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Chapter 7—The Road to Revolution
SHORT ANSWER
1. John Hancock
ANS:
REF: p. 85
2. Lord North
ANS:
REF: p. 86
3. George Grenville
ANS:
REF: p. 86
4. Samuel Adams
ANS:
REF: p. 89
5. Charles Townshend
ANS:
REF: p. 88
6. John Adams
ANS:
REF: p. 88
7. Crispus Attucks
ANS:
REF: p. 88
8. Marquis de Lafayette
ANS:
REF: p. 93
ANS:
REF: p. 88
ANS:
REF: p. 94
ANS:
REF: p. 90
12. mercantilism
ANS:
REF: p. 85
ANS:
REF: p. 87
ANS:
REF: p. 87
ANS:
REF: p. 85
16. internal/external taxation
ANS:
REF: p. 87
ANS:
REF: p. 87
18. boycott
ANS:
REF: p. 87
19. republicanism
ANS:
REF: p. 84
ANS:
REF: p. 84
21. patronage
ANS:
REF: p. 84
ANS:
REF: p. 85
23. depreciated
ANS:
REF: p. 85
24. monopoly
ANS:
REF: p. 85
25. duty
ANS:
REF: p. 86
26. mulatto
ANS:
REF: p. 88
27. propagandist
ANS:
REF: p. 89
28. inflation
ANS:
REF: p. 93
ANS:
REF: p. 85
ANS:
REF: p. 87
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 90
33. Minute Men
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 86
ANS:
REF: p. 88
ANS:
REF: p. 88
ANS:
REF: p. 88
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 86
ANS:
REF: p. 88
42. Hessians
ANS:
REF: p. 92
ANS:
REF: p. 86
ANS:
REF: p. 90
45. Loyalists
ANS:
REF: p. 92
ANS:
REF: p. 87
ANS:
REF: p. 91
48. "Continental"
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 88
50. House of Burgesses
ANS:
REF: p. 89
ANS:
REF: p. 91
ANS:
REF: p. 91
MULTIPLE CHOICE
53. One change in colonial policy by the British government that helped precipitate the American
Revolution involved
a. removing British troops from American soil.
b. drafting colonists into the British army.
c. forcing colonial assemblies to raise taxes.
d. compelling the American colonists to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire.
e. cutting off subsidies to American products like tobacco.
ANS: D REF: p. 83
54. When it came to the Revolution, it could be said that the American colonists
a. were perpetually hostile to authority.
b. believed that revolution was a necessary step in human progress.
c. based their revolt on working class hostility to British aristocracy.
d. revolted against the cultural domination of the mother country.
e. were reluctant revolutionaries.
ANS: E REF: p. 83
57. Republican theory held that the stability of society and the authority of the government
a. rested with the legislature.
b. required a fair distribution of economic goods.
c. depended on the free enterprise system.
d. had to be based on a constitution and bill of rights.
e. depended upon the virtue of its citizenry.
ANS: E REF: p. 84
61. Under mercantilist doctrine, the American colonies were expected to do all of the following except
a. supply Britain with raw materials not available there.
b. become economically self-sufficient as soon as possible.
c. not indulge in dangerous dreams of economic independence.
d. provide a market for British manufactured goods.
e. refrain from manufacturing finished goods for trade.
ANS: B REF: p. 85
62. The first Navigation Law of 1650 required that
a. the colonists transfer most of their profits from trade to Britain.
b. all commerce to and from the colonies be carried in British ships.
c. foster a colonial economy that would offer healthy competition with Britain's.
d. only specified agricultural products be grown in the colonies.
e. ship traffic on the Atlantic follow specified routes.
ANS: B REF: p. 85
63. The British Parliament enacted currency restrictions that were intended primarily to benefit
a. Virginia tobacco planters.
b. British merchants.
c. New England merchants.
d. London bankers.
e. the Crown.
ANS: B REF: p. 85
65. Under the mercantilist system, the British government reserved the right to do all of the following
regarding the American colonies except
a. restrain the colonies from printing paper currency.
b. restrict the passage of lax bankruptcy laws.
c. require that all colonial goods had to be first landed in Britain.
d. prevent the colonies from developing militias.
e. specify that certain colonial products must be shipped to Britain.
