector. 3M
Ans 3M
: diagram
12 M
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following:
(i) List any two advantages of folded dipole antenna.

(ii) Draw the radiation patterns of the following resonant dipole antenna.
(a) 6M
1. l=2 2. l= λ 3. l=3λ/2 4. i=3
Where l is the length of dipole antenna.
Ans (i) Advantages of folded dipole:
any 2
: 1. Higher input impedance 2. Greater bandwidth
advantages
3. Easy to construct 4. cost of construction is less
2M
(ii)
1 M for
each= 4 M
(b) Explain Tropospheric scatter propagation with sketch. 6M
Ans 3M sketch
:
As the name implies, troposcatter uses the troposphere as the region that affects the radio
signals being transmitted, returning them to Earth so that they can be received by the distant 3 M
receiver. Troposcatter relies on the fact that there are areas of slightly different dielectric explanation
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constant in the atmosphere at an altitude of between 2 and 5 kilometers. Even dust in the
atmosphere at these heights adds to the reflection of the signal. A transmitter launches a high
power signal, most of which passes through the atmosphere into outer space. However a
small amount is scattered when is passes through this area of the troposphere, and passes
back to earth at a distant point. As might be expected, little of the signal is "scattered" back
to Earth and as a result, path losses are very high. Additionally the angles through which
signals can be reflected are normally small.
The area within which the scattering takes place is called the scatter volume, and its size is
dependent upon the gain of the antennas used at either end. In view of the fact that scattering
takes place over a large volume, the received signal will have travelled over a vast number of
individual paths, each with a slightly different path length. As they all take a slightly
different time to reach the receiver, this has the effect of "blurring" the overall received
signal and this makes high speed data transmissions difficult.
i) Draw the practical AM diode detector circuit. Sketch its input and output 6M
waveforms.
(ii) Define the terms:
(c)
1. Skip distance
2. Maximum usable frequency
3. Virtual height
Ans diagram
: 1.5 marks
wave forms
1.5marks
i) Practical AM diode detector

1. Skip distance:-Skip distance is defined as the shortest distance from a transmitter, 1 Mark for
measured along the surface of earth at which a sky wave of fixed frequency returns back to
each
the earth.
2. Maximum usable frequency: The limiting frequency when the angle of incidence is definition
other than the normal is known as maximum unstable frequency. MUF= fc secθ.
3.Virtual height:-The incident and refracted rays follow paths that are exactly the same as
they have been if reflection had taken place from a surface located at a greater height, called
Virtual height of this layer.
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*22334*
11819
22334
Instructions : (1) All questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main question on a new page.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks
Marks
1. Attempt any five : (2×5=10)

a) Define the term electrical noise. List types of noises.
b) State formula to calculate bandwidth of AM signal.
c) State the need of modulation in communication system.
d) List different methods of demodulation of FM signal.
e) Sketch the graph of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.
f) Sketch neat diagram of duet propagation.
g) Draw sketch of half wave dipole antenna and its radiation pattern.
2. Attempt any 3 : (3×4=12)

a) State the frequency range for the following :
i) Voice frequency
ii) High frequency
iii) IR frequency
iv) Visible frequency.
b) Draw neat block diagram of FM receiver and explain function of each block.
c) Compare AM with FM with respect to following points :
a) Definition.
b) Modulation index.
c) Bandwidth.
d) Side band.
d) A superheterodyne radio receiver with an IF of 455 kHz is tuned to 1000 kHz. Find :
a) Image frequency.
b) Local oscillator frequency.
P.T.O.
22334 [2] *22334*
Marks
3. Attempt any three : (3×4=12)
a) Draw AM signal in :
i) Time domain
ii) Frequency domain.
b) Find out type of propagation for following applications :
1) AM radio broadcasting.
2) Ship to shore propagation.
3) Microwave links.
4) Satellite communication.
c) Compare characteristics of asynchronous and synchronous transmission mode (four
points).
d) Explain simple AGC and delayed AGC with the help of neat graph.
4. Attempt any 3 : (4×3=12)

