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thoroughbred from the point of view of taste and beauty, I should like
to consult the shade of Mackenzie Grieve. His opinions, whatever
they were, he no doubt held strongly.
BY JOHN H. HASWELL
HE art of transmitting information by means of
writings designed to be understood only by the
persons who have especially agreed upon the
significance of the characters employed was
known and practised by the ancients long before
the Christian era. It has many high-sounding
names, among which will be found cryptography, cryptology,
polygraphy, stenganography, cipher, etc. The first is what might be
styled its scientific name; the latter the one commonly used by the
foreign offices.
The oldest example of secret writing is the Spartan scytale.
According to Plutarch, the Lacedæmonians had a method which has
been called the scytale, from the staff employed in constructing and
deciphering the message. When the Spartan ephors, who, in the
fourth century B.C., were the supreme power of the state, controlling
alike its civil and military administration, wished to forward their
orders to their commanders abroad, they wound slantwise a narrow
strip of parchment upon a staff so that the edges met close together,
and the message was then written in such a way that the center of
the line of writing was on the edges of the parchment. The
parchment was then unwound and sent to the general, who, by
winding it upon a similar staff, was enabled to read the message.
Various other devices of secret writing were practised by the old
Greeks and Romans. All served their purpose, and some of them
were remarkably ingenious. One, by reason of its being not only very
ingenious, but at the same time highly ludicrous, seems worthy of
mention. It was the one which Histiæus, while at the Persian court,
employed to advise Aristagoras, who was in Greece, to revolt. As the
roads were well guarded, there seemed to Histiæus only one safe
way of making his wishes known. He chose one of his most faithful
slaves, and, having shaved his head, tattooed it with his advices;
then keeping him till the hair had grown again, Histiæus despatched
him to Aristagoras with this message: “Shave my head and look
thereon.”
Among the Greeks many systems of cipher were employed to
transmit messages during war-times. To illustrate one, let us
suppose that the English alphabet, by omitting the letter j, consists of
twenty-five letters; then arrange these thus:
1 2 3 4 5
a f l q v 1
b g m r w 2
c h n s x 3
d i o t y 4
e k p u z 5
Represent every letter by two figures, by the intersection of a vertical
with a horizontal row. Thus we find that 11 represents a; 34, o; 52, w;
14, d; and so on.
During the Middle Ages secret systems were employed in the
operation of telegraphic, military, and naval signals. Torches placed
in particular positions at night, flags held in position by day, guns
fired at particular intervals, drums beaten in a prearranged way,
musical sounds to represent letters, lamps covered by different-
colored glass, square holes diversely closed by shutters, levers
projecting at different angles from a vertical post—all these were
adopted as signals; but secret writing was in most cases a
transposition of alphabetical letters.
Schemes of cryptography are endless in their variety. Bacon lays
down the following as the “virtues” to be looked for in them: “that
they be not laborious to write and read; that they be impossible to
decipher; and, in some cases, that they be without suspicion.” Bacon
remarks that though ciphers were commonly in letters and
alphabets, yet they might be in words. Upon this basis codes have
been constructed, classified words taken from dictionaries being
made to represent complete ideas. In recent years such codes have
been adopted by governments, merchants, and others to
communicate by telegraph, and have served the purpose not only of
keeping business affairs private, but also of reducing the excessive
cost of telegraphic messages to distant points. Obviously this class
of ciphers presents greater difficulties to the skill of the decipherer.
Figures and other characters have been also used as letters, and
with them ranges of numerals have been combined as the
representatives of syllables, parts of words, words themselves, and
complete phrases. Shorthand marks and other arbitrary characters
have also been largely imported into cryptographic systems to
represent both letters and words. Complications have been
introduced into ciphers by the employment of “dummy” letters or
words. Other devices have been introduced to perplex the
decipherer, such as spelling words backward, making false divisions
between words, etc. The greatest security against the decipherers
has been found in the use of what might be called a double code.
One of the double-code methods is that after the message has been
put into, say, a figure code, to recode it in one in which only words or
consonants appear.
Variety is also of great importance. All the world might know the
principle upon which a cipher is constructed, and yet the changes
may be so numerous as, like those of the Yale lock, to be almost
infinite. No cipher can ever be perfect where the same letter, figure,
or character is always represented in the same manner; some mode
must be adopted by which an endless variety may be secured.
During the time of the Great Commoner, Sir John Trevanion, a
distinguished cavalier, was made prisoner, and locked up in
Colchester Castle. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle had just
been made examples of as a warning to “malignants,” and Trevanion
had every reason for expecting a similar bloody end. As he awaited
his doom, indulging in a hearty curse in round cavalier terms at the
canting, crop-eared scoundrels who held him in durance vile, and
muttering a wish that he had fallen sword in hand facing the foe, he
was startled by the entrance of the jailer, who handed him a letter:
“May’t do thee good,” growled the fellow; “it has been well looked
to before it was permitted to come to thee.”
Sir John took the letter and the jailer left him his lamp by which to
read it: