Ugc Net JRF June 2023 Shift 2 Master File
Ugc Net JRF June 2023 Shift 2 Master File
Ugc Net JRF June 2023 Shift 2 Master File
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NTA NET JUNE 2023 (Shift-2)
1. In-depth Analysis
2. Unit-wise solution + Detailed Explanation
3. Finding Sources of Questions
4. Unit-Wise Mind Map for DECEMBER 2023
5. Full Paper Section-wise Break-down
of Questions
NTA NET JUNE 2023 (Shift-2)
1%
11%
PYQs - 10 Qs.
48%
CURRENT AFFAIRS - 1 Qs.
POLITICAL
THEORY
DIRECT
NEW
CONCEPTS POLITICAL THEORY
1. Which among the following sentences are associated with the notion of equality
described by Amartya Sen?
A. The basic capability equality can be the sole guide to the moral good
B. Morality is not concerned only with equality
C. Basic Capability Equality is a partial guide to the part of moral goodness that is
associated with the idea of equality
D. The index of basic capabilities like utility, can be used in many different ways.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 B and D only 2 A and D only
3 A, B, C only 4 B, C, D only
DIRECT
NEW
CONCEPTS POLITICAL THEORY
1. Which among the following sentences are associated with the notion of equality
described by Amartya Sen?
A. The basic capability equality can be the sole guide to the moral good
B. Morality is not concerned only with equality
C. Basic Capability Equality is a partial guide to the part of moral goodness that is
associated with the idea of equality
D. The index of basic capabilities like utility, can be used in many different ways.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 B and D only 2 A and D only
3 A, B, C only 4 B, C, D only
EXPLANATION
▪ These lines are taken from Amartya Sen’s book, Choice, Welfare and Measurement (1982)
▪ He writes a chapter on ‘Equality of What?’ where he gives his concept of - ‘Basic Capability Equality’.
▪ Here, Amartya Sen tries to construct a Theory of Equality Rejecting the claims of Three Theories of Equality namely –
1) Utilitarian equality, 2) Total Utility equality, and 3) Rawlsian concept of equality.
▪ Amartya Sen's main thesis is none of these three is individually, nor is the combination of three a sufficient basis for
describing the Equality - Aspect of Morality.
▪ Amartya Sen argues that this gap can be narrowed by the idea of 'Basic Capability Equality’.
▪ The focus on basic capabilities can be defined - as a natural extension of John Rawls's concern with primary goods,
shifting attention from "goods" to "what goods do to human beings."
▪ Amartya Sen argues that Rawls's focus is limited to only the "goods" such as "income", rather than "on what income
does" to increase or decrease the capability of a person to access resources.
▪ If human beings were all very much alike each other, this would not have mattered a great deal, but there is evidence
says Sen, that the conversion of goods to capabilities varies from person to person substantially, and the equality of
former may vary a lot from the equality of latter.
EXPLANATION
▪ Statement A – “The basic capability, equality can be the sole guide to the moral good.” is False.
▪ In the book, Sen writes – “It is not my contention that the basic capability equality can be the sole guide to the moral
good.”
▪ Statements B, C, D are True and they are mentioned by Amartya Sen in his book.
▪ B. “Morality is not concerned only with equality.”
▪ C. “Basic capability equality is a partial guide to the part of moral goodness that is associated with the idea of equality.”
▪ D. “The index of basic capabilities like utility, can be used in many different ways.”
SOURCES
Choice, Welfare and Measurement By Amartya Sen (1982) Source : Choice, Welfare and Measurement By Amartya Sen by Pg. 369.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL THEORY
2. Which among the following rights is not group right, according to Will
Kymlicka?
1 Self-government rights
2 Polyethnic rights
3 Special representation rights
4 Right to speedy trial
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL THEORY
2. Which among the following rights is not group right, according to Will
Kymlicka?
1 Self-government rights
2 Polyethnic rights
3 Special representation rights
4 Right to speedy trial
EXPLANATION
▪ Will Kymlicka argues that ‘Group Rights’ are necessary to protect the freedom and equality of individuals who belong to
minority groups.
▪ Without these Group rights, these individuals would be at risk of being assimilated into the majority culture, which could
lead to the loss of their cultural identity.
▪ Minority rights are ‘special’ rights, because they are specific to the groups to which they belong.
Each cultural group having different needs for recognition based on the particular character of its religion, traditions and
way of life.
3. Which among the following statements are associated with Harold J. Laski?
A. Every state is known by the rights that is maintains.
B. We do not mean by the rights the grant of some historic conditions possessed in
the childhood, but lost in the process of time.
C. Rights in fact are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in
general to be himself at his best.
D. Rights are the legal opportunities for a successful life.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
1 A, B, C only 2 A, C, D only
3. Which among the following statements are associated with Harold J. Laski?
A. Every state is known by the rights that is maintains.
B. We do not mean by the rights the grant of some historic conditions possessed in
the childhood, but lost in the process of time.
C. Rights in fact are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in
general to be himself at his best.
D. Rights are the legal opportunities for a successful life.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
1 A, B, C only 2 A, C, D only
▪ These lines are taken from Harold J. Laski’s book, A Grammar of Politics.
▪ But, this statement – D. “Rights are the legal opportunities for a successful life.” is NOT given by Laski.
SOURCES
1 G. C. Sen 2 A Hanson
3 J. Cohen 4 P. Samuelson
DIRECT
(NEW
THINKERS)
POLITICAL THEORY
1 G. C. Sen 2 A Hanson
3 J. Cohen 4 P. Samuelson
EXPLANATION
6. Who among the following scholars had levelled the criticism against
J.S. Mill that “we cannot separate two different compartments of
individual conduct”?
1 Barker 2 C. E. M Joad
3 L. T. Hobhouse 4 R. M. MacIver
DIRECT
(NEW
THINKERS)
POLITICAL THEORY
6. Who among the following scholars had levelled the criticism against
J.S. Mill that “we cannot separate two different compartments of
individual conduct”?
1 Barker 2 C. E. M Joad
3 L. T. Hobhouse 4 R. M. MacIver
EXPLANATION
▪ On the liberty of conduct, J.S. Mill draws a distinction between two types of actions of men: ‘Self-Regarding actions' and
‘Other-Regarding actions'.
▪ Mill advocates complete freedom of conduct for the individual in all matters not affecting the community, i.e. in the case
of ‘Self-Regarding actions'.
▪ However, in the case of ‘Other-Regarding actions', i.e. in matters which do affect the community, Mill argued for the
right of the community to coerce the individual if his conduct is prejudicial to its welfare.
▪ Thus, Mill defends complete freedom of conduct for the individual unless it adversely affects the community.
But the state could also interfere in the self-regarding action if it was thought to be very injurious to individual himself.
▪ Ernest Barker, in his book Principles of Social and Political Theory (1951), severely criticized Mill for separating the
conduct of individual into two parts—one which concerns others, and the other which merely concerns himself.
▪ Barker says, “We cannot separate two different compartments of individual conduct; but we can separate the sphere of
Society from that of the State. Because we cannot separate our individual conduct into two different compartments, and
because we are bound to regard the whole of our conduct as concerning others no less than ourselves, we have to admit
that the whole of our conduct is controllable—so far as the criterion of its concerning others is the criterion of judgment.”
▪ Barker suggested an alternative division of the conduct of individuals into the sphere of voluntary action managed by
society and regulated actions enforced by the state.
▪ Barker, in fact, has tried to shift Liberal theory from an Individualistic to a Pluralistic base.
SOURCES
3 C, A, B, D 4 D, C, B, A
FROM
NTA
PYQs POLITICAL THEORY
3 C, A, B, D 4 D, C, B, A
EXPLANATION
1 Plato 2 Hegel
3 Kant 4 S. D. Lawrence
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS
POLITICAL THEORY
1 Plato 2 Hegel
3 Kant 4 S. D. Lawrence
EXPLANATION
▪ At the core of Kant’s Cosmopolitan Democracy is the belief that the establishment of a World
Federation of Free Republics or Democracies would be the best means to achieve Perpetual Peace.
▪ Kant argued that Democracies, where power is vested in the hands of the People, are more inclined to
pursue Peaceful Relations with other nations. He believed that democracies, by their nature, would be less
likely to engage in aggressive wars and would prioritize diplomatic resolutions to conflicts.
▪ The three components of Kant’s hypothetical treaty for a Permanent Peace are –
▪ 1) First Definitive Article: The Civil Constitution of Every State shall be Republican.
▪ 2) Second Definitive Article: The Right of Nations shall be based on a Federation of Free States.
▪ 3) Third Definitive Article: Cosmopolitan Right shall be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality.
▪ NOTE :- Contemporary thinkers of Cosmopolitan Democracy are – Daniele Archibugi, David Held.
SOURCES
Source : Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy By Daniele Archibugi, David Held, Martin Köhler. Pg. 299,300.
TWO
NEW
CONCEPTS POLITICAL THEORY
AND THINKERS
▪ Sexual Politics – In the book Sexual Politics (1970), Kate Millett analysed the work
of male writers, from D. H. Lawrence to Norman Mailer, highlighting their use of
‘Sex’ to degrade and undermine Women.