a) Define the following terms :
1) Virtual height
2) Actual height
3) Critical frequency.
4) Maximum usable frequency.
b) Compare narrowband FM with wide band FM (four points).
c) Redraw the block diagram by identifying the blank blocks. Explain the role of blocks
A and B. .
Figure 1
d) Justify electromagnetic wave is said to be transverse wave.
e) Sketch of Yagi-Uda antenna with its radiation pattern. Explain each element of yagi-uda
antenna.
*22334* [3] 22334
Marks
5. Solve any two : (6×2=12)
a) Explain ionospheric propagation with neat sketch. Explain two properties of layers of
ionosphere.
b) i) State the significance of modulation index in AM transmission.
ii) Explain the effect of modulation index on AM wave with waveforms.
c) Write the application of the following antennas :
1) Rectangular antenna
2) Dish antenna
3) Horn antenna
4) Loop antenna
5) Yagi-Uda antenna.
6. Solve any 2 : (2×6=12)

a) Describe operating principle of dish antenna. Draw its constructional details and radiation
pattern.
b) i) Explain electromagnetic spectrum with neat diagram.
ii) Explain atmospheric noise with example.
c) A 10 kw carrier is amplitude modulated by two sine waves to a depth of 0.5 and 0.6
respectively. Calculate total power of modulated wave.
––––––––––––––
MAHARASHTRASTATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: Principles of Electronic Communication Subject Code: 22334
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q.N. Scheme
10-Total
Q.1 Attempt any Five :
Marks
a) Define the term electrical noise. List types of noises. 2M
Electrical Noise:-
It can be defined as undesirable electrical signals, which distort or interfere with an

original (or desired) signal.
Types of noises:-
1M for
definition
Ans: and 1M for
types
b) 2M
State formula to calculate bandwidth of AM signal.
Bandwidth of AM signal = 2* Fm Correct
Ans: formula -2M
Where
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Fm is the modulating signal frequency
c) 2M
State the need of modulation in communication system.
Need of modulation:-
1. To reduce the height of antenna
2. To avoids mixing of signals Any 4 points
Ans:
3. To increases the range of communication ½ M each
4. To make multiplexing of maximum signal is possible
5. To improve the quality of reception
d) List different methods of demodulation of FM signal. 2M
 Balanced Slope detection

 Ratio detector
Ans:
 Foster Seeley discriminator ½ M each
 Phase locked loop demodulator
e) Sketch the graph of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. 2M
Ans: 2M
f) Sketch neat diagram of duct propagation. 2M
Ans: 2M
g) Draw sketch of half wave dipole antenna and its radiation pattern. 2M
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Diagram:-
Ans: Radiation pattern:- 1M each
Attempt any Three : 12-Total

Q2
Marks
State the frequency range for the following :
i) Voice frequency
a) ii) High frequency 4M
iii) IR frequency
iv) Visible frequency.
 Voice frequency:- 300 Hz to 3400 Hz
 High frequency:- 3MHz to 30 MHz
 IR frequency:- 300 GHz -430THz- 1M
Ans:
 Visible frequency:- 430 THz -790 THz each
b) Draw neat block diagram of FM receiver and explain function of each block 4M
Diagram 2M
Ans:
OR
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Function of
each block -
2M
OR
Explanation:-
RF amplifier:
There are two important functions of RF amplifier:
1) To increase the strength of weak RF signal.
2) To reject image frequency signal. In FM broadcast the channel bandwidth is large
as compared to AM broadcast.
Hence the RF amplifier must be design to handle large bandwidth.
Frequency Mixer:
The function of frequency mixer is to heterodyne signal frequency fs and local
oscillator frequency fo. At the output, it produces the difference frequency known as
intermediate frequency fi. The intermediate frequency used in FM receiver is higher
than that in AM receiver. Its value is 12MHz (practical value of IF is 10.7MHz).
Local oscillator:
Since FM broadcast operates in VHF and UHF band, a separate local oscillator is used
in FM receiver The local oscillator frequency fo is kept smaller than the signal
frequency fs by an amount equal to the intermediate frequency fi
(fi = fs-fo).
IF amplifier:
Two or more stages of IF amplifier are used to provide large gain to the receiver. This
increases the sensitivity of a receiver. If amplifier should be designed to handle large
bandwidth.
Amplitude limiter:
The function of amplitude limiter is to remove all amplitude variation of FM carrier
voltage that may occur due to
atmospheric disturbances. Use of amplitude limiter makes the system less noisy.
FM Discriminator or detector:
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It separates modulating signal from frequency modulated carrier signal. Thus it

