Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics

1. Intro to Physics Units

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO UNITS AND THE S.I. SYSTEM

● Physics = study of natural phenomena, which includes lots of measurements & equations! Physics = Math + Rules
- In nature, we measure physical quantities (mass, length…), which must have ______________ & ___________
(Example: You measure the mass of a box)

__________ ______________
[Number] [Unit]

● For physics equations to work, ALL units in it must be _______________ with each other.
- Groups of compatible units that “work together” form a ____________ of units.
- In Physics, always use S.I. units ( Système International )

Quantity S.I. Imperial Force = Mass × Acceleration

MASS Kilogram [ ] Pound [ lb ] 𝑭 = 𝒎 × 𝒂
LENGTH Meter [ ] Foot [ ft ]
TIME Second [ ] Second [ s ] [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ]
FORCE Newton [ ] Foot-pound [ ]=[ ]× [ ] → [ COMPATIBLE | INCOMPATIBLE ]

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CONCEPT: METRIC PREFIXES

[Base Unit] [Prefixes]

● A metric prefix is a letter or symbol that goes before a base unit: m, g, s → km, ,mg, 𝝁s,

- Each letter / prefix stands for a specific power of 10 multiplied by the base unit.
Example: 5 km = _______________ m = __________ m
4.6 ms = _______________ s = __________ s

Bigger Units

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟗
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- [Base Unit] deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico-
(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)

Smaller Units

EXAMPLE: Express the following measurements using the desired prefix.

STEPS
a) 6.5 hm to m 1) Identify starting & target prefixes
2) Move from start → target,
count # of exponents moved
3) Shift decimal place in the same
direction moved in Step 2
b) 3.89 mm to m

c) 7.62 kg to 𝜇g

● When re-writing numbers with metric prefixes,

- Shifting from a bigger to smaller unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ]
- Shifting from a smaller to bigger unit, number becomes [ LARGER | SMALLER ]

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: The earth’s circumference is approximately 40.1 Mm (megameters). What is this circumference in kilometers?

A) 0.0401 km
B) 40,100,000 km
C) 40,100 km
D) 0.00401 km

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- [Base Unit] deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico-

(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)

PRACTICE: Astronomers often detect radio waves with wavelengths of 3,000,000,000 nm. What is this wavelength
expressed in decameters (dam)?

A) 3 dam
B) 0.3 dam
C) 30 dam
D) 0.03 dam

● ● ● 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ● ● ●

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

tera- giga- mega- kilo- hecto- deca- [Base Unit] deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico-

(T) (G) (M) (k) (h) (da) (d) (c) (m) (𝜇) (n) (p)

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

● We use Scientific Notation to ________________ very LONG, inconvenient numbers into SHORTER ones.

General Format for Scientific Notation

Mass of Earth = 5,972,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg
𝐀. 𝐁𝐂 × 𝟏𝟎𝐃
= _________________
[ # ≥ ___ but < ___ ] [ _________ ]

STANDARD FORM → SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Standard Form → Scientific Notation

1) Move decimal to get # ≥ 1 but < 10
a) 304,605.27 kg
2) Round long numbers with many non-zero
numbers to 2 decimal places
3) # of decimal places moved = Exponent
- If original number > 10, exponent is +
b) 0.000102 m - If original number < 1, exponent is –

c) 7 s

Standard Form
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION → STANDARD FORM
→ Scientific Scientific Notation → Standard Form
Notation 1) Exponent = # of decimal places moved
a)1)5.45×10 8 kg
Move decimal to - If exponent is +, number becomes larger
get # ≥ 1 but < 10 - If exponent is –, number becomes smaller
2) Round to 2 places,
if needed
b)3)9.62×10
# of decimals places
-5

moved = Exponent
- If original number
> 10, exponent is +
- If original number
a) 5.45×10
< 1, 2 kg
exponent is –
a) 304,605.27 kg

b) 9.62×10-5 s
b) 0.000102 m

c) 38,900 s Page 4
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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: Rewrite 0.00016 kg in scientific notation.

A) 1.6×10-4 kg
B) 16×10-3 kg
C) 1.6×104 kg
D) 1.6×10-3 kg

PRACTICE: Rewrite 299,800,000 m/s in scientific notation.