▪ In her view, such literature reflects deeply patriarchal attitudes that pervade culture
and society at large, providing evidence that Patriarchy is a Historical and Social
Constant.
▪ The concept of Écriture Féminine advocates for a unique and distinct style of writing that arises from Women's
experiences, perspectives, and bodies. Cixous calls for women to reclaim their voices and identities by using language in
ways that break free from male-centered norms and conventions.
▪ According to Cixous, traditional Western literature has been predominantly written by men, with women often being
marginalized or portrayed through male perspectives. This creates a linguistic and cultural imbalance that suppresses
women's voices and perpetuates gender inequality.
▪ Écriture Féminine embraces fluidity, poetic expression, and ambiguity. It values emotions and intuition over strict logic
and reason, aiming to represent the complexity of women's experiences and perspectives.
▪ By embracing a more fluid and expressive language, Cixous believes women can reclaim their identities and challenge
oppressive gender norms.
SOURCES
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read In-Depth, Read Pointwise
All the Arguments made by a Thinker
▪ Mark Keywords to Identify Unique aspect of Each Concept
▪ To FOCUS ON –
UNIT – 1 ▪ Political Ideologies – Read Background and Types of Each
Ideology. Focus on Info given in the Boxes of Textbooks.
POLITICAL THEORY
▪ Reference Material :-
▪ Introduction to Political Theory by O.P. Gauba
▪ Contemporary Political Philosophy by Will Kymlicka
▪ Political Ideologies by Heywood
▪ Eduseeker’s Ebook Rapid Fire Revision.
WESTERN
POLITICAL
THOUGHT
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1. Who among the following thinkers hold the view that no citizen
should be sufficiently opulent to be able to purchase another and
none so poor as to be forced to sell himself?
1 Locke 2 Burke
3 Rousseau 4 Kant
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1. Who among the following thinkers hold the view that no citizen
should be sufficiently opulent to be able to purchase another and
none so poor as to be forced to sell himself?
1 Locke 2 Burke
3 Rousseau 4 Kant
EXPLANATION
▪ Rousseau had written these lines in his major work The Social Contract –
▪ “Equality . . . must not be understood to mean that power and riches should be equally divided between all, but that power should never
be so strong as to be capable of acts of violence, or exercised but in virtue of the exerciser's station, and under direction of the laws, and
that in regard to riches, no citizen should be sufficiently opulent to be able to purchase another and none so poor as to be forced to sell
himself. This supposes on the side of the great, moderation in wealth and position, and, on the side of the lower classes, moderation in
avarice and greed.”
▪ Rousseau starts by dispelling the notion that equality implies an exact equal distribution of power and wealth.
▪ Absolute equality in these aspects is not what he advocates.
▪ Rousseau stresses the importance of limiting the concentration of power. He believes that no individual or group should hold such
overwhelming authority that they can use it to perpetrate violence or suppress the rights and freedoms of others. Instead, power should
be exercised responsibly and in accordance with General Will.
▪ Rousseau's concern here is with economic inequality. He argues against extreme wealth that could enable some individuals to have
control over others as if they were commodities to be bought and sold. Similarly, he opposes extreme poverty that would force people
into situations of desperation, leading them to sell their labor or services in degrading conditions.
▪ To achieve this vision of a just society, Rousseau calls for moderation on both sides.
▪ Therefore, for Rousseau it is not necessary that everyone be absolutely equal to everyone else, it is sufficient that no one single group
become so rich or so powerful that it can dominate others. Relative equality rather than absolute equality is Rousseau's goal.
SOURCES
Source : Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson. Pg. 238.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
2. Which among the following thinkers hold the view that, liberty is destroyed
because the propertied classes possess the power to dominate others?
A. Rousseau
B. Marx
C. Locke
D. Engels
2. Which among the following thinkers hold the view that, liberty is destroyed
because the propertied classes possess the power to dominate others?
A. Rousseau
B. Marx
C. Locke
D. Engels
Source : Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson. Pg. 224.
FROM
(ORIGINAL
TEXT) WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1 A, C, D only 2 A, B, C, D only
1 A, C, D only 2 A, B, C, D only
▪ "Progress" depends on a specific mentality, in the constitution of which are involved certain historically determined
cultural elements: "becoming" is a philosophical concept from which "progress" can be absent.
▪ Gramsci explains that the idea of "progress" is tied to a particular mentality or worldview, shaped by historical and
cultural factors. It reflects a belief in moving forward, achieving improvement, and measuring development in
quantitative and qualitative terms.
▪ In contrast, "becoming" as a philosophical concept goes beyond these specific historical and cultural determinants. It
concerns the broader notion of transformation, change, and evolution, but without necessarily adhering to the idea of
linear progress or improvement.
EXPLANATION
▪ In essence, Gramsci is distinguishing between “Progress" as an ideology with specific historical and cultural associations,
emphasizing notions of improvement and growth,
▪ and “Becoming" as a more abstract philosophical concept that involves change and transformation without necessarily
being tied to the idea of linear progress or quantifiable improvement.
SOURCES
Source : Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Pg. 358,359.
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
4. Who has stated that the idea of “praxis” is most clearly developed
in a short eleven paragraphs or thesis, that Marx had written to
himself in 1845?
1 H. J. Laski 2 B. R. Nelson
3 J. Wood 4 R. E. Lenser
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
4. Who has stated that the idea of “praxis” is most clearly developed
in a short eleven paragraphs or thesis, that Marx had written to
himself in 1845?
1 H. J. Laski 2 B. R. Nelson
3 J. Wood 4 R. E. Lenser
EXPLANATION
Source : Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson. Pg. 343.
FROM
NTA
PYQs
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
3 Glaucon 4 Polybius
FROM
NTA
PYQs
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
3 Glaucon 4 Polybius
EXPLANATION
▪ What is the meaning of Ascetic ?
▪ The term "ascetic" refers to a lifestyle or practice characterized by self-discipline and abstention from all
forms of indulgence, and simplicity. It is associated with staying away from all worldly pleasures,
material possessions, and physical comforts.
▪ Plato in his book ‘The Republic’ was deeply concerned with the concept of justice and believed that societal
harmony could only be achieved if individuals were in balance and devoid of excessive desires. He argued
that excessive material possessions and wealth could lead to greed, envy, and inequality, ultimately
disrupting the social fabric of the state.
▪ By removing the accumulation of wealth and possessions, Plato sought to create a society where everyone
focused on cultivating their virtues and contributing to the common good rather than pursuing individual
interests.
▪ It must be noted, that Plato’s communism applies only to the ruling elite, not to the vast majority of the
population. The artisans will be allowed to own private property and to have their families. The only purpose
of Plato's ascetic communism was to remove the objects of desire, not to distribute them more equitably.
SOURCES
Source : Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson. Pg. 32.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
▪ The Given Books matched with their respective Authors are as follows :-
➢ On Violence – Hannah Arendt
➢ Reason and Revolution – Herbert Marcuse
➢ Where Do We Go From Here – Martin Luther King Jr.
➢ The Conservative Mind : From Burke to Eliot – Russell Kirk
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
7. Who has stated that, if life only were the object, slaves and brute
animals might form a state?
1 Plato 2 Aristotle
7. Who has stated that, if life only were the object, slaves and brute
animals might form a state?
1 Plato 2 Aristotle
▪ For Aristotle, Politics is the highest expression of human's sociability and naturally the Polis or City-State is the space
where citizens can exhibit a greater degree of virtue (free-speech) than in their household or village.
▪ This is so because the Polis allows for the expression of reasoned action to a greater degree. This is why Aristotle argues
that slaves and animals cannot form a state. They lack free choice, therefore, cannot engage in any reasoned action.
▪ As a consequence, they cannot attain virtue. And since a virtuous life is the basis for a happy life - slaves or animals can
have no share in genuine human happiness.
▪ But, why does Aristotle assume that reasoned action can only occur in within the State? Why not within the household or
village? The reason is that in Subordinate communities - particularly the household, free choice is severely limited.
The function of the household is to maintain biological existence - eat, sleep and procreate.
▪ But, the State for Aristotle - is above mere biology. The State exists not only for the sake of life only, but it exists for the
arranging the conditions of good life. The State is a public arena in which people come together to make decision
affecting the whole community for good or evil. This requires, debate - in essence - free speech.
SOURCES
Source : Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson. Pg. 57.
NEW TYPE
(BOOK’s
DETAILS Qs) WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1 A, B, D, C 2 D, B, C, A
3 A, C, B, D 4 C, D, A, B
NEW TYPE
(BOOK’s
DETAILS Qs) WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1 A, B, D, C 2 D, B, C, A
3 A, C, B, D 4 C, D, A, B
EXPLANATION
▪ Thomas Hobbes book Leviathan is written in Four Parts –
▪ Part I – Of Man
▪ Part II – Of Commonwealth
▪ Part III – Of a Christian Commonwealth
▪ Part IV – Of the Kingdom of Darkness
▪ Now, in Part I – the Correct Sequence of Chapters are –
▪ I: Of Sense
▪ II: Of Imagination
▪ III: Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations
▪ IV: Of Speech
▪ V: Of Reason and Science
▪ How to Solve these type of Questions ?