produces audio signal at its output.
Audio frequency voltage and power amplifier:
Audio amplifier increases voltage and power level of audio signal to a suitable level.in
FM broadcast, the maximum modulating frequency is 15 kHz. Hence the audio
amplifier must have large bandwidth.
Compare AM with FM with respect to following points:

a) Definition.
c) b) Modulation index. 4M
c) Bandwidth.
d) Side band.
Parameters AM FM
Definition It is the process in which It is the process in which
the amplitude of carrier the frequency of carrier
signal is varied in signal is varied in
accordance with the accordance with the
instantaneous value of instantaneous value of
modulating signal modulating signal
keeping frequency and keeping amplitude and
Ans: phase constant. phase constant. 1M each
Modulation index The value of modulating The value of modulating
index is less than or equal index is always greater
to 1 than 1
Bandwidth Twice the highest Twice the sum of the
modulating frequency. modulating signal
frequency and the
frequency deviation.
Side band There are two sidebands Infinite number of
sideband
A super heterodyne radio receiver with an IF of 455kHz is tuned to 1000kHz
.Find:
d) a) Image frequency. 4M
b) Local oscillator frequency.
Tuned frequency is 1000 KHz means it is RF frequency

IF frequency is 455 KHz
i) Image frequency = RF frequency ± 2 * IF frequency Formula of
each -1M
= 1000 *10 3 ± 2* 455 * 10 3
Ans: = 1910 KHz (sum frequecy) Correct
OR = 90KHz (difference frequency) this frquency is not possible answer-1M
Hence the image frequency is 1910KHz each
ii) Local oscillator frequency = RF frequency - IF frequency

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= 1000 KHz – 455 KHz

= 545 KHz
Attempt any three: 16-Total
Q.3
Marks
Draw AM signal in
a) i) Time domain 4M
ii) Frequency domain.
(i) AM in Time domain
2 marks
Ans:
(ii)AM in frequency domain
2 Marks
Find out type of propagation for following applications:

1) AM radio broadcasting
b) 2) Ship to shore propagation. 4M
3) Microwave links.
4) Satellite communication.
1) AM radio broadcasting:-Ground Wave Propagation

2) Ship to shore propagation:- Ground Wave Propagation
3) Micro wave links:-Space Wave Propagation/ line of sight 1 mark for
Ans:
each type
4) Satellite communication:-Space Wave Propagation/ line of sight
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Compare characteristics of asynchronous and synchronous transmission

