B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization

B2.
2 Organelles and Compartmentalization

Students should understand that the cell wall, cytoskeleton and cytoplasm are
not considered organelles, and that nuclei, vesicles, ribosomes and the plasma
membrane are.
NOS: Students should recognize that progress in science often follows
Organelles as discrete subunits of development of new techniques. For example, study of the function of individual
cells that are adapted to perform organelles became possible when ultracentrifuges had been invented and
B2.2.1 specific functions methods of using them for cell fractionation had been developed.
Limit to separation of the activities of gene transcription and
Advantage of the separation of the translation—post-transcriptional modification of mRNA can happen before the
nucleus and cytoplasm into separate mRNA meets ribosomes in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotes this is not
B2.2.2 compartments possible—mRNA may immediately meet ribosomes.
Include concentration of metabolites and enzymes and the separation of
Advantages of compartmentalization incompatible biochemical processes. Include lysosomes and phagocytic
B2.2.3 in the cytoplasm of cells vacuoles as examples.
Adaptations of the mitochondrion for Include these adaptations: a double membrane with a small volume of
production of ATP by aerobic cell intermembrane space, large surface area of cristae and compartmentalization of
B2.2.4 respiration enzymes and substrates of the Krebs cycle in the matrix.
Adaptations of the chloroplast for Include these adaptations: the large surface area of thylakoid membranes with
photosynthesis photosystems, small volumes of fluid inside thylakoids, and
compartmentalization of enzymes and substrates of the Calvin cycle in the
B2.2.5 stroma.
Functional benefits of the double Include the need for pores in the nuclear membrane and for the nucleus
B2.2.6 membrane of the nucleus membrane to break into vesicles during mitosis and meiosis.
Structure and function of free Contrast the synthesis by free ribosomes of proteins for retention in the cell with
ribosomes and of the rough synthesis by membrane-bound ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B2.2.7 endoplasmic reticulum of proteins for transport within the cell and secretion.
Structure and function of the Golgi Limit to the roles of the Golgi apparatus in processing and secretion of protein.
B2.2.8 apparatus
Structure and function of vesicles in Include the role of clathrin in the formation of vesicles.
B2.2.9 cells
phospholipid
Elec2tric Learning Video
B2.2.1 - Organelles as discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions
Organelle: a discrete structure in cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
*plasma membrane is not an organelle
solid structures located in the single layer sac, two layers of

cytoplasm around organelle plasma
membrane
Vesicle/Vacuole Nucleus
Ribosomes - make proteins rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
Centrioles - deals with mitosis Mitochondria
smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER) Chloroplast
Nucleolus - make ribosomes Golgi Apparatus/Body
Lysosomes
The following do not meet the requirements to be considered an organelle:
Extracellular - outside Cytosol - liquid portion of the Filaments and Tubules

Not inside the cell cytoplasm
80 % Water
Dissolved Solutes
Location of Metabolism
Example: bacteria don't have a nucleus, no separation

B2.2.2 - Advantage of the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm into separate compartments
Post-Transcriptional Modification:
1. Separation of Transcription and Translation when mRNA is modified before
leaving the nucleus
2. Post-Transcriptional Modification - Benefit to Eukaryotes
3. Prokaryotes cannot do Post-Transcriptional Modification
4. DNA is protected from the chemicals of metabolism
Transcription DNA --> mRNA, "write the code," happens in the nucleus
Translation mRNA --> AA --> Protein, "translate the code" happen in the cytoplasm, at the ribosome
B2.2.3 - Advantages of Compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells
1. Enzymes and metabolites are more concentrated, increasing reaction rate (more collisions)
2. Harmful substances are isolated. ~Lysosomes: high concentration of enzymes, to digest things in the cell
3. Homeostasis - maintain specific pH
4. Areas of the cell can have specified purposes, membrane proteins
B2.2.4 - Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic respiration
Draw and label a diagram of the mitochondrion. Double Membrane!
Mitochondrial
Matrix DNA
Cristae Ribosomes
Outer
Membrane
B2.2.5 - Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis
Double Membrane
Inner Outer
Membrane Membrane
Thylakoid
Intermembrane
space
Stroma
B2.2.6 - Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus.
1. DNA Storage
Nuclear Pores
2. Gene Expression to control the Chromatin

cell; growth, metabolism,
protein synthesis, and division Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoplasm
Semifluid matrix found
inside the nucleus Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin is continuous with
Less condensed form of the cell's DNA that the endoplasmic
organizes to form chromosomes before reticulum
mitosis/meiosis
Nucleoli
synthesize Ribosomes
B2.2.7 - Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
smaller
Ribosomes Synthesize proteins, it is made of rRNA
Free floating in the cytoplasm
Bound attached to rER

B2.2.7 - Endomembrane System
system of compartmentalized sacs within Eukaryotic cells.

Modify, process and ship molecules in and out of the cell.
rER
bound Ribosomes - synthesize proteins
Nuclear Membrane
B2.2.8 - Structure and function of the Golgi

Rough ER Ribosomes
apparatus
Composed of flattened cisternae Transport Vesicle
Cis - oriented toward the nucleus
Amazon Prime Center of the Cell
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies polypeptides (pre-proteins) into their functional state
Trans - exit face
Secretory Vesicle
Cell Membrane
B2.2.9 - Structure and function of vesicles in cells.

Phospholipids make up vesicles, flexible and fluid
Transport Vesicles - moves lipids and proteins

Secretory Vesicles - transport proteins and lipids inside the cell to the membrane (exocytosis)
Endocytic Vesicles - ingestion of certain materials to further sort or digest (lysosomes assist)
Vesicle Fusion - merging of one vesicle with another or the membrane
"leaving the cell - exocytosis"
Outside of the cell/membrane
Nucleus

B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization

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B2.

2 Organelles and Compartmentalization

Elec2tric Learning Video

solid structures located in the single layer sac, two layers of

Extracellular - outside Cytosol - liquid portion of the Filaments and Tubules

Example: bacteria don't have a nucleus, no separation

3. Prokaryotes cannot do Post-Transcriptional Modification

4. DNA is protected from the chemicals of metabolism

B2.2.3 - Advantages of Compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

3. Homeostasis - maintain specific pH

4. Areas of the cell can have specified purposes, membrane proteins

B2.2.4 - Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic respiration

Draw and label a diagram of the mitochondrion. Double Membrane!

B2.2.6 - Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus.

2. Gene Expression to control the Chromatin

Free floating in the cytoplasm

Bound attached to rER

system of compartmentalized sacs within Eukaryotic cells.

B2.2.8 - Structure and function of the Golgi

Trans - exit face

B2.2.9 - Structure and function of vesicles in cells.

Transport Vesicles - moves lipids and proteins

"leaving the cell - exocytosis"

Outside of the cell/membrane

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