▪ Along with Year-wise Chronological order of Books and Authors ✓
Do Prepare Notes On The Most Important Works ✓
See if some famous thinker has written the Preface, See the Chapters, See the Contents ✓
(Don’t do this for all books . . . Only Cover The Most Important Books from Each Thinker ✓ )
SOURCES
9. Frantz Fanon’s book ‘Black Skin, White Masks’ includes following chapters:
A. The Negro and language
B. The Negro and culture
C. The Negro and Psychopathology
D. The Negro and Recognition
9. Frantz Fanon’s book ‘Black Skin, White Masks’ includes following chapters:
A. The Negro and language
B. The Negro and culture
C. The Negro and Psychopathology
D. The Negro and Recognition
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Cover Books and Authors – Year-wise Chronological Order
▪ Cover Major Books and their Themes, Contents, Imp. details
▪ Remember Keywords from Rapid Fire Revision ebook to use
in elimination method questions.
UNIT – 2
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Prepare from One Standard Textbook for WPT
WESTERN ▪ Prepare from Rapid Fire Revision Guidebook for WPT
POLITICAL
THOUGHT
▪ Reference Material :-
▪ From Plato to Marx by Sushila Ramaswamy.
▪ Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of
Ideology by Brian R. Nelson.
▪ Eduseeker’s Ebook Rapid Fire Revision.
INDIAN
POLITICAL
THOUGHT
DIRECT
(NEW
BOOK)
INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
▪ The book Envoy to Nehru is a personal account of Reid's time in India, and it also
provides a detailed analysis of the special relationship that developed between
Canada and India during those years.
▪ Reid argues that the Canadian-Indian relationship was based on a common resistance
to the Cold War hysteria of the United States. He also credits the trust that developed
between Lester Pearson, the Canadian Prime Minister, and Jawaharlal Nehru,
the Indian Prime Minister, for the success of the two countries in working together on
issues such as the Korean War armistice (1953).
SOURCES
▪ Politically, Sarvodaya sought to establish a truly decentralized democracy that went beyond the democratic
elitism of the West and ensured what JP called Panchayati Raj or ‘Swaraj from below’.
▪ In Jayaprakash Narayan’s vision for Panchayati democracy under the idea of Sarvodaya, the way local
governance would work organically - is like this :
▪ 1. The basic unit is the Gram Sabha or Nagar Sabha, which is a gathering of all adults in a village, town, or
neighborhood.
▪ 2. From this Gram/Nagar Sabha, two different systems of government are formed at higher levels.
▪ 3. The first system is a three-tier local self-government. The Gram Sabha indirectly chooses the Panchayat
Samitis, which are assemblies representing a group of villages. And these Panchayat Samitis indirectly
choose the Zila Parishads, which are district-level assemblies.
▪ 4. The second system of legislative institutions that comes from the Gram/Nagar Sabha includes the Vidhan
Sabha (state assembly) and Lok Sabha (national parliament). These are elected through a three-step process.
SOURCES
Source : Indian Political Thought by M.P. Singh and Himanshu Roy . Pg. 266 .
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
▪ “The nature of Gandhi’s truth facilitates dialogues” – because Gandhi believed that truth is not something
that is possessed by one person or group. Truth is something that is shared by all people, and it can only be
found through dialogue and discussion. When people engage in dialogue, they are opening themselves up to
the possibility of learning from each other and of seeing the world from different perspectives. This can help
to break down misunderstandings and to build trust.
▪ “The quest for truth is a shared exercise” – Gandhi's philosophy emphasizes that the search for truth is a
collaborative effort. He believed that no one person or party possesses the ultimate truth, but it's through
the collective exploration of ideas and perspectives that a deeper understanding emerges. This shared quest
for truth brings people together and fosters a sense of unity and empathy.
EXPLANATION
▪ “In such a dialogue parties are constructed as the adversary” – This statement is false because Gandhi's idea
of dialogue and Satyagraha focused on finding common ground and understanding, rather than constructing
adversaries. He did not see the parties to a conflict as adversaries, but rather as fellow human beings who
are trying to find a solution to a problem. He believed that through open and respectful dialogue, even those
with differing viewpoints could come together to address conflicts and challenges.
▪ When people engage in dialogue, they are opening themselves up to the possibility of being changed by the
other person. They are also acknowledging that the other person has something valuable to contribute to
the conversation.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS
INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
▪ In Poona the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics held an annual event to celebrate what they call the
Founder's Day. They invite someone to give a talk on a topic related to politics or economics.
▪ In 1939, Dr. Gadgil asked Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to deliver a speech. The invitation was accepted by
Dr. Ambedkar, and the subject he chose for the speech was – the Federal Scheme.
▪ The speech covered two main parts: (1) the Structure of the Federation and (2) a Critique of that Structure.
▪ On January 29, 1939, the speech was delivered at Gokhale Hall in Poona. Later, Dr. Ambedkar decided to publish the
entire speech and his notes as a book – ‘Federation Versus Freedom’.
▪ This book deals with the Following Chapters: Birth and Growth of the Federation, Structure of the Federation,
Powers of the Federation, Character of the Federation, Benefits of the Federation, The Bane of the Federation,
Fatality of the Federation, Federation without the States, Federation from different Points of View.
SOURCES
5. According to Kautilya, which among the following six methods of foreign policy is
applied by the would-be conqueror to the element of his Circle of States?
A. Making peace
B. Remaining non-violent
C. Staying quiet
D. Seeking support
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 A, B, C, D only 2 A, B, C only
3 B, C, D only 4 A, C, D only
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
5. According to Kautilya, which among the following six methods of foreign policy is
applied by the would-be conqueror to the element of his Circle of States?
A. Making peace
B. Remaining non-violent
C. Staying quiet
D. Seeking support
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 A, B, C, D only 2 A, B, C only
3 B, C, D only 4 A, C, D only
EXPLANATION
▪ Option B is incorrect because Kautilya didn't advocate for a policy of remaining non-violent in his writings on foreign
policy. Instead, his approach to foreign policy was characterized by pragmatic realism and the use of power and strategy
to achieve the interests of the state.
▪ According to Kautilya’s Shadguna Niti, The Six Fold or Six Methods of Foreign Policy are as follows :-
▪ The King can adopt following options depending on situation
▪ 1. Sandhi (Treaty): If enemy is strong, go for sandhi. Ex: Shimla agreement (Pak-Ind).
▪ 2. Vighra: Break sandhi when you become strong.
▪ 3. Aasana (to sit): Stationing of forces near enemy's territory.
▪ 4. Yana (Movement): Military exercices near enemy territory.
▪ 5. Samashrya (Objective): Join hands with those who have similar objectives. Ex: Quad (to contain china).
▪ 6. Dvaidhbhava (Dual Policy): Friendship with one, enemity with other. Don't go for war at two fronts.
▪ Therefore, in the context of the given options, Kautilya's approach would align more with options A, C, and D.
Making peace (Option A) could be used strategically to consolidate power and resources, Staying quiet (Option C) might
be employed to gather information and avoid unnecessary conflict, and Seeking support (Option D) would involve
diplomatic maneuvers to form alliances and strengthen the state's position.
SOURCES
Source : Political Thought in Modern India by Thomas Pantham and Kenneth L Deutsch . Pg. 194.
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
7. Who said, “the truth is that the spirit of conflict and conquest is at
the origin and in the centre of the western nationalism’?
7. Who said, “the truth is that the spirit of conflict and conquest is at
the origin and in the centre of the western nationalism’?
Source : Political Thought in Modern India by Thomas Pantham and Kenneth L Deutsch . Pg. 183.
DIRECT
(NEW
QUOTES)
INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
8. Who said, ‘Radicalism thinks in terms neither of nation nor class, its
concern is man; it concerns freedom as freedom of the individual’?
8. Who said, ‘Radicalism thinks in terms neither of nation nor class, its
concern is man; it concerns freedom as freedom of the individual’?
▪ He thought it's important not to place the individual under the control of a nation or a social group. Roy
rejected both the Congress party's focus on nationalism and the Communists' emphasis on class struggle.
▪ He said that Radical Humanism doesn't think in terms of nations or social classes; it's concerned with people
as individuals. According to Roy, freedom should be about the individual's freedom. He thought that
individuals shouldn't lose their uniqueness by getting absorbed into the identity of a nation or a social class.
▪ Roy didn't see much difference between a nation-controlled state and a class-controlled state. He believed
that both kinds of states limit individual freedom. He noted that modern democratic states still tend to
prioritize the collective identity of a nation or a class over the freedom of individuals.