ANS: D REF: p. 85
67. Despite the benefits of the mercantile system, the American colonists disliked it because
a. it forced the South to adopt a one-crop economy.
b. it favored the northern over the southern colonies.
c. it reinforced class differences in the colonies.
d. it reinforced dependence on the mother country and stifled economic initiative.
e. it encouraged harsh repression by British officials.
ANS: D REF: p. 85
68. Which of the following was not among the benefits Americans enjoyed under the mercantile system?
a. the protection of the British army and navy
b. incorporation in the mighty British empire without taxation
c. the opportunity to share in the governance of other British colonies
d. a monopoly for American planters in the British tobacco market
e. subsidies for certain goods like ships' parts
ANS: C REF: p. 85
69. A new relationship between Britain and its American colonies was initiated in 1763 when ____
assumed charge of colonial policy.
a. Charles Townshend
b. George Grenville
c. Lord North
d. William Pitt
e. King George III
ANS: B REF: p. 86
71. The first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenues in the colonies for the crown was the
a. Stamp Act.
b. Declaratory Act.
c. Townshend Acts.
d. Quartering Act.
e. Sugar Act.
ANS: E REF: p. 86
74. Both the ____ Act and the ____ Act provided for trying accused offenders in admiralty courts where
they would be assumed to be guilty unless proven innocent.
a. Townshend, Stamp
b. Sugar, Stamp
c. Stamp, Quartering
d. Declaratory, Stamp
e. Quartering, Sugar
ANS: B REF: p. 86
75. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Sugar Act, (B) Declaratory Act, (C) Stamp
Act, (D) repeal of the Stamp Act.
a. A, C, D, B
b. C, A, D, B
c. C, B, A, D
d. B, A, C, D
e. A, B, D, C
ANS: A REF: p. 86-88
77. When colonists shouted, "No taxation without representation," they were
a. denying Parliament's power to legislate for the colonies.
b. rejecting Parliament's power to levy revenue-raising taxes on the colonies.
c. objecting to King George's taxes imposed without Parliamentary approval.
d. demanding the right to be represented in the British Parliament.
e. insisting that colonial legislatures have a veto power over taxes.
ANS: B REF: p. 87
82. The British government eventually repealed nearly all the Townshend taxes because
a. they realized that direct taxes would be more effective.
b. smuggling had made the laws practically unenforceable.
c. colonists had stopped using glass, paper, and paint.
d. Lord North's government understood the justice of colonial protests.
e. they produced little revenue and were costly to enforce.
ANS: E REF: p. 89
83. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Boston Massacre, (B) Townshend Acts, (C) Tea Act,
(D) Intolerable Acts.
a. A, B, C, D
b. D, B, C, A
c. C, B, D, A
d. B, A, C, D
e. A, C, D, B
ANS: D REF: p. 88-91
84. Match each individual on the left with the correct description.
A. Samuel Adams 1. a casualty of the Boston Massacre
B. John Adams 2. a foreign volunteer who drilled American troops
during the War of Independence
C. Crispus Attucks 3. a pamphleteer who first organized committees to
exchange ideas and information on resisting
British policy
4. a Massachusetts politician who opposed the
moderates' solution to the imperial crisis at the
First Continental Congress
85. The tax on tea was retained when the Townshend Acts were repealed because
a. people loved tea so much they would pay the tax.
b. the money was needed to support British troops in America.
c. it kept alive the principle of parliamentary taxation.
d. it was the only tax passed by the colonists.
e. it was demanded by the British East India Company.
ANS: C REF: p. 90
87. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) clash at Lexington and Concord, (B) meeting
of the First Continental Congress, (C) Quebec Act, (D) Boston Tea Party.
a. C, D, A, B
b. B, A, C, D
c. D, C, B, A
d. A, B, D, C
e. A, D, C, B
ANS: C REF: p. 90-91
88. When the British government awarded a monopoly on the American tea trade to the British East India
Company,
a. it stirred colonial opposition to big business monopolies.
b. colonists believed it was designed to get them to violate their principles and pay the tea
tax.
c. the colonists immediately called the First Continental Congress into session.
d. the colonists realized that the British government was favoring Indian tea growers over
American consumers.
e. many Americans gave up tea and turned to coffee.
ANS: B REF: p. 90
90. The most drastic measure of the Intolerable Acts was the
a. Quartering Act.
b. Quebec Act.
c. Sugar Act.
d. Courts Act.
e. Boston Port Act.
ANS: E REF: p. 91
92. The Quebec Act was especially unpopular in the American colonies because it did all of the following
except
a. turn an extensive amount of territory over to Catholic control.
b. affect many colonies, not just Massachusetts.
c. impose restrictions on French Canadian institutions and customs.
d. alarm land speculators, who saw a huge area snatched from their grasp.
e. set a dangerous precedent against jury trials.
ANS: C REF: p. 91
93. The First Continental Congress was called in order to
a. protest the Intolerable Acts and redress colonial grievances.
b. pass legislation that would nullify British tax laws.
c. raise and organize an army to fight the British.
d. decide which of Parliament's taxes the colonies would and would not pay.
e. establish a unified government for the colonies.
ANS: A REF: p. 91
96. As the War for Independence began, Britain had the advantage of
a. overwhelming national wealth and naval power.
b. an alliance with Spain and Holland.
c. a well-organized and united home government and population.
d. first-rate generals and a well-supplied professional army.
e. a well-formed strategic military plan.
ANS: A REF: p. 92
97. All of the following were weaknesses of the British during the War for Independence except
a. second-rate military officers.
b. insufficient naval forces.
c. the need to keep many soldiers in Ireland and elsewhere.
d. inadequate provisions.
e. a confused and inept government.
ANS: B REF: p. 92
98. Many Whigs in Britain hoped for an American victory in the War for Independence because they
a. wanted the Tory government defeated so they could come to power.
b. were strongly pacifist.
c. feared that if George III triumphed, his rule at home might become tyrannical.
d. rejected colonialism.
e. admired the principles of republicanism.
ANS: C REF: p. 92
99. As the War for Independence began, the colonies had the advantage of
a. highly reliable and well-supplied troops.
b. potential aid from the Armed Neutrality League.
c. a well-organized, strongly committed, and united population.
d. many outstanding political and military leaders.
e. a sound economy and financial system.
ANS: D REF: p. 93
100. The colonists faced all of the following weaknesses in the War for Independence except
a. poor organization.
b. colonial disunity and weak central authority.
c. a weak economy and lack of military supplies.
d. the necessity of employing European officers.
e. a poorly trained militia and few professional soldiers.
ANS: D REF: p. 93
104. In November 1775 ____, royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation offering freedom to any
enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British Army.
a. Thomas Hutchinson
b. George Grenville
c. Lord Dunmore
d. William Franklin
e. Robert Townshend
ANS: C REF: p. 94
105. At war's end the British kept their word, to some at least, evacuating as many as fourteen thousand
____ to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and Britain itself for their loyalty to the British Empire during the war.
a. Mulattos
b. Whigs
c. Black Loyalists
d. Patriots
e. Tories
ANS: C REF: p. 94
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
108. Colonists disliked the new British policy of trying accused tax-policy offenders in admiralty courts
because the offenders
a. would be assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.
b. would be taken to Britain for trial.
c. could not present witnesses in their own defense.
d. would not receive a jury trial.
e. could not have an attorney.
ANS: A, D REF: p. 86
109. Prime Minister George Grenville responded to American protests against his policies by asserting that
a. colonists were "virtually" represented in Parliament even if they did not have the vote.
b. the power of Parliament was absolutely supreme in the empire.
c. the King would protect the "rights of Englishmen" against tyranny.
d. British subjects could be taxed without their being represented in Parliament.
e. he would remove British troops in America if their protests stopped.
ANS: A, B REF: p. 87
110. The Townshend Acts
a. were more vigorously protested by colonists than was the Stamp Act.
b. were designed to raise revenue to help pay the salaries of royal governors.
c. failed to produce the volume of revenue expected.
d. were largely repealed by Parliament.
e. were reluctantly accepted by the colonists.
ANS: B, C, D REF: p. 88
ESSAY
112. Explain the relationship between mercantilism, the Navigation Laws, and British efforts to create an
administrative structure for their empire after 1696.
