Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Macroeconomics 4th Edition by Charles I. Jones All Chapter
Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Macroeconomics 4th Edition by Charles I. Jones All Chapter
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Contents | vii
6.9 appendix : Combining Solow and Romer 8.3 Real and Nominal Interest Rates 216
(Algebraically) 168 8.4 Costs of Inflation 218
Setting Up the Combined Model 168 8.5 The Fiscal Causes of High Inflation 221
Solving the Combined Model 168 The Inflation Tax 221
Long-Run Growth 169 Central Bank Independence 222
Output per Person 170
8.6 The Great Inflation of the 1970s 225
Transition Dynamics 171
More Exercises 173
Summary 225
Key Concepts 226
Review Questions 226
Exercises 227
The Labor Market, Wages,
7 and Unemployment 175 Worked Exercises 230
7.1 Introduction 176
7.2 The U.S. Labor Market 176
The Dynamics of the Labor Market 179
7.3 Supply and Demand 180 Part 3 The Short Run
A Change in Labor Supply 181
A Change in Labor Demand 182
An Introduction to the
Wage Rigidity 183 9 Short Run 234
Different Kinds of Unemployment 185
7.4 The Bathtub Model of Unemployment 185 9.1 Introduction 235
7.5 Labor Markets around the World 187 9.2 The Long Run, the Short Run,
Hours of Work 190 and Shocks 236
Trends and Fluctuations 236
7.6 How Much Is Your Human Capital
Worth? 191 Short-Run Output in the United States 238
Present Discounted Value 191 Measuring Potential Output 241
Your Human Capital 192 The Inflation Rate 243
12.8 Conclusion 340
The Great Recession and
Summary 340
14 the Short-Run Model 385
Key Concepts 341 14.1 Introduction 386
Review Questions 341
14.2 Financial Considerations in the
Exercises 342
Short-Run Model 387
Worked Exercises 344
Financial Frictions 387
Financial Frictions in the
IS/MP Framework 388
Stabilization Policy and the
13 AS/AD Framework 347 Financial Frictions in the
AS/AD Framework 390
13.1 Introduction 348 The Dangers of Deflation 392
Summary 542
Key Concepts 543 Glossary 590
Review Questions 543 Index 605
Contents | xiii
T Innovations
he macroeconomic events of the last decade
are truly breathtaking—a once-in-a-lifetime
(This section will make the most sense to students
(we hope) occurrence. While the basics of
with some familiarity with macroeconomics and
how economists understand the macroeconomy
instructors. Students new to the subject may skip
remain solid, the global financial crisis and the
to the Guided Tour.)
Great Recession take us into waters that, if not un-
Most other books for teaching intermediate mac-
charted, at least have not been visited in more than
roeconomics were first written more than twenty
half a century. The recovery of the U.S., European,
years ago. Our understanding of the macroeconomy
and world economies from these shocks has been
has improved substantially since then. This book
remarkably subdued. And, perhaps most troubling
provides an accessible and yet modern treatment. Its
of all, the productivity growth that underlies long-
order and structure will feel familiar to instructors,
run economic performance has been surprisingly
but the execution, examples, and pedagogy have
slow for more than a decade.
been updated to incorporate the best that macro-
This new edition continues the tradition estab-
economics instruction has to offer.
lished in previous versions: providing up-to-date,
What’s special about this book? Innovations
modern analysis of both current events and classic
occur throughout, but the key ones are described
issues in macroeconomics. For example, new mea-
below.
sures of standards of living (Chapter 2), China’s
impact on U.S. jobs and wage inequality (Chapter 7),
the latest research on the Great Recession (Chap- Two Chapters on the Great Recession
ters 10 and 14), and the Euro-area financial crisis The global financial crisis and the Great Recession
(Chapter 20) are all incorporated. A new primer in that followed are obviously the most important
Chapter 12 helps students to bridge the gap be- macroeconomic events in decades. While these
tween the old IS-LM model and the new IS-MP events are discussed throughout in sections de-
model, which is rapidly displacing the IS-LM voted to the short run, two chapters explicitly focus
framework as a guide to the short run. A new ex- on recent events. Chapter 10 (The Great Recession:
ercise in virtually every chapter asks students to A First Look) immediately follows the first intro-
obtain and analyze up-to-date data from the Fed- ductory chapter on the short run, exposing stu-
eral Reserve’s FRED database. This fourth edition dents to the facts of the last several years and to
also incorporates many new case studies and exer- critical concepts like leverage, balance sheets, and
cises, extensive updates to tables and figures to securitization. Chapter 14 (The Great Recession
reflect the most current data, and improvements on and the Short-Run Model), the last chapter of the
nearly every page in the text. short-run section, provides a detailed application
It is a fascinating time to study macroeconomics, of the short-run model to recent events, explaining
and I look forward to sharing astounding facts about in the process the unconventional aspects of mon-
the macroeconomy with you and to discussing the etary and fiscal policy that featured prominently
Nobel-caliber ideas that help us understand them. in the government’s response to the crisis.