SOURCES
1 A, B, C & D 2 B, A, D & C
3 A, D, B & C 4 A, B, D & C
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
1 A, B, C & D 2 B, A, D & C
3 A, D, B & C 4 A, B, D & C
EXPLANATION
▪ J.P. Narayan – Sampurna Kranti – The idea of Sampurna Kranti was first evolved by Vinoba Bhave during the 1960s and
this idea was later picked up by JP in 1975 against the emergency measures taken by the Indira Gandhi govt. JP did not
want to bring cosmetic reforms in the country. He wanted a Total Revolution in India – to transform the
socio-eco-political, cultural, spiritual and educational life of the people of India. Total Revolution would decentralize
all powers in the hands of the masses.
▪ Ram Manohar Lohia – Chaukhamba Model – Lohia’s concept of the four-pillar state is the manifestation of
decentralization of political and administrative power in the village, district, province and the center level.
▪ V.D. Savarkar – Hindu Rashtra – In Savarkar's perspective, a Hindu Rashtra would be a society and political system where
Hindu culture, traditions, and way of life would hold a central place. It emphasizes the cultural, religious, and historical
heritage of Hindus as the basis for shaping the nation's identity and ethos.
SOURCES
Source : Rapid Fire Revision ebook (Eduseeker). Pg . 61, 68 , 72 . -&- Indian Political Thought (Eduseeker) . Pg. 135 .
HOW TO PREPARE FOR DECEMBER EXAM 2023 ?
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read Timeline of Major Incidents, Events of IPT Thinkers
▪ Revise Books in Chronological Order from Revision ebook
▪ Stick to One Book. Get All the Concepts Clear. Get All The
Keywords Clear. Revise Books in Chronological Order Always.
UNIT – 3
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Major Keywords Given By Each IPT Thinker
INDIAN ▪ Focus on the 2-3 Unique Keywords given by each Thinker
POLITICAL
THOUGHT
▪ Reference Material :- (Select Any One)
▪ Indian Political Thought by Himanshu Roy and MP Singh.
▪ Political Thought in Modern India by Pantham and Deutsch.
▪ Eduseeker’s Indian Political Thought (Detail) Ebook,
Eduseeker’s Ebook Rapid Fire Revision (IPT).
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS
DIRECT
NEW
CONCEPTS
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
▪ He believed that people's decisions are based on weighing the costs and benefits for themselves.
▪ In his 1965 book "The Logic of Collective Action" Olson argued that people are more likely to join groups that offer
specific rewards that they personally value (selective incentives).
▪ With the help of the concept of Rational choice, Olson suggests that only groups which offers individual benefits would
succeed.
▪ While groups offering benefits for the general public (public goods) would struggle to attract members, as these benefits
aren't tied to a person's membership.
▪ In other words, Olson suggested that people are more motivated to join groups that directly benefit them, rather than
those that offer benefits to everyone.
SOURCES
3 B, D, C, A 4 B, A, C, D
INDIRECT
NOT
MENTIONED COMPARATIVE POLITICS
IN SYLLABUS
3 B, D, C, A 4 B, A, C, D
EXPLANATION
Source : Comparative Politics by Daniele Caramani . Pg. 168 , 169 . Source : National Archives.
Home > Milestone Documents > Articles of Confederation (1777)
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS COMPARATIVE POLITICS
4. Which of the following are the basic features of Eric Hobsbawm’s theory of nationalism
in Europe?
A. There are three phases of nationalism that have shaped states in Western countries.
B. He defines nationalism, for instance as reinventing traditions.
C. He identifies petty bourgeoisie as a group that advocated separatist nationalism.
D. He ignored the emergence of ethno-linguistic nationalism in East and West Europe.
4. Which of the following are the basic features of Eric Hobsbawm’s theory of nationalism
in Europe?
A. There are three phases of nationalism that have shaped states in Western countries.
B. He defines nationalism, for instance as reinventing traditions.
C. He identifies petty bourgeoisie as a group that advocated separatist nationalism.
D. He ignored the emergence of ethno-linguistic nationalism in East and West Europe.
▪ The petty bourgeoisie were often the driving force behind separatist nationalism in Europe for a number of factors –
▪ 1. They were often excluded from political power. In many European countries, the merchant class was not allowed to
participate in government. This was because they were not considered to be part of the traditional ruling class. As a
result, they felt that they had no say in how their countries were run.
▪ 2. They were also often taxed very heavily. The merchant class was often taxed heavily by the government. This was
because they were seen as being wealthy. The high taxes made it difficult for merchants to do business and to grow their
businesses.
▪ 3. And they wanted to promote free trade for their own benefit. The merchant class wanted to be able to trade freely
with other countries. However, many European countries had restrictions on trade. These restrictions made it difficult for
merchants to do business and to grow their businesses.
▪ These were the reasons why Petty bourgeoisie became a driving force behind many of the Revolutions in the form of
Separatist Nationalism that took place in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries.
DIRECT
NEW
THINKER COMPARATIVE POLITICS
1 Anglo-Saxon Regime
2 Scandinavian social democratic regime
3 Conservative continental regime
4 Australian regime
DIRECT
NEW
THINKER COMPARATIVE POLITICS
1 Anglo-Saxon Regime
2 Scandinavian social democratic regime
3 Conservative continental regime
4 Australian regime
EXPLANATION
▪ The context of this Question is on – Types of Welfare State Models given by Richard Titmuss –
▪ In the late 1950s, Richard Titmuss gave a three-fold model of Types of Welfare State regimes as follows :
Welfare State
Regimes
6. Which of the following statements given by Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan are true?
A. Both civil society and political society are complementary to each other.
B. The complimentary is always recognized.
C. Rule of law is condition for consolidation of democracy.
D. Modern consolidated democracies have pure market economies only.
E. Modern democracies must have effective capacity to command, regulate and extract.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A, C and E only 2 A and B only
6. Which of the following statements given by Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan are true?
A. Both civil society and political society are complementary to each other.
B. The complimentary is always recognized.
C. Rule of law is condition for consolidation of democracy.
D. Modern consolidated democracies have pure market economies only.
E. Modern democracies must have effective capacity to command, regulate and extract.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A, C and E only 2 A and B only
Source : Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation by Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan . Pg. 8,9,10,11 .
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS COMPARATIVE POLITICS
8. Which of the following principles are used to study the ‘attitudes of people’ i.e.
political culture in comparative politics?
A. Riker’s strategic principle
B. Converse principle
C. Robinson’s principle
D. Gallagher’s least square index
E. Rae’s fractionalization index
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 B and C only 2 C and E only
8. Which of the following principles are used to study the ‘attitudes of people’ i.e.
political culture in comparative politics?
A. Riker’s strategic principle
B. Converse principle
C. Robinson’s principle
D. Gallagher’s least square index
E. Rae’s fractionalization index
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 B and C only 2 C and E only
▪ They help us to understand how people's attitudes are related to each other, and how those attitudes may differ at the
aggregate and individual levels.
▪ By comparing the values of people in different countries, we can learn about the different political cultures that exist
around the world. This information can be used to understand why countries have different political systems and why
they make different political decisions.
▪ Converse principle : It states that there is a high correlation between different value orientations. This means that people
who have similar views on one political issue are likely to have similar views on other political issues. For example, people
who believe in democracy are also likely to believe in individual rights and limited government.
▪ Robinson's principle : It states that macro values may deviate from micro values. This means that the values that people
express at the aggregate level (e.g., the national level) may not be the same as the values that people express at the
individual level. For example, a survey may find that a majority of people in a country support democracy, but when you
look at individual respondents, you may find that many people have contradictory views about democracy.
SOURCES
Can Explain how Rational Can Explain how Regular Can Explain how Political Explain how Ideas and
Actors pursue their Patterns and Routines are institutions are shaped by Discourse shape
preferences in institutions formed from intentional Cultural Political Action in
through decisions and specific Norms and Frames institutional context
‘Logic of Calculation’ historical circumstances through through
through ‘Logic of Appropriateness’ ‘Logic of Communication’
‘Logic of Path-dependency’
Source : The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics. Pg . 127, 129, 130 , 132 .
HOW TO PREPARE FOR DECEMBER EXAM 2023 ?
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read Pointwise All the Arguments made by a Thinker
▪ Mark Keywords to Identify Unique aspect of Each Thinker
▪ Cover NOT Just Facts, Prepare also the in-depth Points
UNIT – 4
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ To Select One Very Good Quality Textbook for CP. Stick to
One Book and Read it Thoroughly (2x times).
COMPARATIVE ▪ To Prepare New Thinkers along with Classical CP thinkers
POLITICS
▪ Reference Material :-
▪ Oxford Comparative Politics by Daniele Caramani, or
▪ Theoretical Foundations of Comparative Politics by Sushila
Ramaswamy, or Eduseeker’s Ebook Rapid Fire Revision (CP).
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
DIRECT
NTA
PYQs
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 A, B, C and D 2 B, C, A and D
3 D, C, A and B 4 C, D, B and A
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
EVENTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 A, B, C and D 2 B, C, A and D
3 D, C, A and B 4 C, D, B and A
EXPLANATION
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
▪ There are Two points in the Question that justify in favour of Humanitarian intervention and two points that cannot
justify the cause of Humanitarian intervention.