A) 2.998×105 m/s
B) 3.00×108 m/s
C) 3.00×105 m/s
D) 2.998×10-8 m/s

EXAMPLE: Express 0.0000529 × 10−6 m in scientific notation.

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: Rewrite 3.41 × 10−4 in standard form:

A) 0.000341
B) 34,100
C) 0.0000341
D) 3,410

PRACTICE: Rewrite 9.98 × 107 in standard form.

A) 0.000000998
B) 0.0000000998
C) 9,980,000,000
D) 99,800,000

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: UNIT CONVERSIONS

● You’ll often see non-S.I. units in problems, so you MUST ______________ them to S.I. units before using equations!

EXAMPLE: Convert 22 lbs into kg.

Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios
_____ [ ] MASS
ቁ = _____ [ ] 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
×ቀ ቁ×ቀ
LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

(____________) (_______________________) (__________)

STEPS FOR CONVERTING UNITS

1) Write Given, Target units
2) Write Conversion Factors / Ratios as _____________
- Write fractions to cancel out _____ units with _________ units
3) Multiply all #s on top, all #s on bottom, and solve

EXAMPLE: Convert the following measurements to the desired units.

a) 67.5 mi/hr to m/s

_____ [ ] ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]

b) 100 ft2 to m2

_____ [ ]
×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ = _____ [ ]

● When converting units with exponents, multiply conversion factors as many times as the # in the exponent.

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: Convert 850 ft to km.

Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios
A) 259 km MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
B) 0.259 km
LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm
C) 2.79 × 106 km
D) 2.79 km VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

PRACTICE: The speed of light is approximately 3.00×108 m/s. Convert this speed to yards/week (yd/wk).

A) 1.84×1013 yd/wk Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios

B) 1.98×1014 yd/wk
MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g
C) 1.78×1015 yd/wk
D) 1.8×107 yd/wk LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: How many gallons are in 1 cubic meter (m3)?

Quantity Conversion Factors / Ratios

MASS 1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 450 g 1 oz = 28.4 g

LENGTH 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 in = 2.54 cm

VOLUME 1 gal = 3.79 L 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1.06 qt

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: SOLVING DENSITY PROBLEMS

● Density is defined as ___________ divided by ______________ ⇒ 𝝆= [Units: ]

(amount of stuff) (amount of space taken up)

- Many problems involve relating density, mass, and volume of geometric shapes, and converting units.

RECTANGULAR SPHERE CYLINDER

PRISM
𝑹
𝒉 𝒉
𝒘 𝑹
𝒍
𝟒
𝑽= 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉

EXAMPLE: The average density of Earth is 5500 kg/m3. If we assume it is approximately a sphere with a radius of 3960mi,
what is the mass of Earth? (1 mi ≈ 1609 m)

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PRACTICE: A wooden cylinder has a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 6 cm. If the mass is 161 g, what is the density of the
wooden cylinder?

A) 222 kg/m3
RECTANGULAR SPHERE CYLINDER
B) 3.767×103 kg/m3 PRISM
C) 697 kg/m3 𝑹
𝒉
D) 2440 kg/m3 𝒉
𝒘 𝑹
𝒍
𝟒
𝑽= 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉

EXAMPLE: An iron cube has a mass of 0.515 kg. The density of iron is 7.87×103 kg/m3. What is the length of the sides of
the cube?

RECTANGULAR SPHERE CYLINDER

PRISM
𝑹
𝒉 𝒉
𝒘 𝑹
𝒍
𝟒
𝑽= 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: Copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm3. If a single copper atom as a mass of 1.055×10-25 kg, what is the volume of
a copper atom?

A) 1.18×10-26 m3
RECTANGULAR SPHERE CYLINDER
B) 9.45×10-25 m3 PRISM
C) 1.18×10-29 m3 𝑹
𝒉
D) 1.18×10-26 cm3 𝒉
𝒘 𝑹
𝒍
𝟒
𝑽= 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

● Equations work only if they are dimensionally consistent, meaning the units on both sides are ___________.
- Easy way to check if equations make sense without calculations.

