(Download PDF) Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test Bank Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test Bank Full Chapter
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Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
Multiple Choice
2. Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption
prior to ______ of age, which is important when understanding the parental
impact.
a. 6 months
b. 1 year
c. 5 years
d. 10 years
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______
have(has) a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal
behavior.
a. genetics
b. environment
c. social bonds
d. stigmata
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but
slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.
a. XYY
b. XXY
c. XXX
d. XO
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and
which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
8. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers
moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus
nurture debate?
a. twin studies
b. family studies
c. adoption studies
d. twins separated at birth studies
e. cytogenetic studies
Ans: C
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were
the least likely to become criminal.
a. both sets of parents were criminal
b. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were
criminal
c. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not
criminal
d. neither set of parents were criminal
Ans: D
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the
genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.
a. 100
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
b. 1,000
c. 100,000
d. 1,000,000
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and
which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. ______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in
life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.
a. H. H. Goddard
b. Richard L. Dugdale
c. Sarnoff Mednick
d. Patricia A. Jacobs
Ans: C
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or
evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female
hormones in their system, which can be important for policy development.
a. spatial
b. verbal
c. mathematical
d. analytical
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically
in about the ______ week after conception.
a. first
b. second
c. fifth
d. ninth
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
Ans: C
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing
the levels of ______ in an individual’s system.
a. serotonin
b. estrogen
c. testosterone
d. dopamine
Ans: D
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take
place in the ______.
a. occipital lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. parietal lobe
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies
implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Brain Injuries
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due
to _______.
a. environmental factors
b. random mutations
c. heredity
d. toxins
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
17. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and
dizygotic twins.
a. twin studies
b. family studies
c. adoption studies
d. twins separated at birth studies
e. cytogenetic studies
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Twin Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone
EXCEPT:
a. increased sensitivity to pain
b. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation
c. higher levels of spatial aptitude
d. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple Response
1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Members of the same family share ______.
a. neurotransmitters
b. hormones
c. genetics
d. environment
Ans: C, D
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. Criminality tends to cluster in certain families, as the first wave of nature
versus nurture studies showed. However, this tendency cannot be shown to be a
product of heredity or genetics.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female
caretaker) had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than
did the father’s criminality.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
3. Concordance is a count based on whether two people (or a twin pair) share a
certain trait (or lack of a certain trait); for our purposes, the trait is criminal
offending.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Twin Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The highest predictability for future criminality by far was for adopted youths
whose biological parents and adoptive parents were not convicted criminals.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families
so they are taken out of the home.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning
criminality and heredity.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more
common in some families, subsequent studies have proven otherwise.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so
while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
13. Some children do not feel anxiety when being physically punished (e.g.,
spanked) and are likely to have lower-than-average levels of ANS functioning
and are also likely to become chronic offenders if this disorder is not addressed.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence
behavior, particularly the interaction between the two.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care, studies show that not
only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved but
also many lives, due to the reduction in violence.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
Essay
1. What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters
different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to
criminality?
Ans: Chemicals released when a neuron wants to send an electric message to a
neighboring neuron. Neurotransmitters are the way messages are passed
through the body. They regulate mood and behavior. Hormones carry a signal
that is not electric, but neurotransmitters are electric. Low levels of serotonin are
linked to criminality. Serotonin is important in all information processing and is
vital in interactions with the environment. Low levels of serotonin may make
individuals have problems communicating.
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. Design a hypothetical study to test
these competing ideas.
Ans: Nature versus nurture is the debate between the influences of heredity
versus the environment an individual grows up in. This debate aims at
determining which influence has the strongest effect on predicting criminality in
people. This debate discusses how much criminality is inherited from our parents
and other ancestors versus how much is due to cultural norms, such as family,
community, and so forth. Students should give original answers on how to test
these ideas.
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Nature Versus Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of
Genetics and Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
you eat” appears to have some scientific weight behind it, at least regarding
criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s?