▪ National Interests – Realists argue that countries only care about their own benefits, so when they say they're using
military force for humanitarian reasons, they're probably lying for political reasons. On the other hand, if an
intervention were genuinely humanitarian, the state engaging in humanitarian question would be putting its own
citizens at risk to ‘save strangers’, violating its own national interests of protecting its own people.
▪ Moral Pluralism – Humanitarian intervention can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism, in that it is based on an
essentially Western notion of human rights that may not be applicable in other parts of the world. There are deep
historical, cultural, and religious differences which makes it impossible to establish universal guidelines for the
behaviour of governments, it's hard to just set one set of rules that everyone should follow. This makes it really
tough to decide when it's okay to intervene in a situation.
SOURCES
Arguments in
FAVOUR of
Humanitarian
Intervention
Arguments
AGAINST
Humanitarian
Intervention
▪ Robert Cox – “Interaction between social forces, forms of state and world orders” – Robert Cox theorizes that there is a
complex and dynamic relationship between three elements: social forces, forms of state, and world orders.
▪ The term ‘social forces’ is shorthand for the process of capitalist production.
▪ ‘Forms of state’ point to the ways in which states change in the interplay with the social forces of capitalist development.
▪ The term ‘world orders’ refers to the current organization of international relations, including relations between major
states and groups of states, the status of international law, and international institutions.
▪ These elements are intricately linked and influence one another.
▪ Robert Keohane – “Impact of international regimes on cooperation” – Keohane's main point is that international
cooperation doesn't solely depend on the presence of a hegemonic power.
▪ Instead, he argues that when countries have shared goals and interests, they can establish international regimes or
agreements that outline rules and guidelines for cooperation.
▪ Once these international institutions are set up, they continue to function independently, regardless of the states that
created them. These regimes have their own staying power and can continue to encourage cooperation among countries
even in situations where a hegemonic power is declining.
EXPLANATION
▪ Alexander Wendt – “Construction idea of social structures” – Wendt refers to the concept that the social structures
within a society, including institutions, systems, and relationships, are not inherent or naturally existing entities,
but rather they are shaped and brought into existence through human thought processes, beliefs, and interpretations.
▪ It emphasizes that these social structures are not merely the result of physical entities or material resources, but rather
they are formed and organized based on the ideas, concepts, and understandings that people have about these entities.
▪ Rob Walker – “Emphasis on continuity and repetition in social structures” – This quote refers to the criticism posed by
post-structuralist thinkers against neorealism. By highlighting the concept of "continuity and repetition,"
Rob Walker emphasizes how neorealism fails to account for the dynamic nature of social systems and their
potential for change.
▪ This perspective results in treating individual actors as passive entities bound to perpetuate existing structures, and it
prevents neorealism from effectively addressing the transformations and developments in international relations. The
criticism highlights the limitation of neorealism's ability to adapt to changing circumstances and explore alternative
possibilities beyond the rigid dichotomies it presents.
SOURCES
Source : Introduction to International Relations by Robert Jackson, Georg Sørensen, Jørgen Møller. Pg . 280,184,195,226 .
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
▪ The Idealist school of thought in international relations is based on the belief that international cooperation
and understanding can be achieved through the promotion of shared values and ideals, such as democracy,
human rights, and the rule of law.
▪ Idealists believe that the balance of power is a flawed system that leads to conflict and instability. They argue
that disarmament is a more effective way to ensure peace and security.
▪ Idealists argue that the balance of power is inherently unstable. As the distribution of power changes, it can
lead to shifts in alliances and alignments, which can increase the risk of conflict.
▪ Idealists argue that Disarmament can help to build trust and cooperation between states. When states
disarm, they are less likely to see each other as a threat, and they are more likely to work together to solve
common problems.
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 ECOSOC 2 UNEP
3 WHO 4 UNEF
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 ECOSOC 2 UNEP
3 WHO 4 UNEF
EXPLANATION
▪ The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is the principal global intergovernmental
body exclusively dedicated to the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of
women.
8. Which among the following statements represents the principles 8. निम्ननिखित में से कौि सा कथि न्याय संगत युद्ध के नसद्धांत ं का
of Just War? प्रनतनिनित्व करता है ?
A. War as the last resort A. अंनतम उपाय के रूप में युद्ध ।
B. The purpose of war is revenge B. युद्ध का प्रय जि प्रनतश ि है।
C. War must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims C. युद्ध अनिवाययत: िैनतक रूप से स्वीकायय िक्ष् ं के आिार पर ही
घ नित नकया जािा चानहए।
D. A wholesale invasion is a justifiable response to a border
incursion D. युद्ध के फिस्वरूप हानि से अनिक िाभ ह िा चानहए।
E. ??? E. समग्रत: बडे स्तर पर आक्रमण सीमा पर ह िे वािे आक्रमण की
न्याय नचत अिुनक्रया है।
Choose the most appropriate answer from the questions given
below: िीचे निए गए नवकल् ं में से सही उत्तर का चयि कीनजए:
8. Which among the following statements represents the principles 8. निम्ननिखित में से कौि सा कथि न्याय संगत युद्ध के नसद्धांत ं का
of Just War? प्रनतनिनित्व करता है ?
A. War as the last resort A. अंनतम उपाय के रूप में युद्ध ।
B. The purpose of war is revenge B. युद्ध का प्रय जि प्रनतश ि है।
C. War must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims C. युद्ध अनिवाययत: िैनतक रूप से स्वीकायय िक्ष् ं के आिार पर ही
घ नित नकया जािा चानहए।
D. The outcome of war should be more benefit than loss.
D. युद्ध के फिस्वरूप हानि से अनिक िाभ ह िा चानहए।
E. A wholesale invasion is a justifiable response to a border
incursion E. समग्रत: बडे स्तर पर आक्रमण सीमा पर ह िे वािे आक्रमण की
न्याय नचत अिुनक्रया है।
Choose the most appropriate answer from the questions given
below: िीचे निए गए नवकल् ं में से सही उत्तर का चयि कीनजए:
8. Which among the following statements represents the principles 8. निम्ननिखित में से कौि सा कथि न्याय संगत युद्ध के नसद्धांत ं का
of Just War? प्रनतनिनित्व करता है ?
A. War as the last resort A. अंनतम उपाय के रूप में युद्ध ।
B. The purpose of war is revenge B. युद्ध का प्रय जि प्रनतश ि है।
C. War must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims C. युद्ध अनिवाययत: िैनतक रूप से स्वीकायय िक्ष् ं के आिार पर ही
घ नित नकया जािा चानहए।
D. The outcome of war should be more benefit than loss.
D. युद्ध के फिस्वरूप हानि से अनिक िाभ ह िा चानहए।
E. A wholesale invasion is a justifiable response to a border
incursion E. समग्रत: बडे स्तर पर आक्रमण सीमा पर ह िे वािे आक्रमण की
न्याय नचत अिुनक्रया है।
Choose the most appropriate answer from the questions given
below: िीचे निए गए नवकल् ं में से सही उत्तर का चयि कीनजए:
▪ Now let us see which statements are correct and incorrect – in the context of Principles of Just War :-
▪ These Statements are True –
“War as the last resort.”
“War must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims.”
“The outcome of war should be more benefit than loss.”
▪ These Statements are False –
“The purpose of war is revenge.”
“A wholesale invasion is a justifiable response to a border incursion.”
EXPLANATION
▪ In the context of Principles of Just War :-
▪ These Statements are True –
▪ “War as the last resort.” – All non-violent options must have been exhausted before force can be justified. This is
sometimes seen as the principle of necessity.
▪ “War must be declared on the basis of normally acceptable aims.” – This principle is called Right intention - War must be
prosecuted on the basis of aims that are morally acceptable rather than revenge or the desire to inflict harm.
▪ “The outcome of war should be more benefit than loss.” – There should be a reasonable prospect of success.
War should not be fought in a hopeless cause, in which life is expended for no purpose or benefit.
10. Which of the following statement represent the impact of Globalisation on Terrorism?
A. Globalisation has permitted exchange of ideas and goods which is exploited by terrorist
groups.
B. The internet has allowed terrorists to recruit new followers.
C. New technologies allow terrorists to operate in highly distributed network.
D. Insurgent and terrorist groups in Iraq and Syria have not built sophisticated improvised
explosive devices (IEDs) despite global access to resources.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A, B, C and D only 2 B and C only
3 A, B, C only 4 A, B, D only
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
10. Which of the following statement represent the impact of Globalisation on Terrorism?
A. Globalisation has permitted exchange of ideas and goods which is exploited by terrorist
groups.
B. The internet has allowed terrorists to recruit new followers.
C. New technologies allow terrorists to operate in highly distributed network.
D. Insurgent and terrorist groups in Iraq and Syria have not built sophisticated improvised
explosive devices (IEDs) despite global access to resources.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A, B, C and D only 2 B and C only
3 A, B, C only 4 A, B, D only
EXPLANATION
Source : The Globalization of World Politics by Baylis and Smith. Pg. 460 .
DIRECT
NEW
FACTS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
▪ The climate agreement that does not outline country-specific emission targets but emphasizes climate change mitigation
is the 2015 Paris Agreement.