ANS:
113. Given that the Quebec Act did not apply to the thirteen seaboard colonies, why did the act create such
a stir of protest among them?
ANS:
114. Compare and contrast the major advantages and disadvantages of the British and the colonists,
respectively, as the American Revolutionary War began? What would Britain have to do to win? What
would the colonists have to do to win?
ANS:
115. At what point in the chain of events between 1760 and 1776 did the American War for Independence
become inevitable? In the same connection, what was the last possible point at which a compromise
between the British government and the colonies might have avoided war?
ANS:
116. What were the reasons for the widespread American belief that there was a British conspiracy to
deprive them of their liberties? What British statements and actions reinforced this fear?
ANS:
117. If the colonists' fundamental principle was "no taxation without representation," why did moderate
proposals for American representation in the British Parliament fail to succeed?
ANS:
118. Could America have achieved its independence gradually and peacefully, as such British colonies as
Canada and Australia eventually did? Why or why not?
ANS:
119. Which of the following do you think was most responsible for the conflict between Britain and its
American colonies: (A) the ineptness of parliamentary leadership, (B) the colonists' militant anti-tax
beliefs, (C) the high-handedness of King George III and his ministers, (D) the differences in ideology
between Americans and the mother country, or (E) the effectiveness of American propagandists like
Samuel Adams? Justify your choice.
ANS:
120. List the following in order of their importance to colonial protest: petitions, pamphlets, congresses,
boycotts, mob action, committees of correspondence. Justify your ranking.
ANS:
121. Assess the validity of the following statement, "It might be said that it was the British who were
revolutionaries in 1763 and the colonists who were conservatives attempting to preserve the status
quo."
ANS:
122. John Adams once said that the American Revolution occurred first in the minds of the people before it
took place on the battlefield. What did he mean? Was he correct?
ANS:
123. If you were a knowledgeable journalist or writer looking at the American rebellion in 1775, what
would you have predicted the outcome of the war to be? What subsequent developments might have
been most surprising, and which least so?
ANS:
124. Was the Revolution a radically new and unforeseen event in world history, or was it essentially a
moderate or even conservative development that did not seek drastic social change?
ANS:
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Hooren orja jyryää,
Hooreskuče leimauksia iskee,
llmaračče maailman isän ylimmäinen orja
Tulipalloja ampuu, aukaisee vesiastian.
Aseellisna tulee,
Poika sota-sauvoin vastaa,
Kurkun tyvestä tempaisee, Rautapaidan sulkia
Rintaan painaa, väännältää.
Vanhus: "tulkaa, tulkaa: avuksi,
Nyt ovat kahden kylän päälliköt painisilla!"
———
(Muist.)
3.
Päive neita.
6. äljehtallejijem. — 7. vuoina.
Päivän neito.
Laiska miespä poutaisena päivänä
Äkkijyrkän vuoren heulalla
Näki päivän neidon istumassa.
Sinne hiipi hän ja tempas hänen kiini,
Näinpä päivän neito lausuvi:
Niinpä kyllä, voimattomaks jouduin nyt,
Mutta kuule nyt, mies kulta, kuule,
Rauhaan heitä.
Kuule nyt, käy jäljessäni karjaa ajellen.
Jospa minkä kuulet, taakses älä katso. 10.
Päivän neito astuu edellä.
Häntä seuraa karja kuni ohjella ajettu.
Mies nyt kuulee kovan uhkauksen takanaan.
Pauhu käy ja kauheasti uhkaillaan,
Hänet murskataan ja lävistetään,
Häntä ampuavat, kuulee hän,
Taaksensa hän vilkasee.
Samassa kun taakseen katsahtaa
Karjasta jo jälkilauma katoaa.
Päivän neito lausuvi;
"Aja, aja karjaa yhä huudellen. 20.
Kun sen kuulee aivan jäljissä.
Paisu, ja porot sivuilla eteenpäin,
Riennä, riennä, aja karjaa."
Takana, kuin myrsky, kuului pauhina,
Silloin jälkeensä hän vilkasi,
Keskilaumakin nyt hävis karjasta
Muuttuin metsäpeuroiksi.
Muutoin laiskan miehen omiks oisivat joutuneet.