c) mode (four points). 4M
Synchronous transmission Asynchronous transmission

1. Synchronous transmission are 1. Asynchronous transmission are
synchronized by an external clock. synchronized by special signals along
the transmission media.
2.In synchronous transmission data 2. In asynchronous transmission data
flows in a full duplex mode in the form flows in a half duplex mode, 1byte or a
1 mark for
Ans: of blocks or frames. character at a time.
each point
3. In synchronous transmission ,data 3. In asynchronous transmission, data
transmission speed is fast. transmission speed is slow.
4. Synchronous transmission is cost 4. Asynchronous transmission is
expensive. economical.
5. Synchronous transmission is used for 5. Asynchronous transmission is used
transferring the bulk of data as it is for transferring a small amount of data
efficient. as it is simple and economical.
Explain simple AGC and delayed AGC with the help of neat graph.
d) 4M
2 marks for
graph,1
Ans: mark for
1) Simple AGC:- each type
 Simple AGC is a system by means of which overall gain of a radio receiver is explanation
varied, automatically with the changing strength of the receiver signal to keep
the output substantially constant.
 Hence the receiver gain is automatically reduced as the input signal becomes
more & more strong
 There is a reduction in gain for weak signals.
 It is used in domestic radio receiver.
2) Delayed AGC:-
 As shown in the diagram, AGC biased is not applied until the input signal
strength reaches the predetermined level of point A
 After this level, the point A AGC bias is applied just like simple AGC but
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more strongly.
 There is no reduction in gain for weak signals.
 The problem of reducing the receiver gain for weak signal is avoided .the
delayed AGC is not used in low cost radio receiver.
 It is used in high quality receiver like communication receiver.
12-Total
Q.4 A) Attempt any THREE :
Marks
Define the following terms:
1) Virtual height
a) 2) Actual height 4M
3) Critical frequency.
4) Maximum usable frequency.
1)Virtual height:-The incident and refracted rays follow paths that are exactly the
same as they have been if reflection had taken place from a surface located at a greater
height, called Virtual height of this layer
2) Actual height:-The actual height of the wave in the ionized layer is a curve and is
due to refraction of wave. The height from this curve to earth surface is called actual
height. Each correct
3) Critical frequency: The critical frequency of a layer is defined as the maximum definition
Ans:
frequency that is returned back to the earth by that layer, when the wave is incident at carries 1
an angle 900 (normal) to it. mark
The critical frequency for F2 layer is between 5 to 12 MHz.
4) Maximum usable frequency: The limiting frequency when the angle of incidence
is other than the normal is known as maximum unstable frequency.
MUF= fc secθ
b) Compare narrow band FM with wide band FM (fourpoints). 4M
Narrow band FM Wide band FM

1 .Modulation Index is less than or 1. Modulation Index is greater than 1.
slightly greater than 1.
2.Maximum deviation is 5 KHz. 2. Maximum deviation is 75 KHz.
3.Range of modulating frequency is 30 3. Range of modulating frequency is 30
1 mark for
Hz to 3KHz Hz to 15KHz
Ans: each correct
4. Bandwidth is small approximately 4. Bandwidth is large about 15 times
point
same as that of AM. higher than bandwidth of Narrow band
FM.
5.Application:-FM mobile 5. Application:-Entertainment
communication like police wireless, broadcasting.
ambulance etc.
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Redraw the block diagram by identifying the blank blocks. Explain the role
of blocks A and B.
IF
c) 4M
AudioPower
Local
Oscillator
Labelling
blocks A,B –
1 M each
Ans: Role of A -
1M
Role of B -
Role of block A and B 1M
produce intermediate frequency signal IF which is given as: IF=Fo-Fs.

d) Justify electromagnetic wave is said to be transverse wave. 4M
2 marks-
diagram,2
Ans: Transverse electromagnetic wave:-
marks-
justification
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The electromagnetic waves are oscillations which propagate through free space. In
electromagnetic waves the direction of electric field, magnetic field & propagation are
mutually perpendicular.
Hence electromagnetic waves are called as transverse wave.
The polarization of a plane EM wave is simply the orientation of the electric field
vector with respect to the surface (i.e. looking at the horizon)
Sketch of Yagi-Uda antenna with its radiation pattern. Explain each element of Yagi-
e) 4M
Uda antenna
1 mark-
Radiation Pattern:-
diagram,1
mark-
Ans: radiation
pattern,2
marks-
explanation
Explanation- A Yagi–Uda antenna, commonly known as a Yagi antenna, is a