▪ The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). It aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit
it to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
▪ While the Paris Agreement requires all participating countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs)
outlining their climate actions and targets, it does not enforce specific emission reduction targets for individual countries.
▪ Instead, it operates on a bottom-up approach, allowing each country to set its own goals based on its capabilities and
circumstances.
▪ This flexibility was designed to encourage broader global participation and engagement in the effort to combat climate
change.
SOURCES
Source : Introduction to International Relations by Robert Jackson, Georg Sørensen, Jørgen Møller. Pg . 318.
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
ECO. EVENTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 D, B, C and A 2 B, D, A and C
3 A, B, C and D 4 D, B, A and C
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
ECO. EVENTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 D, B, C and A 2 B, D, A and C
3 A, B, C and D 4 D, B, A and C
EXPLANATION
▪ Assertion (A) – Economic globalization refers to the interconnectedness and integration of economies around
the world through the movement of goods, services, capital, technology, and information across borders.
The argument here is that when economies are interconnected, it can lead to greater efficiency,
specialization, and increased access to markets. This, in turn, can potentially increase economic growth,
create jobs, and improve living standards, contributing to prosperity and opportunities for a broader range of
people.
▪ Reasoning (R) – A market-based economy relies on supply and demand forces to determine prices and
allocate resources, which can lead to increased efficiency, innovation, and competition. The reason further
claims that this open, market-based economy brings social and political benefits. These conditions promotes
prosperity and opportunity for all.
Source : Introduction to International Relations by Robert Jackson, Georg Sørensen, Jørgen Møller. Pg . 297.
HOW TO PREPARE FOR DECEMBER EXAM 2023 ?
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Cover Timelines and Key Concepts from A. Heywood
▪ Cover Featured Figures, FOCUS ON Boxes from A. Heywood
▪ To FOCUS ON –
UNIT – 5 ▪ Revise One Year’s Current Affairs in IR – Related to
Agreements, Conflicts, Summits.
▪ To Stick with One Good Textbook in IR and Update
INTERNATIONAL Yourself with Last 10 Year PYQs knowledge.
RELATIONS
▪ Reference Material :- (Any One Textbook + Guidebook)
▪ Global Politics by Andrew Heywood (3rd Edition).
▪ Globalization of World Politics by Baylis and Smith.
▪ Intro to International Relations by Jackson & Sørensen.
▪ Eduseeker’s International Relations Detailed IR Book.
▪ REMEMBER :- GET THE LATEST EDITION OF IR BOOKS.
INDIA’S
FOREIGN
POLICY
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
THINKERS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
▪ This makes sense given the importance of security in today's world. However, when terms like
“National Interest" or “National Security" become popular, they need careful examination. They might not
mean the same thing to everyone and might lack a clear definition. This popularity can lead to different
people using these terms to label their preferred policies, even if the labels are misleading.
▪ Arnold Wolfers points out that urging foreign policy based on national security interest is just as unclear and
deceptive as describing past actions. For such advice to be meaningful, it should specify how much security a
nation aims for and the methods to achieve it in a given situation. Sometimes it's wise to suggest more effort
and weapons, but in other cases, moderation and non-coercive methods might be better.
▪ Public opinions can easily swing from being overly confident to very concerned, so it's important to be
cautious of any simple solution, even one dressed up as realist policy focused solely on national security.
SOURCES
Source : The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy edited by David Malone, C. Raja Mohan, Srinath Raghavan. Pg. 37,38.
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
CONCEPTS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
3 B, C, D, E only 4 A, B, D, E only
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
CONCEPTS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
3 B, C, D, E only 4 A, B, D, E only
EXPLANATION
▪ Stephen Cohen in his book India – Emerging Power, discusses on the topic of India’s Strategic thought.
▪ Cohen says that after the breakdown of Nehruvian consensus in India’s foreign policy, there has been a significant rise of
Alternative perspectives on India’s security and foreign policy.
▪ There are two major branches of this Alternative perspectives :
▪ (a) Conservative-Realists. (from the Swatantra party)
▪ (b) Ideologically-Revitalist perspective. (from the RSS and supporters of Hindutva ideology)
▪ Now, in the context of the Question asked by NTA, Statements A, C, D, E are True
with regards to “Conservative-Realists” perspectives on India’s foreign policy.
▪ In the mid-1960s, the Swatantra party attempted to offer a classical conservative perspective on domestic and foreign
policy issues.
▪ It was led by the veteran Congress politician C. Rajagopalachari and - NOT by IK Gujral.
▪ Swatantra’s supporters were drawn from three major groups: former government bureaucrats, members of princely
families, and the business community.
▪ What united these disparate factions was a distaste for Nehru’s Fabian economics and nonalignment; they were more
sympathetic to the market and to private enterprise and were strong anticommunists.
SOURCES
▪ 2. The Country in question should support national independence movements in a consistent manner.
▪ 3. The Country should NOT be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of great
power conflicts.
▪ 4. If the Country has a bilateral military agreement with a great power or it is a member of a regional defense
pact, the agreement or pact should have not been concluded deliberately in the context of great power
conflicts.
▪ 5. If the Country has granted military bases to a foreign power, the concession should have NOT been made
in the context of great power conflicts.
SOURCES
Source : Members and other Participants of NAM Movement. Ministry of External Affairs.
Link : https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Members-and-other-participants.pdf
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Statement II : The structural logic of the global bipolar conflict gets reflected in the
regional bipolar conflict between India and Pakistan.
Statement II : The structural logic of the global bipolar conflict gets reflected in the
regional bipolar conflict between India and Pakistan.
Source : The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy edited by David Malone, C. Raja Mohan, Srinath Raghavan. Pg. 23,25.
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
FACTS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
5. Which of the following is not included in the list of India’s initiatives in support of the
US in strategic collaboration since 2001?
A. India did not offer support for US anti-terrorism mission in Afghanistan.
B. India expressed opposition to President Bush’s decision to withdraw from the ABM
Treaty.
C. India voted with the US at September 2005 International Atomic Energy Compliance
Board of Governors meeting to declare that Iran was non-compliant of NPT.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A only 2 B only
5. Which of the following is not included in the list of India’s initiatives in support of the
US in strategic collaboration since 2001?
A. India did not offer support for US anti-terrorism mission in Afghanistan.
B. India expressed opposition to President Bush’s decision to withdraw from the ABM
Treaty.
C. India voted with the US at September 2005 International Atomic Energy Compliance
Board of Governors meeting to declare that Iran was non-compliant of NPT.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
1 A only 2 B only
▪ India offered Unqualified support (100% complete support) for the US war in Afghanistan, including an offer
of use of numerous Indian military bases. Hence, Statement A is Wrong
▪ India remained silent on the US President President Bush’s decision to withdrawal from the ABM Treaty.
Hence, Statement B is also Wrong
▪ India vote with the US, and against Iran at the September 2005 IAEA Board of Governors meeting –
to declare that Iran is being ‘non-compliant’ with the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Hence, Statement C is Correct
▪ These are examples where India since 2001 has entered into a larger and long-term strategic relationship
with the US on convergent issues of strategic interests.
▪ Therefore, Statements A and B are not included, while C is included as per the Question NTA has asked.
SOURCES
Source : Challenge and Strategy: Rethinking India′s Foreign Policy by Rajiv Sikri. Pg. 189,190.
CURRENT
AFFAIRS
QUESTION
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Source : Non-Aligned Movement. Wikipedia. Source : Members and other Participants of NAM
Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement Movement. Ministry of External Affairs.
Link : https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Members-
and-other-participants.pdf
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
QUOTES
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
7. Who among the following Prime Ministers spoke about India’s approach
towards the US and Soviet Union drifting towards a Cold War as
“They are neighbours in Asia and inevitably we shall have to undertake many
common tasks and have much to do with each other.”
7. Who among the following Prime Ministers spoke about India’s approach
towards the US and Soviet Union drifting towards a Cold War as
“They are neighbours in Asia and inevitably we shall have to undertake many
common tasks and have much to do with each other.”
▪ Following the Second World War, Soviet leaders and media frequently discussed
India's political situation, openly endorsing its demand for independence.
▪ Jawaharlal Nehru conveyed India's regards to the Soviet Union in an All India
Radio broadcast on September 7, 1946, said – "They are our neighbours in Asia
and inevitably we shall have to undertake many common tasks and have much
to do with each other."
▪ These events set the stage for the subsequent relations between the two
countries during the Cold War era after India gained independence.
SOURCES
Source : India-Mongolia Relations: Beyond Greater Central Asia edited by Sureyya Yigit , Dr R Srinivasan. Pg . 8 .
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
FACTS INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
8. Rajiv Gandhi’s participation at the Six Nation Five Continent Peace Initiative
was a campaign :-
8. Rajiv Gandhi’s participation at the Six Nation Five Continent Peace Initiative
was a campaign :-
▪ PM Rajiv Gandhi attended this summit along with leaders from Argentina, Greece, Sweden, Mexico, Tanzania
▪ The Six-nation Initiative was a group formed in 1984 to lobby for Nuclear Disarmament amidst the Cold War
Arms Race.