Why were these findings strongly criticized?
Ans: MZ twins were far more similar in the trait of criminality than were DZ
(fraternal) twins. Identical twins are typically dressed the same by their parents,
as well as treated the same by the public and are generally expected to behave
the same. This is not true for fraternal twins, namely those of different genders.
Also, the identification of twins as fraternal or identical was flawed because it was
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
7. What were the findings of the “twins separated at birth” studies? How was the
phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the
criticisms presented in relation to these studies?
Ans: Twin pairs often showed extremely similar tendencies for criminality,
sometimes more than those seen in concordance rates for identical twins raised
together. Researchers stated that generally, identical twins that are raised
together go out of their way to deviate from their natural tendencies in an effort to
form their own identity. No significant criticism has been presented.
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals, then
what will twin studies find?
Ans: MZ twins will be expected to have a significantly higher concordance rate
for criminal offending than will DZ twins.
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
11. Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.
Ans: The first major study that examined the influence of XYY sampled about
200 men in the mental hospital, which would have predicted (assuming general
population occurrences) about 1 occurrence. However, the study found 13
individuals who were XYY, which suggested that individuals who have mental
disorders are more likely to have XYY chromosomes than those who do not have
mental disorders. In other words, males who have XYY are at least 13 times (or
1,300%) as likely to have behavioral disorders as are those without this
chromosomal abnormality.
Learning Objective: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and
which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice
policies?
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
Ans: Students must provide original answers. The text does not state policy
implications.
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. Name the four (4) waves of research developed from the testing of the nature
versus nurture debate.
Ans: Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies, and identical twins separated
at birth studies.
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Nature Versus Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of
Genetics and Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
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organ; f, foot-gland; g, ganglion; gn, generative organs; o, orifice
of vestibule; oe, oesophagus; s, stomach; t, retracted tentacles.
A pair of ciliated excretory tubes open into the vestibule. These are
similar in structure to the "head-kidneys" of the larvae of Polychaet
worms, or to the excretory organs of adult Rotifers. Flame-cells have
been described by Davenport in the stalk of Urnatella, but it is not
known whether they are connected with the excretory tubes of the
calyx. The animals are either hermaphrodite or have separate sexes,
and the generative organs open by ducts of their own into the
vestibule. The nervous system consists of a ganglion placed
between the mouth and the anus, giving off a set of nerves, many of
which end in delicate tactile hairs placed on the tentacles or other
parts of the body.[544]
CHAPTER XVIII
POLYZOA (continued)
FRESH-WATER POLYZOA—PHYLACTOLAEMATA—OCCURRENCE—
STRUCTURE OF CRISTATELLA—DIVISION OF COLONY—MOVEMENTS OF
COLONY—RETRACTION AND PROTRUSION OF POLYPIDES IN POLYZOA—
STATOBLASTS—TABLE FOR DETERMINATION OF GENERA OF FRESH-
WATER POLYZOA—REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF POLYZOA—
DEVELOPMENT—AFFINITIES—METAMORPHOSIS—BUDDING.
The tentacles are about eighty to ninety in number, and they are, as
in other Phylactolaemata, united at their bases by a delicate web.
The lophophore is horse-shoe-shaped (Fig. 236, 3) throughout the
group, with the exception of Fredericella, in which genus it is circular.
Fig. 248 shows a colony shortly after division has taken place. The
colony had moved forwards, in a direction away from its apex, for
three days in a nearly straight line, the distances moved in each day
being respectively 6, 8½, 8½ mm. These observations, for which I
am indebted to Mr. Lister, show a considerably higher speed than in
those recorded by Trembley, who observed no colony which moved
more than half an inch (12.5 mm.) in eight days.
In all these cases the egg develops inside the parent, and it was
hardly known, before the publication of the interesting researches of
M. Prouho,[572] that some of the Polyzoa lay eggs which develop
externally. In these cases a considerable number of eggs are
produced simultaneously by a single zooecium. M. Prouho further