xiii
xiv | Preface to the Fourth Edition
Rich Treatment of Economic Growth of shocks to the home economy. To keep things
Economic growth is the first major topic explored simple, however, the initial short-run model does
in the book. After an overview chapter that de- not include exchange rates.
scribes the facts and some tools, Chapter 4 pre
sents a (static) model based on a Cobb-Douglas DSGE Models: The Frontier of
production function. Students learn what a model Business Cycle Research
is with this simple structure and see it applied to A well-known tension exists between macro
understanding the 50-fold differences in the per economics that is taught in most intermediate
capita GDP observed across countries. Chapter 5 courses and one that is practiced by policymakers,
presents the Solow model but with no technologi- central bankers, and researchers. Traditionally, it
cal change or population growth, which simplifies has been thought that the more difficult mathemat-
the presentation. Students learn Robert Solow’s in- ics used by practitioners necessitated this divide.
sight that capital accumulation cannot serve as the However, in Chapter 15, I’ve found a way to bridge
engine for long-run economic growth. some of this gap by giving students insights into
Chapter 6 offers something absent in most other the much richer DSGE models typically used to
intermediate macro books: a thorough exposition study macroeconomic fluctuations. Two innova-
of the economics of ideas and Paul Romer’s insight tions make this possible. First, I present the “im-
that the discovery of new ideas can drive long-run pact effect” of shocks in a DSGE framework by
growth. studying the labor market. Second, I introduce
The approach taken in this book is to explain impulse response functions graphically and then
the macroeconomics of the long run before turning show estimates of these dynamic effects using
to the short run. It is much easier to understand state-of-the-art methods, in particular, the esti-
fluctuations in macroeconomic aggregates when mates of the famous Smets-Wouters model.
one understands how those aggregates behave in
normal times. Interplay between Models and Data
A tight connection between models and data is a
Familiar Yet Updated Short-Run Model feature of modern macroeconomics, and this con-
The modern version of the short-run AS/AD nection pervades the book. Many exercises ask
model is the crowning achievement of the short- students to work with real data, some of which
run section. By modern, I mean several things. are available in the book, some by using the on-
First and foremost, the AS/AD graph is drawn line resources, and some from a data tool I’ve put
with inflation on the vertical axis rather than the together called Country Snapshots, a pdf file avail-
price level — perfect for teaching students about able at www.stanford.edu/~chadj/snapshots.html
the threat of deflation that has reared its head fol- that contains a page of graphs for each country in
lowing the Great Recession, the Volcker disinfla- the world. The data underlying the graphs can be
tion, and the Great Inflation of the 1970s. All the obtained as a spreadsheet simply by clicking on a
short-run analysis, including explicit dynamics, link at the top of each page. Finally, a new exercise
can be performed in this single graph. in almost every chapter asks students to obtain and
Another innovation in getting to the AS/AD analyze up-to-date data from the Federal Reserve’s
framework is a focus on interest rates and the ab- FRED database.
sence of an LM curve. Chapter 12 explains how
the central bank sets the interest rate. Chapter 13 Worked Exercises at the End of
introduces a simple version of John Taylor’s mon- Each Chapter
etary policy rule to get the AD curve. One of the most effective ways to learn is by
A final innovation in the short-run model is that working through problems. So a carefully chosen
it features an open economy from the start: busi- collection of exercises is included at the end of
ness cycles in the rest of the world are one source each chapter; from among these, one or two are
Preface to the Fourth Edition | xv
selected and worked out in detail. Students are en- introductory section (Part 1: Preliminaries) and a
couraged to attempt these exercises on their own concluding chapter (Chapter 21: Parting Thoughts).
before turning to the full solution. This organization reflects an increasing ap-
preciation of the importance of long-run macro-
More Emphasis on the World Economy economics in the profession. In addition, it makes
Relative to many intermediate macro books, this sense from a pedagogical standpoint to put the
text features more emphasis on the world economy long run first. This way students understand what
in three ways. First, the long-run growth chapters it is that the economy fluctuates around when they
are a main emphasis in the book, and these inher- get to the short-run chapters.
ently involve international comparisons. Second, A brief overview of each part follows.
the short-run model features an open economy (al-
beit without exchange rates) from the very begin- Part 1: Preliminaries
ning. Finally, the book includes two international We begin with an overview of macroeconomics:
chapters in Part 4: Chapter 20 is the standard inter- what kind of questions macroeconomics addresses
national finance chapter and Chapter 19 is entirely and how it goes about its business. A second
devoted to international trade. chapter discusses the data of macroeconomics
in more detail, with a focus on national income
Better Applications and Microfoundations accounting.
