Infinite Sequences and Series

Note:

0 𝑖𝑓 − 1 < 𝑟 < 1
lim 𝑟𝑛 = {1 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 = 1
𝑛→∞
∞ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Where r is constant

𝑟 𝑛 Is called geometric sequence

Ex:

1 𝑛
1) 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + (− )
2

1 𝑛
lim 3 + (− ) = 3 + 0 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 2

1
 𝑒𝑛
2) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
2

𝑒𝑛 ∞
lim 𝑛 =
𝑛→∞ 2 ∞

𝑒𝑛
lim 𝑛 = ∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 2

Another solution
𝑒𝑛
lim 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 2

𝑒 𝑛
lim ( ) = ∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 2

2
 3𝑛+1
3) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
4

3𝑛 ∗ 31
lim
𝑛→∞ 4𝑛

3 𝑛
= lim [3 ∗ ( ) ]
𝑛→∞ 4

3 𝑛
= lim 3 ∗ lim ( )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 4

= 3 ∗ 0 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

3
 𝑒 𝑛 − 7𝑛
4) 𝑎𝑛 =
5𝑛

𝑒 𝑛 − 7𝑛
lim [ 𝑛 ]
𝑛→∞ 5

𝑒 𝑛 7𝑛
= lim [ 𝑛 − 𝑛 ]
𝑛→∞ 5 5

𝑒 𝑛 7 𝑛
= lim [( ) − ( ) ]
𝑛→∞ 5 5

𝑒 𝑛 7 𝑛
= lim ( ) − lim ( )
𝑛→∞ 5 𝑛→∞ 5

= 0 − ∞ = −∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.

4
 5𝑛+1
5) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛−1
4

5𝑛 ∗ 51
lim [ 2𝑛 −1
]
𝑛→∞ 4 ∗4

5𝑛 ∗ 51
= lim [ ]
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 −1
(4 ) ∗4

𝑛
5
= lim [20 ∗ ( 2
) ]
𝑛→∞ 4

= 20 ∗ 0 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

5
 sin(2𝑛)
6) 𝑎𝑛 =
1 + √𝑛

sin(2𝑛)
lim [ ]
𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
=[ ]=0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
∞

Sandwich (Squeeze)Theorem

−1 ≤ sin(2𝑛) ≤ 1

−1 sin(2𝑛) 1
≤ ≤
1 + √𝑛 1 + √𝑛 1 + √𝑛

6
 −1 sin(2𝑛) 1
lim ≤ lim ≤ lim
𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛

sin(2𝑛)
0 ≤ lim ≤0
𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛

sin(2𝑛)
𝑏𝑦 squeeze (or sandwich)theorem lim 0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 1 + √𝑛

7
Sandwich (Squeeze)Theorem
The Sandwich Theorem or squeeze theorem is used for calculating
the limits of given trigonometric functions. This theorem is also known as
the pinching theorem. We generally use the Sandwich theorem in calculus,
including mathematical analysis. This theorem is probably used to
establish the limit of a function by comparing two other functions whose
limits are known or surely figured. Let’s have a look at the statement and
proof of the Sandwich theorem.

Statement: Let f, g and h be real functions such that f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for all
x in the common domain of definition. For some real number a,

𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = lim ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝐿

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 , lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿

8
Note:

𝑛𝑎 < 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑛! < 𝑛𝑛

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑁
lim = = =0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∞

𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∞
Lim = = =∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛→∞ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑁

Remember:
𝑛! = 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2) (𝑛 − 3) … … … .
(𝑛 + 3)! = (𝑛 + 3) ( 𝑛 + 2) ( 𝑛 + 1 ) 𝑛!

9
Ex:
𝑛!
1) 𝑎𝑛 =
3 + 4𝑛

𝑛!
lim [ 𝑛]
𝑛→∞ 3 + 4

𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∞
= =
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑁

=∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.

4 − 𝑛2
2) 𝑎𝑛 =
5𝑛

4 − 𝑛2
lim [ 𝑛 ]
𝑛→∞ 5

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑁
= =
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∞

=0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
10
 2𝑛3 + 𝑛!
3) 𝑎𝑛 =
1 + 𝑛𝑛

2𝑛3 + 𝑛!
lim [ ]
𝑛→∞ 1 + 𝑛𝑛

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑁
= =
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∞

=0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

(𝑛 + 1)!
4) 𝑎𝑛 =
( 𝑛 − 1) !

(𝑛 + 1)!
lim [ ]
𝑛→∞ (𝑛 − 1)!

(𝑛 + 1)𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)!
= lim
𝑛→∞ (𝑛 − 1)!

lim (𝑛 + 1)𝑛 = ∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣.

11
Ex: H.W
4 𝑛
1) 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + )
𝑛

𝟐𝒏
2) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒

ln(𝑛2 )
3) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛

3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑛)
4) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛3

2
𝑒𝑛 −1
5) 𝑎𝑛 =
1
𝑛

4𝑛
6) 𝑎𝑛 =
1 + 93

7) 𝑎𝑛 = ln(4𝑘 3 + 1) − ln(𝑘 3 + 4)

12