▪ It is important to note that the Six-nation initiative, was initially started by PM Indira Gandhi in May 1984,
at a time when the dialogue between the major powers (USA & USSR) was at a standstill.
But it matured into an Action Plan only under the tenure of PM Rajiv Gandhi.
▪ PM Rajiv Gandhi said at the Stockholm Summit of the Six Nations Initiative – “the resources meant for
weaponry must be channeled for economic development and the pursuit of dominance must be replaced by
co-existence and cooperation.”
SOURCES
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read on Major Ongoing Themes in India’s Foreign Policy
▪ Eg :- Indian Ocean Region, Strategic Autonomy,
PM Modi’s Foreign Policy, Dr. Jaishankar’s contributions
UNIT – 6
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read News Paper Articles/Editorials in IFP – Related to
India’s Foreign Policy Agreements, Events, Summits.
INDIA’S
FOREIGN POLICY
▪ Reference Material :-
▪ Eduseeker’s A-Z of India’s Foreign Policy Detailed E-Book.
▪ Oxford Handbook of India’s Foreign Policy.
▪ For Current Affairs – The Hindu / Indian Express Editorials.
POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
OF INDIA
DIRECT
FIRST TIME POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
FACTS
Source : The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work by B.L. Shankar, Valerian Rodrigues. Pg . 39 .
DIRECT
NTA POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
PYQs
1 01-12-2014 2 01-01-2015
3 01-01-2016 4 01-12-2016
DIRECT
NTA POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
PYQs
1 01-12-2014 2 01-01-2015
3 01-01-2016 4 01-12-2016
EXPLANATION
▪ On January 1st 2015, the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was
established as the successor to the Planning Commission.
▪ It was created by an executive resolution of the Government of India (i.e., Union Cabinet).
▪ NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both
directional and policy inputs to the Government of India.
SOURCES
3 A, B, C, D 4 A, C, D, B
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
3 A, B, C, D 4 A, C, D, B
EXPLANATION
Source : Rapid Fire Revision Ebook (Eduseeker) . Pg. 163 and 164.
DIRECT
NTA POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
SYLLABUS
4. Which among the following is not included in the Right to Life under
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as interpreted by the
Supreme Court?
1 Right to suicide 2 Right to privacy
4. Which among the following is not included in the Right to Life under
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as interpreted by the
Supreme Court?
1 Right to suicide 2 Right to privacy
Source : INDIAN POLITICS: CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONING by M.P. SINGH, REKHA SAXENA. Pg. 243.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA
▪ While, Statement B - Short notice question is asked by giving a notice of less than 2 days. – is WRONG.
▪ It should be less than 10 days, not 2 days. A Short notice question is answered orally.
SOURCES
▪ All the three Statements are True with regards to Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India :-
▪ A. Under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996, International Commercial Arbitration can also
be initiated in the Supreme Court.
▪ B. The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction under Article 143.
▪ C. Article 32 of the Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court with
regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
SOURCES
▪ All the three Statements are True with regards to Central Information Commission (CIC) :-
▪ A. CIC was constituted through an official gazette notification under the provisions of the
RTI Act 2005.
▪ B. When CIC was constituted initially, it has five commissioners including Chief Information
Commissioners.
▪ C. The Chief Information Commissioner holds office for a period of three years from the
date on which he enters upon office.
SOURCES
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read Not Only Articles/Amendments but ALSO FOCUS ON
The Sub-points within these Articles.
▪ Prepare in-depth points for POLITY.
UNIT – 7
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Read ALWAYS in Chronological Order – Committees,
POLITICAL Articles, Amendments, Landmark Judgements.
INSTITUTIONS
OF INDIA
▪ Reference Material :-
▪ Eduseeker’s Rapid Fire Revision Ebook.
▪ Indian POLITY by M. Laxmikanth.
POLITICAL
PROCESSES
IN INDIA
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
QUOTES
POLITICAL PROCESSES IN INDIA
1. Who among the following argued that, “when NGOs are tied up
with social movements, they have occasionally changed their political
agendas”?
1 Neera Chandhoke 2 Gurpreet Mahajan
1. Who among the following argued that, “when NGOs are tied up
with social movements, they have occasionally changed their political
agendas”?
1 Neera Chandhoke 2 Gurpreet Mahajan
▪ The context of this question is how collaboration between NGOs and grassroots social movements can lead
to changes in the political agendas of the NGOs.
▪ When NGOs work together with local groups fighting for important causes, their plans for what they want to
achieve politically can change.
▪ Neera Chandhoke explains that when NGOs and these groups team up closely, the NGOs can adjust their
goals to match what the groups are trying to achieve.
▪ For instance, there’s an example she gives about ARCH-Vahini, an NGO that which focuses on areas of rural
health and development in Gujarat.
▪ At first, members of ARCH-Vahini supported the goals of the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) movement
that aimed to protect people from the dam project.
▪ But as time passed, ARCH-Vahini began to doubt the way the NBA leaders were doing things.
▪ This shift in their perspective led to accusations of having an ARCH-Vahini "NGO mindset", that is,
not understanding the local people's feelings.
▪ Therefore, this shows us that when NGOs get involved with these groups, their ideas about what they should
do politically can change based on how the group is working.
SOURCES
2. Which of the two factors enhanced the growth rate of Indian economy in the 1980s
as per Arvind Panagariya?
A. Attitudinal change amongst the policy makers.
B. Expert incentives for private companies. Export incentives
C. Political leadership was skeptical about import substitution industrialization
D. A more realistic exchange rate policy.
2. Which of the two factors enhanced the growth rate of Indian economy in the 1980s
as per Arvind Panagariya?
A. Attitudinal change amongst the policy makers.
B. Expert incentives for private companies. Export incentives
C. Political leadership was skeptical about import substitution industrialization
D. A more realistic exchange rate policy.
▪ The point regarding ‘Attitudinal change’ was put forth by Rodrik and Subramanian who criticized and challenged the
viewpoint of Arvind Panagariya.
▪ While they both agreed that there were some actions promoting 'liberalization' during the 1980s,
their argument is that the shift in policy during that time was more about changing the government's attitude towards
businesses and the private sector. It wasn't primarily driven by concrete policy changes aimed at making the economy
more liberal through either opening up to international trade or removing internal restrictions. These changes were
designed to help existing businesses make more money without putting them at risk of facing strong competition.
SOURCES
3 C, D, B, A 4 C, A, B, D
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL PROCESSES IN INDIA
3 C, D, B, A 4 C, A, B, D
EXPLANATION
▪ Rajni Kothari mentions that Indian National Congress (INC) party, started as a movement that fought for
India's independence, symbolizing a broader national struggle. However, as time went on, especially while
Nehru was still alive, the Congress party shifted from being primarily a movement with a broad focus to
becoming more focused on being a political party and a governing entity engaged in government affairs.
▪ Rajni Kothari further highlights that under Indira Gandhi's leadership, the transformation continued.
The Congress party's identity as a broad-based political party also gradually faded, and it became
increasingly synonymous with being in power as the government.
▪ Later, during the Emergency period (1975-1977), even the government's mechanisms seemed to dissolve,
leaving behind a more centralized and exclusive decision-making group, referred to as a "caucus.“
▪ Kothari calls this transformation – “The Indian party system appears to have moved full circle."
SOURCES
7. Which of the following statements have not been made by M.N. Srinivas regarding
Caste Politics in India?
have been made
A. There is horizontal solidarity of caste in India.
B. Modern technology created hurdles on the way to caste solidarity.
C. There was even vertical solidarity between castes.
D. There was competition amongst castes in political economic sphere.
7. Which of the following statements have not been made by M.N. Srinivas regarding
Caste Politics in India?
have been made
A. There is horizontal solidarity of caste in India.
B. Modern technology created hurdles on the way to caste solidarity.
C. There was even vertical solidarity between castes.
D. There was competition amongst castes in political economic sphere.
▪ The British administration's implementation of certain forms of representative politics played a significant role in
promoting the horizontal consolidation of caste groups. This was achieved through policies that granted power to local
self-governing bodies and offered preferences and concessions to the backward castes.
▪ These policies created new avenues for castes to enhance their influence. To capitalize on these opportunities, traditional
caste groups formed alliances, working together to create larger entities.
▪ This process, however, was not a one-sided affair. Parallelly, the caste system itself was undergoing changes.
▪ The increased horizontal solidarity among castes, driven by their competition for political and economic advantages,
gradually weakened the vertical solidarity of caste. In the past, this vertical solidarity meant that higher castes exercised
authority over lower ones.
▪ This transformation was further accelerated with the introduction of democratic politics after India gained independence.
The shift toward democratic governance and political representation further influenced the dynamics of caste
interactions, marking a significant change in the traditional system.
SOURCES
▪ The book "Remapping India : New States and Their Political Origins" by Louise Tillin
draws attention to two significant points :
▪ Firstly, it takes a look at the role of new social movements in contributing to the
decline of the Indian National Congress Party's dominance, particularly the concept
of 'one-party dominance,' starting from the early 1970s.
