www.pearson.com/channels Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics 1. Intro to Physics Units
CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO UNITS AND THE S.I. SYSTEM
● Physics = study of natural phenomena, which includes lots of measurements & equations! Physics = Math + Rules - In nature, we measure physical quantities (mass, length…), which must have ______________ & ___________ (Example: You measure the mass of a box)
__________ ______________ [Number] [Unit]
● For physics equations to work, ALL units in it must be _______________ with each other. - Groups of compatible units that “work together” form a ____________ of units. - In Physics, always use S.I. units ( Système International )
Quantity S.I. Imperial Force = Mass × Acceleration
MASS Kilogram [ ] Pound [ lb ] 𝑭 = 𝒎 × 𝒂 LENGTH Meter [ ] Foot [ ft ] TIME Second [ ] Second [ s ] [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ] FORCE Newton [ ] Foot-pound [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ]
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CONCEPT: METRIC PREFIXES
[Base Unit] [Prefixes]
● A metric prefix is a letter or symbol that goes before a base unit: m, g, s → km, ,mg, 𝝁s,
- Each letter / prefix stands for a specific power of 10 multiplied by the base unit. Example: 5 km = _______________ m = __________ m 4.6 ms = _______________ s = __________ s
EXAMPLE: Express the following measurements using the desired prefix.
STEPS a) 6.5 hm to m 1) Identify starting & target prefixes 2) Move from start → target, count # of exponents moved 3) Shift decimal place in the same direction moved in Step 2 b) 3.89 mm to m
c) 7.62 kg to 𝜇g
● When re-writing numbers with metric prefixes,
- Shifting from a bigger to smaller unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ] - Shifting from a smaller to bigger unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ]
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PRACTICE: The earth’s circumference is approximately 40.1 Mm (megameters). What is this circumference in kilometers?
A) 0.0401 km B) 40,100,000 km C) 40,100 km D) 0.00401 km
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CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
● We use Scientific Notation to ________________ very LONG, inconvenient numbers into SHORTER ones.
General Format for Scientific Notation
Mass of Earth = 5,972,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg 𝐀. 𝐁𝐂 × 𝟏𝟎𝐃 = _________________ [ # ≥ ___ but < ___ ] [ _________ ]
STANDARD FORM → SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Standard Form → Scientific Notation
1) Move decimal to get # ≥ 1 but < 10 a) 304,605.27 kg 2) Round long numbers with many non-zero numbers to 2 decimal places 3) # of decimal places moved = Exponent - If original number > 10, exponent is + b) 0.000102 m - If original number < 1, exponent is –
c) 7 s
Standard Form SCIENTIFIC NOTATION → STANDARD FORM → Scientific Scientific Notation → Standard Form Notation 1) Exponent = # of decimal places moved a)1)5.45×10 8 kg Move decimal to - If exponent is +, number becomes larger get # ≥ 1 but < 10 - If exponent is –, number becomes smaller 2) Round to 2 places, if needed b)3)9.62×10 # of decimals places -5
moved = Exponent - If original number > 10, exponent is + - If original number a) 5.45×10 < 1, 2 kg exponent is – a) 304,605.27 kg
b) 9.62×10-5 s b) 0.000102 m
c) 38,900 s Page 4 Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics 1. Intro to Physics Units
PRACTICE: Rewrite 0.00016 kg in scientific notation.
A) 1.6×10-4 kg B) 16×10-3 kg C) 1.6×104 kg D) 1.6×10-3 kg
PRACTICE: Rewrite 299,800,000 m/s in scientific notation.
A) 2.998×105 m/s B) 3.00×108 m/s C) 3.00×105 m/s D) 2.998×10-8 m/s
EXAMPLE: Express 0.0000529 × 10−6 m in scientific notation.
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PRACTICE: Rewrite 3.41 × 10−4 in standard form:
A) 0.000341 B) 34,100 C) 0.0000341 D) 3,410
PRACTICE: Rewrite 9.98 × 107 in standard form.
A) 0.000000998 B) 0.0000000998 C) 9,980,000,000 D) 99,800,000
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CONCEPT: UNIT CONVERSIONS
● You’ll often see non-S.I. units in problems, so you MUST ______________ them to S.I. units before using equations!
EXAMPLE: Convert 22 lbs into kg.
Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios _____ [ ] MASS ቁ = _____ [ ] 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
1) Write Given, Target units 2) Write Conversion Factors / Ratios as _____________ - Write fractions to cancel out _____ units with _________ units 3) Multiply all #s on top, all #s on bottom, and solve
EXAMPLE: Convert the following measurements to the desired units.
a) 67.5 mi/hr to m/s
_____ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]
b) 100 ft2 to m2
_____ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]
● When converting units with exponents, multiply conversion factors as many times as the # in the exponent.
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PRACTICE: Convert 850 ft to km.
Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios A) 259 km MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g B) 0.259 km LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm C) 2.79 × 106 km D) 2.79 km VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt
PRACTICE: The speed of light is approximately 3.00×108 m/s. Convert this speed to yards/week (yd/wk).
A) 1.84×1013 yd/wk Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios
B) 1.98×1014 yd/wk MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g C) 1.78×1015 yd/wk D) 1.8×107 yd/wk LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt
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PRACTICE: How many gallons are in 1 cubic meter (m3)?
Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios
MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt
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CONCEPT: SOLVING DENSITY PROBLEMS
● Density is defined as ___________ divided by ______________ ⇒ 𝝆= [Units: ]
(amount of stuff) (amount of space taken up)
- Many problems involve relating density, mass, and volume of geometric shapes, and converting units.
RECTANGULAR SPHERE CYLINDER
PRISM 𝑹 𝒉 𝒉 𝒘 𝑹 𝒍 𝟒 𝑽= 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉
EXAMPLE: The average density of Earth is 5500 kg/m3. If we assume it is approximately a sphere with a radius of 3960mi, what is the mass of Earth? (1 mi ≈ 1609 m)
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PRACTICE: A wooden cylinder has a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 6 cm. If the mass is 161 g, what is the density of the wooden cylinder?
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CONCEPT: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
● Equations work only if they are dimensionally consistent, meaning the units on both sides are ___________. - Easy way to check if equations make sense without calculations.
EXAMPLE: You walk a constant speed 𝒗 = 5m/s for a time t of 2s. Which equation from below would be appropriate for determining the distance d in meters? DIMENSIONAL CONSISTENCY Distance = speed × time Distance = speed × time2 1) Replace variables with units OR 𝟐 𝒅 = 𝒗 × 𝒕 𝒅 = 𝒗 × 𝟐𝒕 2) Ignore – signs & numbers (2, ½, etc..) 3) Multiply & divide to cancel out units [ ]=[ ]× [ ] [ ]=[ ]× [ ] 4) Check if units on left = units on right
● You’ll also need Dimensional Analysis to figure out the units of unknown variables.
EXAMPLE: Hooke’s Law states that a restoring Force F, measured in Newtons [N], in springs is related to the distance from equilibrium x by the equation F = ―kx. What are the units of the force constant k?
SOLVING UNITS OF VARIABLES
1) Replace variables with units 2) Ignore – signs & numbers (2, ½, etc..) 3) Isolate unknown variable 4) Solve
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PRACTICE: A box moving with an initial speed v is accelerated horizontally. If x is measured in [m], v in [m/s], a in [m/s2], t in [s] which of the following equations is correct for solving the distance x? 𝑎 A) x = 𝑡 2 B) x = v + ½ at C) x = vt + ½ at2
PRACTICE: Newton’s Law of Gravitation describes the attraction force between two masses. The equation is 𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝐤𝐠⋅𝐦 𝑭=𝐆 , where F is in [ ], m1 and m2 are masses in [ kg ], and r is the distance in [ m ] between them. 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝟐
Determine the units of the Universal Constant G.
𝑘𝑔⋅𝑠2 A) 𝑚3 𝑚3 B) 𝑘𝑔⋅𝑠2 𝑚 C) 𝑠2 𝑚3 D) 𝑠2
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CONCEPT: COUNTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SIG FIGS)
● In Physics, measurements have PRECISION, indicated by the # of digits:
10 kg 10.27 kg [ LESS | MORE ] precision [ LESS | MORE ] precision
● Not all digits in measurements matter. Significant Figures are the # of digits that ____________________.
15 kg 015 kg # digits given: _____ # digits given: _____ # digits that matter: _____ # digits that matter: _____
EXAMPLE: Determine the number of significant figures in the number below:
STEPS 0.013200972000 1) Eliminate Leading 0’s
0 2) If # has no decimal, eliminate Trailing 0’s
3) Count remaining digits _________ 0s _________ 0s _________ 0s - Never eliminate non-zeroes or Middle 0’s
# of Significant Figures: _____
EXAMPLE: How many significant figures are there in each of the following numbers?
a) 100.00 b) 0.0043 c) 31000092
d) 100 e) 73917000 f) 0.00900
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PRACTICE: How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers?
a) 0.0032 b) 10790 c) 08.02
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CONCEPT: MATH WITH SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
● When doing math to calculate values, there are additional rules to determine # of Sig Figs:
IF + | – only, Round answer to same [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] as # with least [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] IF × | ÷ only, Round answer to same [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] as # with least [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] IF + | – and × | ÷, Use P→E→MD→AS and round answer to the most # of [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ]
EXAMPLE: Write the answer for the following calculations below, expressed in the appropriate # of Sig Figs:
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PRACTICE: What is the area of a sidewalk that is 2.293 m wide and 90 m long? Write your answer with the correct number of significant figures.
A) 206.4 m2 B) 210 m2 C) 206.37 m2 D) 200 m2
EXAMPLE: Block A has side lengths 0.50 m × 0.875 m × 2.250 m. Block B has a volume of 2.6 m3. What is the combined volume of the blocks, expressed with the correct number of significant figures?