Part 4 includes five chapters of applications and
microfoundations. The basic structure of this part Part 2: The Long Run
is traditional. There is a chapter for each compo- The second part of the book (Chapters 3 through
nent of the national income identity: consumption, 8) considers the macroeconomy in the long run.
investment, the government, and the international Chapter 3 presents an overview of the facts and
economy. However, the material inside is modern tools economists use to study long-run macro-
and novel. For example, the consumption chap- economics, with special attention to economic
ter (Chapter 16) centers around the famous Euler growth. Chapter 4 introduces the Cobb-Douglas
equation that lies at the heart of today’s macro- production function as a way to understand the
economics. The investment chapter (Chapter 17) enormous differences in standards of living seen
highlights the strong parallels between investment across countries. The interplay between theory and
in physical capital and financial investments in data that is central to macroeconomics makes a
the stock market using the “arbitrage equation” starring appearance in this chapter.
approach. The chapter on the government and
Chapter 5 considers the Solow model of eco-
the macroeconomy (Chapter 18) includes an ap- nomic growth, one of the workhorse models of
plication to what I call “The Fiscal Problem of macroeconomics. Students study the extent to
the Twenty-First Century” — how to finance the which the Solow model can help them understand
growing expenditures on health care. And, as men- (a) why some countries are rich while others are
tioned above, the international section features two poor, and (b) why people in the advanced coun-
chapters, one on international trade and one on tries of the world are so much richer today than
international finance. These chapters are not es- they were a hundred years ago. Surprisingly, they
sential and instructors may wish to skip one or will see that the model does not do a good job of
both of them depending on time constraints. explaining long-run economic growth.
For this explanation, Chapter 6 turns to the
Romer model, which emphasizes the role played
A Guided Tour by the discovery of new ideas. Thinking about the
The book consists of three main parts: the Long economics of ideas may lead to profound changes
Run, the Short Run, and the Applications and in the way students understand many areas of
Microfoundations. Surrounding these parts are an economics.
xvi | Preface to the Fourth Edition
Chapter 7 studies the most important market Great Recession and discusses the macroecono
in modern economies: the labor market. Students mic prospects going forward. Chapter 15 presents
learn about the determination of the unemploy- the DSGE models of macroeconomic fluctuations
ment rate in the long run and discover that they to take students closer to the frontier of advanced
are already, in some sense, millionaires. macroeconomics, as discussed earlier in the pref-
Chapter 8 concludes the long-run portion of the ace.
book by considering inflation. The quantity theory
of money provides a long-run theory of inflation, Part 4: Applications and Microfoundations
which, according to Milton Friedman, occurs be- Part 4 includes five chapters of applications and
cause of “too much money chasing too few goods.” microfoundations. While it may be unapparent to
students new to macroeconomics, the organiza-
Part 3: The Short Run tion of these chapters follows the “national income
Part 3 is devoted to the branch of macroeconomics identity,” a concept discussed early in the book.
that students are probably most familiar with: the These chapters include a number of important top-
study of booms, recessions, and the rise and fall of ics. Chapter 16 studies how individuals make their
inflation in the short run. The five chapters in this lifetime consumption plans. Chapter 17 consid-
part form a tight unit that develops the short-run ers the pricing of financial assets, such as stocks
model and applies it to current events. and houses, in the context of a broader chapter
Chapter 9 provides an overview of the macro on investment.
economy in the short run, summarizing the key Chapter 18 studies the role played by the gov-
facts and providing an introduction to the short- ernment in the macroeconomy, including the role
run model that explains these facts. Chapter 10 of budget deficits and the government’s budget
provides a “first look” at the financial crisis and the constraint. The chapter also considers a key prob-
Great Recession, carefully laying out the facts of lem that governments around the world will face
how the crisis evolved and introducing the impor- in coming decades: how to finance the enormous
tant concepts of “leverage” and “balance sheets.” increases in health spending that have occurred for
The next three chapters then develop the short- the last fifty years and that seem likely to continue.
run model. Chapter 11 introduces the IS curve, a Both the long-run and the short-run parts of the
key building block of the short-run model. The book place the study of macroeconomics in an in-
IS curve reveals that a fundamental determinant ternational context. The short-run model includes
of output in the short run is the real interest rate. open economy forces from the very beginning, and
Chapter 12 shows how the central bank in an the final two applications of the book go even far-
economy can move the interest rate to keep the ther in this direction.