EXAMPLE: You walk a constant speed 𝒗 = 5m/s for a time t of 2s. Which equation from below would be appropriate for
determining the distance d in meters?
DIMENSIONAL CONSISTENCY
Distance = speed × time Distance = speed × time2
1) Replace variables with units
OR 𝟐
𝒅 = 𝒗 × 𝒕 𝒅 = 𝒗 × 𝟐𝒕 2) Ignore – signs & numbers (2, ½, etc..)
3) Multiply & divide to cancel out units
[ ]=[ ]× [ ] [ ]=[ ]× [ ]
4) Check if units on left = units on right

[ CONSISTENT | INCONSISTENT ] [ CONSISTENT | INCONSISTENT ]

DETERMINING UNITS OF UNKOWN VARIABLES

● You’ll also need Dimensional Analysis to figure out the units of unknown variables.

EXAMPLE: Hooke’s Law states that a restoring Force F, measured in Newtons [N], in springs is related to the distance from
equilibrium x by the equation F = ―kx. What are the units of the force constant k?

SOLVING UNITS OF VARIABLES

1) Replace variables with units
2) Ignore – signs & numbers (2, ½, etc..)
3) Isolate unknown variable
4) Solve

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: A box moving with an initial speed v is accelerated horizontally. If x is measured in [m],
v in [m/s], a in [m/s2], t in [s] which of the following equations is correct for solving the distance x?
𝑎
A) x = 𝑡 2
B) x = v + ½ at
C) x = vt + ½ at2

PRACTICE: Newton’s Law of Gravitation describes the attraction force between two masses. The equation is
𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝐤𝐠⋅𝐦
𝑭=𝐆 , where F is in [ ], m1 and m2 are masses in [ kg ], and r is the distance in [ m ] between them.
𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝟐

Determine the units of the Universal Constant G.

𝑘𝑔⋅𝑠2
A)
𝑚3
𝑚3
B)
𝑘𝑔⋅𝑠2
𝑚
C)
𝑠2
𝑚3
D)
𝑠2

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: COUNTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SIG FIGS)

● In Physics, measurements have PRECISION, indicated by the # of digits:

10 kg 10.27 kg
[ LESS | MORE ] precision [ LESS | MORE ] precision

● Not all digits in measurements matter. Significant Figures are the # of digits that ____________________.

15 kg 015 kg
# digits given: _____ # digits given: _____
# digits that matter: _____ # digits that matter: _____

EXAMPLE: Determine the number of significant figures in the number below:

STEPS
0.013200972000 1) Eliminate Leading 0’s

0 2) If # has no decimal, eliminate Trailing 0’s

3) Count remaining digits
_________ 0s _________ 0s _________ 0s - Never eliminate non-zeroes or Middle 0’s

# of Significant Figures: _____

EXAMPLE: How many significant figures are there in each of the following numbers?

a) 100.00 b) 0.0043 c) 31000092

d) 100 e) 73917000 f) 0.00900

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PRACTICE: How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers?

a) 0.0032 b) 10790 c) 08.02

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1. Intro to Physics Units

CONCEPT: MATH WITH SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

● When doing math to calculate values, there are additional rules to determine # of Sig Figs:

IF + | – only, Round answer to same [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] as # with least [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ]
IF × | ÷ only, Round answer to same [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ] as # with least [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ]
IF + | – and × | ÷, Use P→E→MD→AS and round answer to the most # of [ Sig Figs | Decimal Places ]

EXAMPLE: Write the answer for the following calculations below, expressed in the appropriate # of Sig Figs:

a) 2.56 + 6.2901 b) 5.389 – 4.3 + 0.103

c) 43.5287 ÷ 0.05192 × 0.0023 d) 123.57 × 0.031 + 4.68

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1. Intro to Physics Units

PRACTICE: What is the area of a sidewalk that is 2.293 m wide and 90 m long? Write your answer with the correct number
of significant figures.

A) 206.4 m2
B) 210 m2
C) 206.37 m2
D) 200 m2

EXAMPLE: Block A has side lengths 0.50 m × 0.875 m × 2.250 m. Block B has a volume of 2.6 m3. What is the combined
volume of the blocks, expressed with the correct number of significant figures?

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