3 - Introduction To Biotechnology 1

Taiz University
Pharmacy department , Forth level

Introduction to biotechnology
Dr: Eyad Al-sabaei
1
Biotechnology
 What is the biotechnology? The term brings to
m i nd m any d i f f e re nt t hi ng s. S o m e t hi ng o f
developing new types of animals. Others dream of
unlimited source of therapeutic drugs. Still others
are looking for developing and growing new types of
nutritious and pestresistant plants.
 The best def in ition for "biotechnology" is the

industrial use of living organisms or their products
(Biocatalyst) to produce useful products, thus
modify human health and the human environment.
2
 Based on genetic engineering “biotechnology is
the manipulation of living organisms or their
components to produce useful usually
commercial products
e. g. Insect-resistant plants
e .g. Production of human insulin by bacteria
e. g. Production of edible vaccines such as banana
vaccines
e .g. Production of human growth hormones in cow’s
milk.
 Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary- science

including; biochemistry, genetics, microbiology,
fermentation technology, chemical engineering
and economics.
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 White Biotechnology: It is a branch of industrial
biotechnology which is devoted to use living cells
( bac teria, fungi) and enzym es to synthesize
products that are easily degradable i.e. friendly to
env ironm ent) e.g . P roduc tion of b iop lastic s
( d e g ra d a b l e ) f ro m m i c ro b i a l p o l y m e r s ( p -
hydroxybutyric acids, PHBs).
 Biodegradable materials: Describes any material

that can be broken down by biological action e.g. by
microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.).
 Bioremediation: The use of biological system to

consume or otherwise help to remove materials
(e.g., toxic chemical wastes, metals, etc.) from a
contaminated site .
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 Blue Biotechnology : It involves the use and
manipulation of marine and aquatic products. e. g.
Use of marine plants and products to produce drugs
e.g. Use of genes from marine plants to engineer
plants so become resistant to environmental
conditions (wheat plants which resist high salinity).
 Green Biotec hnology: I t involves the use of

environment-friendly solutions as an alternative to
traditional agricultural techniques and animal
breeding processes.
e. g. Engineered insect-resistant plants such as BT
cottons
e. g. Golden rice
e. g. Engineered herbicide-resistant plants
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 Red Biotechnology: It involves the use of
living organisms for improvement of medical
processes.
e. g. Production of human insulin in bacteria
e. g. Production of interferon and other human
products in bacteria
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SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
 The biotechnology science has an impact on
several aspects of our life. There are increasing
concern for the biotechnological applications to the
manufacturer of medical and veterinary products,
chemicals, food, energy, pollution control and waste
management (Table 1).
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RESOURCES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY
 (i) Biomass (cell mass)

- Yeast production (backer; s yeast)
- Production of microbial cell
- Mushroom production
 (ii) Enzymes:
Sources: animal, plant or microbial enzymes
→
Microbial enzymes extracellular or intracellular
Examples: pectinases, amylases , cellulases,
lipases
 iii) Production of useful metabolites
→
1- During logarithmic phase production of
primary metabolites
→
2- During stationary phase production of
secondary metabolites
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 IV) Biodegradation and Biotransformation
Biodegradation: is the process of m icrobial
decomposition of complex compounds into simple
molecules. These processes are usually resulting to
the removal of toxicity of some environmental
pollutants.

Biotransformation: Conversion of useful compounds
into analogues which are usually valuable products
of potential importance such as antibiotics, steroids
a n d
others. Microbial cells such as fungal spores are
c o m m o n l y u s e d i n t h e s e p r o c e s s e s .
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 (V) Biotechnology and Immunology
a-Production of bacterial and viral vaccines
b-Monoclonal antibodies
The procedure of hybridoma have been
established for preparing homologous antibody
which are widely used in:
- Immunoassay
-Tissue typing
- Immunohistochemistry
 (VI) Plant tissue cultures

They are used for production of valuable drugs as
well as improvement of plant strains.
 (VII) Animal tissue cultures

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MICROBES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Microbial cultures are widely used in developing
countries for biogas production, inoculation
of soils with nitrogen f ixing bacteria and bacterial
leaching.
 The useful microbes participate in fermentation

processes, producing useful metabolites such as
enzymes, organic acids, solvents, vitamins, amino
acids, antibiotics, growth regulators and nutritive
substances.
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12
 Microbes are usually preferred in biotechnological
processes for the following reasons:
1- They are growing on a wide variety of substrates
2- They have a greater variety of useful metabolic
pathways.
3-They have higher growth rate comparable to
other organisms
4- Easily manipulated for a desirable metabolic
pathways
5- Easily manipulated genetically because their
genetic system is simple
6- Microorganisms are not subjected to diseases
which infect animal and plant
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(I) Microbial biomass
 Baker's yeast
1- Yeast is used in the production of backer's yeast
2 - T he skim m ing m ethod was one of the f ir st