economy close to full employment. The chapter Chapter 19 focuses on international trade. Why
also provides the link between the real economy do countries trade? Are trade deficits good or bad?
and inflation, called the Phillips curve. How have globalization and outsourcing affected
Chapter 13 looks at the short-run model in the macroeconomy? Chapter 20 studies interna-
an aggregate supply/aggregate demand (AS/AD) tional finance, including the determination of the
framework. This framework allows the complete exchange rate and the Euro-area financial crisis.
dynamics of the economy in the short run to be
studied in a single graph. Using this framework, Parting Thoughts
the chapter emphasizes the key roles played by Chapter 21 concludes our study of macroeconom-
expectations, credibility, and time consistency in ics. The chapter summarizes the important lessons
modern macroeconomic policymaking. learned in the book, and we offer a brief guide
Chapter 14 uses the short-run model to help to the key questions that remain less than well
students understand the financial crisis and the understood.
Preface to the Fourth Edition | xvii
This book could not have been written without the tremendous support, encour-
agement, and assistance that I have received from many people. I am especially
grateful to my colleagues in the economics profession for many insights, com-
ments, and suggestions for improving the manuscript.
xix
xx | Acknowledgments
Several research and teaching assistants helped in many ways, including David
Agrawal, Mark Borgschulte, Dean Scrimgeour, Josie Smith, Luke Stein, and Wil-
liam Vijverberg. El Lee and Tina Bernard provided excellent advice and assistance
on many facets of the book.
The people at W. W. Norton & Company have been exceptionally supportive,
dedicated, and thorough. I owe a special thanks to my longtime editor, Jack
Repcheck, who passed away recently and far before his time. Jack was a pillar of
wisdom, support, and friendship to everyone who knew him, and I mourn his loss.
Eric Svendsen has filled in admirably for this Fourth Edition, and I look forward
to working with him for many years to come. The stellar Norton team again did a
tremendous job: Miryam Chandler, Sam Glass, Sujin Hong, Lindsey Osteen, Eric
Pier-Hocking, Victoria Reuter, Carson Russell, Janise Turso, and Stefani Wallace.
For their expert work on earlier editions, I am and will remain eternally
grateful to Jack Repcheck, Melissa Atkin, Marian Johnson, and Susan Gaustad.
I would also like to thank Matt Arnold, Mik Awake, Hannah Bachman, Cassie
del Pilar, Christopher Granville, Theresia Kowara, Richard Mickey, Dan Jost,
Lorraine Klimowich, John McAusland, Brian Sisco, Jason Spears, and Rubina
Yeh for their excellent work. I am also extremely grateful to my colleagues who
prepared the superb supplements for students and instructors: David Agrawal,
Elias Aravantinos, Ryan Edwards, David Gillette, Anthony Laramie, and Robert
Sonora.
Finally, I would like to thank my family, near and far, for everything.
About the Author
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XIV.
— Kostaa minä tahdon niille! Isäni puolesta minä sen teen, se oli
hänen viimeinen pyyntönsä, kun he hänet kotoa vangikseen
raahasivat.
— Mistä syystä?
— Luultavasti jonkun ilmiannosta. En vieläkään tiedä mitä pahaa
hän olisi tehnyt. Santarmit tulivat vaan ja vangitsivat, mukanaan
veivät ja me kuulimme häntä nälässä kidutetun, kunnes menetti
järkensä ja lopuksi koppiinsa hirttäytyi. — Mutta äidilleni, joka kerran
hänen vankeusaikanaan pääsi hänen luokseen, oli isä sanonut:
"Muistakoon Oskari poikani sen, että kostaa kuolemani ryssille, eikä
unohda myöskään Johannaa."
Anni oli vaiti ja mietti, mutta poika jatkoi vielä hiljemmin kuiskaten.
— Olen iloinen, kun saan olla kanssasi nyt. Veli siirtyi taas toisten
luo, joille hänen oli viimeiset ohjeet kuiskailtava, mutta Annin
kasvoilla lepäsi onnellinen hymy.
*****
— Mitä tämä?
Joku piirittäjistä venäjäksi vastasi?
Anni vapisi niin, että hampaat suussa tahtoivat kalista, hän ei ollut
vielä tätä ennen nähnyt kenenkään kuolevan.
Hän alkoi nyt vasta oikein käsittää, miten tärkeitä olivat hetket,
miten täpärällä voiton mahdollisuus.
*****
*****
— Anni, minä olen nyt täällä — sanoi Jouko hiljaa hänen päätään
silittäen.
— Se matkusti vähää ennen kuin sinä tulit… etkä sinä saisi sille
kostaa… siksi vaan sodit, että muille…
— Pikku Anni! —
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.