directional antenna consisting of multiple parallel elements in a line, usually half-
wave dipoles made of metal rods. . Yagi–Uda antennas consist of a single driven
element connected to the transmitter or receiver with a transmission line, and
additional parasitic elements so called reflector and one or more directors.
The reflector is placed at the back of the folded dipole. Reflector reflects the unwanted
signals.
The director is placed in front of folded dipole which collects the wanted signals.
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The folded dipole with one or two directors and reflectors give high gain and beam
width per unit area of array.
12-Total
Q.5 Solve any TWO :
Marks
Explain ionospheric propagation with neat sketch. Explain two properties of
a) layers of ionosphere. 6M
Diagram :
Diagram 2M
Explanation:
Ans:  The transmitted signal travels into the upper atmosphere where it is reflected back Explanation
to earth due to the presence of layers called as ionosphere in the upper 2M
atmosphere.
 The D layer is the lowest and it exist at a height of about 70 Km from the earth
surface.
 The E layer existing at an approximate height of 100 Km. The E layer also almost
disappears at night due to recombination of ions and molecules.
 The E layer is a thin layer of very high ionization density, sometimes making an
appearance with the E layer.
 The F1 layer exist at a height of 180Km in daytime & combines with F2 layer at
night its daytime thickness is almost 20Km.
The Ionosphere is the upper portion of the atmosphere. The ultra violet radiation from
the sun will ionize the upper layer of the atmosphere. Due to ionization these part of
the atmosphere becomes electrically charged. In this layer free electrons and positive Any Two
and negative ions are present and hence this layer of ions is known as ionosphere. Properties of
There are four layers: D, E, F1 and F2. layer -2 M
Properties of layers of ionosphere:-
1. D Layer: It is lowest layer at a height of 70 kms with thickness 10 km. The
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ionization density is maximum at noon and disappears at night.

2. E Layer: It is the next layer at a height of 100 kms with thickness 25 km. The layer
disappears at night due to recombination of ions and molecules.
3. F1Layer: It is the next layer at a height of 180 kms with thickness 20 km. It
provides more absorption for HF waves.
4. F2Layer: It is the next layer at a height of 250-400 kms with thickness 200 km. It is
having highest electron density of all layers, due to this F2 layer remains present at
night time.
i) State the significance of modulation index in AM transmission.
b) ii) Explain the effect of modulation index on AM wave with waveforms. 6M
Significance of modulation index in AM transmission

 It is used to determine the strength and quality of transmitted signal.
 If the modulation index is small, then the amount of variation in the carrier amplitude
is small. Thus, the audio signal transmitted will not be strong.
 The greater the degree of modulation, die stronger and clearer will be the audio signal
during reception.
Effect of modulation index on AM wave
i) m < 1 Significance
 If m < 1 or if the percentage of modulation is less than 100% the this type of 3M & three
modulation is known as under modulation conditions
 The amplitude of modulating signal less than carrier amplitude, no distortion will 1M each
occur.
Ans:
ii) m = 1
 If m = 1 or percentage of modulation is 100 this type modulation is
100% modulation
 The ideal condition for AM is m =1, since this will produce the
greatest output at the receiver with no distortion.
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iii)m>1
 If m > 1 or if the percentage of modulation is greater than 100% the this type
of modulation is known as over modulation the modulating signal being of
greater amplitude part of its information is lost in the process of modulation
which is undesirable.
Write the application of the following antennas:

1) Rectangular antenna
2) Dish antenna
c) 3) Horn antenna 6M
4) Loop antenna
5) Yagi-Uda antenna.
(Note :AnyRelevent application gives the Marks.)
Applications:
1.Rectangular antenna
i)Used in Mobile and satellite communication
ii)Used in Global Positioning System
iii) Used for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Ans: 6M
iv) Radar
Dish Antenna
i)Used in microwave relay links that carry telephone and television signals between
nearby cities
ii) Used in wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications, satellite
communications and spacecraft communication antennas.
iii) Used in radio telescopes.
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Horn Antenna
i) Used at microwave frequency.
ii) Used in satellite tracking.
Loop Antenna
1. For direction finding
2. In portable receivers
3. In navigation
Yagi-Uda antenna
1. Yagi-Uda antenna is used in HF and VHF range as a TV receiving antenna.
2. Yagi-Uda antenna is used in conditional Access System (CAS) at the decryptor.
12-Total
Q.6 Attempt any TWO:
Marks
Describe operating principle of dish antenna. Draw its constructional details and
a) radiation 6M
Operating principle:
Dish antenna uses simple reflection principle, just as a mirror can reflect light and a
curved mirror can reflect and focus light at a single point, the dish reflects and focuses the
radio waves.
This is the same principle and shape that is used as reflector in a flashlight or headlight
behind the bulb.
Dish antennas are used for systems that transmit and receive as well as receive only.
Dish antenna
(Operating
Principle:2
M,Construct
Ans: ion:2M,Radi
ation
Or pattern:2M)
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Radiation Pattern:
i) Explain electromagnetic spectrum with neat diagram.