procedures used for the commercial production of
baking strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this
m e t h o d , t h e y e a s t f lo a t e d t o t h e t o p o f t h e
fermentation and was skimmed off, washed and
press-dried.
3- Medium for the production fermentation contains

molasses as the carbon and energy source. Molasses
is often def ic ient in c ertain am ino ac ids, and
supplements of biotin and pantothenic acid are14
usually necessary.
4- The main objective of the process is to generate a
high yield of biomass. Aerobic fermentation favors a
high biomass yield, as approximately 50% of the
available carbon can be converted to biomass. Under
anaerobic conditions, the growth yield is going to
reduce.
5- At the end of the fermentation, the cells are

harvested by centrifugation, and the harvested
cells are washed several times with water, chilled to 2
- 4 and f in ally dried to around 7 0 - 7 5 % ( w/w) .
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 Single cell protein: Single cell protein (SCP) is not
pure protein but refers to the whole cells of different
microorganisms (Table 3). Microbial proteins are
preferred than plant and animal proteins because:

(i) rapid growth rate and high productivity,
(ii) high protein content,
(iii) the ability to utilize low cost carbon source,
(iv) the process occupy little land area
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 SCP production processes
• Many pilot plants have been developed over the last
30 years that utilize a range of substrates and
m i c ro o rg a ni sm s. H o w e v e r, t he re a re m a ny
physiological problems that are often encountered
on scale-up include:
• ( 1 ) oxyg e n re qui re m e nt ( 2 ) nutri e nts and
temperature gradients, (3) high level (4) hydraulic
pressure in deep fermenters
 The economic of production can be improved by:

• 1-the use of cheaper substrate, 2-improvement of
the organism ef fic iency, 3- enhanced nutritional
value, and 4-decreasing cost of downstream
processes
17

(II) Production of microbial polymers
 Several polymers are produced by industrial

microorganisms.
 These polymers have important medical and
industrial applications, as shown in Table 4.
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(III) Production of vitamins, amino acids,
antibiotics and some organic acids
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(V) Microbial Enzymes
 Commercial microbial enzymes are increasingly
replacing conventional chemical catalysts in many
i nd ustri al p ro c e sse s. E nz ym e s hav e se v e ral
advantages over chemical catalysts, including:
 (i) the ability to function under relatively mild
conditions of temperature, and pH
 (ii) Enzymes are specif ic, stereo-selective, catalysts,

which do not produce unwanted by-products. Most of
enzymes in industrial use are extra-cellular proteins
produced by Aspergillus spp. Or by Bacillus spp.
These enzymes are α-amylase, pectinases, protease,
a n d o t h e r s .
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 Types of microbial enzymes:
 Amylase
– The enzymes converted starch into disaccharide
by alpha amylases and to glucose by beta-
amylases
– Uses : sweeteners in food detergent industry
– Source : Aspergillus and Bacillus spp
 Proteases
- Classes of enzymes that hydrolyze the peptide
bond of protein
– Uses : detergent industry dairy industry leather
industry
– pharmaceutical industry waste treatment
– Source : Aspergillus and Bacillus spp. alkaline
protease that produced by genetic engineering can
act over wide range of pH and temperature.
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 Lipases
– Extracellular enzymes - hydrolyze fats
– Produced by bacteria, fungi and yeast
- Uses: (i) Digestive enzymes
- (ii) dairy industry, as the fatty acids imparts taste
of cheese
 Glucose isomerase
– This enzyme causes isomerization of glucose
into fructose
– Use: sweetening agent; that fructose have 15
times sweet as glucose
 Penicillin acylase
It is used for preparation of 6-aminopenicillanic
acid (6APA) from Penicillin G . 6 APA is used for
synthesis of many semisynthetic penicillins.
22
Good Luck
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Taiz University

Pharmacy department , Forth level

Dr: Eyad Al-sabaei

 The best def in ition for "biotechnology" is the

 Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary- science

 Biodegradable materials: Describes any material

 Bioremediation: The use of biological system to

 Green Biotec hnology: I t involves the use of

 (i) Biomass (cell mass)

 (VI) Plant tissue cultures

 (VII) Animal tissue cultures

 The useful microbes participate in fermentation

2 - T he skim m ing m ethod was one of the f ir st

3- Medium for the production fermentation contains

5- At the end of the fermentation, the cells are

 The economic of production can be improved by:

 Several polymers are produced by industrial

 (ii) Enzymes are specif ic, stereo-selective, catalysts,

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