Päivän neito virkkoi (alakuloisena);
Taas, taas teki pahoin mies.
Kotaa tehdessä ja maata peittäessä risuilla, näin neito
neuvoo miestä;
Peitä tarkkaan rei'āt kaikki, 30.
Ett'ei jää niin ainoatakaan.
Hänpä peittää tuumiskellen näin;
Tyyni, tarkkaan kaikk' on peitettävä.
Sitten päivän neito valmistaa
Pehmyisen ja mukavaisen vuoteen.
Varhain aamulla kun herasi,
Päivä paistoi pienen rei'an kautta,
Näinpä päivän neito virkkoi:
"Voi, nyt näen isämme, äitimme silmät";
Ulos nopeasti riennähtää, 40.
Katoaa, ja karja hänen jäljessään,
Porot muuttui kaikki kiviksi,
Niitä kammoellaan vieläkin.
4.
Kạssạ Mụödda.
Uhče stālu:
Ahčam tē kahča, ahčam tē svihča,
Ahčam tē merresạm dúohpī!
Stālu:
Joika, vúolutallā, āča,
Ī kūla, ī kekše, ī tēde. 30.
Aija pōresab bārnen
Oivai losskạll, jāmas jaukạll.
Stālu:
Kohkahā, joikotā, vuörtā.
Nuoreb bārnai:
Veǯǯạ' vieđkạm, vạrgi, vạrgi!
Aija
Mạnnjeban meit kallum lúösā,
Vuóingamit lúövạs loggasta,
Jēnan beggait potkudạsta.
Stālu:
Tē dal madderit moʒuban,
Cahkīt čougait jorruhtǟban,
Jīč mun dauk jīč tụöbbistạstạm.
Aija
Bīšīm poiššu paldam vēđkạin 40.
Varutạlla, vaʒatạlla.
Jīč-āčan oivem oivadi.
Kobdạ kallum kúovalti,
Cạlminis, núöninis čoglạsti,
Olmu-porrien mālem leikki,
Maiges mālin loiduit leibai.
Luhdạč loiduin loipartallā,
Snuöggā, snūrrā, haksatallā,
Poššun čađa pōteit,
Peiparīte tuöstutallā, 50.
Kētạin karffū, kerjutạlla;
Palku, palku peura juölkit,
Allu palku kalsu-juölkit!
Luhdač:
Mījas rúottā, ruöskā, suđđā.
Šilasīn suovasīn snūđđā,
Plohkā, paukā, spohkā?
Čuönītet, čúönītet čalmāčam,
Tolkka niaddegist čougạstet, 60.
Čalmačạm, čúönačạm sierret!
Aija:
Podńačat, čalmačat pōnnuī'!
Luhdač;
Čoivastam čālmačam pōńam,
Juglučam, pāhčičam, mānnam!
Muistutuksia.
35. loggastā.
48 snūđđā, hạksahalla.
Paksuturkki.
Stalu:
"Niin, niin, jopa se alkaa sulaa."
Kukkulan takana kaataa hän
Puun kaukaloksi,
Kaataa puun, karsii, veistää, vuolee,
Kovertaa siitä kaukalon (poššun) taka-oven vieressä.
Nuorempi stalu:
"Isä, jo vilkahti, jo se liikahti.
Jo se kirveen tempasi!"
Stalu iloitsee, laulaa ja jyristää. 30
Ei kuule mitään, ei näe mitään, ei tiedä mitään.
Vanha lappalainen
Iskee (vanhempaa poikaa) päähän, lyöpi kuoliaksi.
Stalu
Oudoksuu viipymistä, laulelee odotellen.
Hän sanoo nuoremmalle pojalle:
"Tuo mulle kirves, joudu, joudu!"
Vanha lappalainen
Hakkasi tältäkin pääkallon halki,
Avasi aivot,
Laski henkikurkun äänen kätki.
Vanha lappalainen
Väijyy häntä varovasti, kirves kädessä,
esi- ja taka-oven välillä.
Lappalainen:
(Muist.)
47. Stalun vaimo kutsutaan luteeksi (luhdač), siitä syystä että hän
rautaisella pillillä imee vertä ihmisten ruumiista.