b) ii) Explain atmospheric noise with example. 6M
( Diagram-
2M,
Explanation-
1M)
Explanation:-
 The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation and their respective wavelengths
 The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies
ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz
Ans:
 This frequency range is divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic
waves within each frequency band are called by different names; beginning at
the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the spectrum these are: radio
waves, microwaves, terahertz waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-
rays, and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end.
Explainatio
Ii ) Atmospheric Noise n:2M,Exam
Atmospheric noise or static is caused by lighting discharges in thunderstorms and ple:1M)
other natural electrical disturbances occurring in the atmosphere. These electrical
impulses are random in nature.
Hence the energy is spread over the complete frequency spectrum used for radio
communication.
Example:
Lightning
A10kw carrier is amplitude modulated by two sine waves to a depth of
c) 0.5and 0.6 respectively. Calculate total power of modulated wave. 6M
Given: PC =10kW, m1=0.5, m2=0.6 ,Pt=? Formula-

1m each
Ans:
ma = √m12 + m22 Calculation
of each- 2M
=√0.52 + 0.62
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=0.78
Pt = PC (1+ma2/2)
=10(1+(0.78)2/2)
=13.05 kW
Page16

Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Zeal Education Society's

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Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Zeal Education Society's

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Zeal Education Society’s

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

SECOND YEAR (SY)

NAME OF SUBJECT: Thermal Engineering

MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.

(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.

(4) Assume suitable data, if necessary.

(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.

(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10

(b) Define the term signal to noise ratio.

(c) Represent FM wave in time domain & frequency domain.

(d) State the types of AM with respect to frequency spectrum.

(e) Draw pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits used in FM transmission and

(f) Define fading with respect to wave propogation.

(a) Explain the sources of noise in communication system.

(b) Explain power relation in AM wave.

(c) Explain duct propagation with neat sketch.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

(a) A 500 watts carrier is modulated to depth of 80%.

(i) Total power in AM

(ii) Power in sidebands

(b) A frequency modulated signal is represented by the voltage equation

(i) Carrier frequency fc

(ii) Modulating frequency fm

(iii) Maximum deviation

(iv) What power will this FM wave dissipates in 20  resistor ?

(c) Compare between simple AGC and delayed AGC.

(d) Compare resonant & non-resonant antenna on the basis of

(iii) Reflection co-efficient

(iv) Radiation Pattern

(e) Differentiate between ground wave and sky wave propagation.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answers Marking

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10- Total

Fig: Simplex System

Fig: Half Duplex System

(b) Define term signal to noise ratio. 2M

Pn=Noise Power at the same point

(c) Represent FM wave in time domain and frequency domain 2M

b) FM in frequency domain spectrum

(d) State the types of AM w.r.t. frequency spectrum 2M

Ans: Types of AM based on frequency spectrum: ½ mark

3)Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier System(SSB-SC)

Fig-Pre emphasis Circuit

Fig-De emphasis Circuit

f) Define fading w.r.t. wave propagation 2M

Ans: Fading: 2M for

g) Draw sketch of Loop antenna along with its radiation pattern 2M

Fig: Loop Antenna

Fig: Radiation Pattern

Q. Sub Answers Marking

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

a) Explain the sources of noise in communication system 4M

motors and switching gear.

where e is the charge on an electron

b) Explain power relation in AM wave 4M

c) Explain Duct propagation with neat sketch 4M

Ans: Duct propagation: (Microwave Space Wave Propagation) 2M

Q. Sub Answers Marking

3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

a) A 500 watts carrier is modulated to depth of 80% 4M

(i) Total power in AM

b) A frequency modulated signal is represented by the voltage equation 4M

(ii) Modulating frequency fm

(iv) What power will this FM wave dissipate in 20 Ω resistor

c) Compare between simple AGC and delayed AGC 4M

Ans: (1M for

Parameter Simple AGC Delayed AGC

i) Definition Simple AGC is a system by Delayed AGC is a system

ii)Advantages Simplicity,Low cost High cost

d) Compare resonant and non resonant antenna on the basis of 4M