▪ Secondly, it highlights the emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as a
contender to the Congress's political supremacy, which became more pronounced
after 1980.
▪ Remapping India looks at the most recent episode of state creation in 2000, when
the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand came into being.
How their creation represented a new turn in the history of the country’s territorial
organisation.
▪ This book explains the politics that lay behind this episode of ‘post-linguistic’ state
re-organisation and what it means for the future design of India’s federal system.
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS POLITICAL PROCESSES IN INDIA
▪ Punjab – With The Punjab Reorganisation ▪ Ladakh – On 5th August 2019 with the
Act, 1966 - Three States Punjab, Haryana Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation
and Himachal Pradesh were established in Act Jammu & Kashmir became a UT
1966. with legislature and Ladakh became a
UT without legislature.
UNIT – 8 ▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Also Do Prepare Social Movements, Political Parties,
Reorganization of States in Chronological Order.
POLITICAL PROCESSES ▪ ALWAYS REMEMBER – To Prepare Factual Part in
IN INDIA Chronological Order format. Questions are framed like this.
3 A, D, C, B 4 D, A, B, C
DIRECT
NTA
PYQs PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
3 A, D, C, B 4 D, A, B, C
EXPLANATION
▪ 2. Coordination in the Early Stages: Effective coordination begins at the outset of any
project, preventing conflicts and ensuring a smooth workflow as tasks progress.
5. Who amongst these are meant to serve the shop floor according to Fredrick Taylor’s
functional foremanship in his scientific management theory?
A. Speed Boss
B. Repair Boss
C. Route clerk
D. Time clerk
E. Inspection foreman
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 C, D & E only 2 B, D & A only
5. Who amongst these are meant to serve the shop floor according to Fredrick Taylor’s
functional foremanship in his scientific management theory?
A. Speed Boss
B. Repair Boss
C. Route clerk
D. Time clerk
E. Inspection foreman
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1 C, D & E only 2 B, D & A only
▪ Functional Foremanship is a management system developed by F.W. Taylor in which the planning and
execution of work is divided among eight specialized supervisors.
▪ Of the Eight Functional Foremen – Four are responsible for Planning and sit in the Planning Room.
▪ The other Four Functional Foremen are responsible for Execution and serve on the Shop Floor.
▪ The goal of functional foremanship is to improve Efficiency and Productivity by having each worker receive
specialized instruction and supervision from the experts.
SOURCES
1 1887-1910 2 1910-1947
3 1947-1970 4 1970-1980
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
FACTS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1 1887-1910 2 1910-1947
3 1947-1970 4 1970-1980
EXPLANATION
▪ The 1880s were the seedtime the origins of the study of Public Administration.
▪ In the Exploratory Period (1887 – 1910) the primary focus of this period was on Reform
(managing the public service at minimal cost), administrative neutrality, politics-administration dichotomy
and introduction of certain courses related to public administration in certain universities.
▪ The major thrust of this period was on extension of administrative practice – which was believed to be a
necessary step in improving a government.
▪ When discussing a Prismatic Society, “Heterogeneity" refers to the coexistence of diverse structures.
▪ This means that within such a society, various elements with contrasting characteristics exist side by side.
This diversity extends to viewpoints and practices, even those that are diametrically opposite.
▪ The consequence of such parallel existence is that any societal change occurring within this prism of diversity
tends to be inconsistent, lacking in completeness, and unresponsive to uniform transformation.
▪ Riggs points out that one might observe the coexistence of highly modernized structures alongside deeply
traditional ones.
▪ For instance, Urban areas, influenced by Western patterns and trends, undergo a different trajectory
compared to rural regions, where traditional ways of life persist. This coexistence results in an uneven
developmental landscape.
▪ All these complexities gives rise to challenges and intricacies within the society's fabric where the level of
social change taking place within a prismatic society would be inconsistent, incomplete and unresponsive
from place to place.
Source : Administrative Theories and Management Thought by R.K. Sapru . Pg. 278 .
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
8. Who among the following has written the books ‘Public Policy
Reexamined’ and ‘Design for Policy Sciences’?
8. Who among the following has written the books ‘Public Policy
Reexamined’ and ‘Design for Policy Sciences’?
▪ Yehezkel Dror in his Book, "Public Policy Re-examined" (1968) has talked of the policy making process
in the Developing and Developed countries.
▪ According to him, in Developing States, policy making is based on inheritance and legacy. Policy strategy is not consciously determined
in developing States. There is lack of systematic institutional arrangements for learning feedback. In some of the cases, just trial and
error methods are applied.
▪ Voters have rather insignificant role to play in policy making. Role of intellectuals is also limited. Legislatures have a secondary role to
play in policy making as political executive is stronger. There is lack of proper knowledge and information with those who are part and
parcel of the process. The optimal excellence of policy making is much low as policy making is of an average quality.
▪ Policy making process in Developed States is realistic, having economic and political feasibility. Prioritisation of values and operational
goals are well-spelt out. Separate institutions exist in some of the countries for the purpose of undertaking long-range policy-making
surveying; knowledge for handling research and development of policy making.
▪ In democratic systems, the voters exert important power on policy makers through elections. The intellectuals play a major and
substantive role in policy making. The Heads of the Governments have prominent and most significant role to play in policy making.
Legislature as an institution has a major role to play in policy-making in democratic systems and a minimal role in dictatorial systems.
Policy making in developed States is up to the mark for ensuring their survival and satisfying the genuine needs and wants of the
population.
EXPLANATION
▪ Yehezkel Dror in his Book, ‘Design for Policy Sciences’ (1971). has listed nine elements of Policy Sciences.
▪ These 9 elements are intended to guide and structure the process of developing effective policies.
Here's a breakdown of each element:
▪ 1. Clarification of Values, Objectives, and Decision Criteria: Clearly define the values, objectives, and criteria
that will guide the decision-making process. This ensures that the policy aligns with the desired outcomes.
▪ 2. Identification of Alternatives: Identify various alternatives for addressing the issue at hand. Encourage the exploration of
new alternatives by surveying existing literature, experiences, and theories.
▪ 3. Preliminary Estimation of Expected Payoffs: Estimate the potential outcomes or benefits associated with each alternative.
▪ 4. Selection of Decision Model: Depending on the nature of the issue and the expected payoffs, determine whether to follow an incremental-
change model (focusing on gradual improvements) or a more innovative approach.
▪ 5. Establishment of Cutoff Horizon: For issues involving minimal risk or innovation, define a cutoff horizon for evaluating the potential results of
alternative policies. Identify major expected outcomes using available knowledge and intuition.
▪ 6. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis: Analyze alternatives considering both quantitative (economic) and qualitative (political) factors. This
approach aims to overcome the limitations of current systems analysis and advance toward policy analysis.
▪ 7. Significance Assessment: Evaluate whether the issue is significant enough to warrant more comprehensive analysis. Blend theory and
experience, based on their availability and relevance to the problem.
▪ 8. Use of Explicit Techniques: Employ explicit techniques such as simulation and the Delphi method when appropriate. To draw knowledge from
various disciplines to enhance the analysis and decision-making process.
▪ 9. Arrangements for Systematic Learning and Improvement: Incorporate mechanisms for learning from experience, fostering initiative and
creativity, developing the skills of staff members, and promoting intellectual efforts to continually enhance the quality of policy-making.
SOURCES
▪ He believed that for scientific management to be successful, there must be a fundamental change in
the way that both parties think about their roles and responsibilities.
▪ Management must stop viewing workers as lazy and inefficient, and start seeing them as partners in
the production process. They must also be willing to invest in training and development, so that
workers can be more productive.
▪ Workers must stop viewing management as their adversary, and start seeing them as allies in the
quest for efficiency. They must also be willing to put in the effort to learn new skills and work more
efficiently.
▪ Thus ‘Mental Revolution' (or the ‘new outlook’ according to Taylor) requires the realisation on part
of both the parties (workers and managers) that their mutual interest is not contradictory and both
can prosper only through cooperation, not conflict. This is the essence of Scientific Management.
SOURCES
Source : All India JRF-NET Political Science FREE MOCK TEST (Eduseeker) . Q . 56 .
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
QUOTES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
10. Who among the following thinkers said that, “The communication
of intangible facts, opinions, suggestions and suspicions that cannot
pass through formal channels are communicated through informal
channels”?
1 Hebert Simon 2 Max Weber
10. Who among the following thinkers said that, “The communication
of intangible facts, opinions, suggestions and suspicions that cannot
pass through formal channels are communicated through informal
channels”?
1 Hebert Simon 2 Max Weber
▪ The following quote is said by Chester I. Barnard in the context of Formal and Informal Organizations.
▪ Chester Barnard introduced the term ‘Informal Organization' to the management literature.
He describes an Informal Organization as a ‘system of unconscious activities and is essentially structureless.’
▪ According to Barnard, there are 3 positive functions which can be performed ONLY by informal organizations:
▪ 1. To perform "the communication of intangible facts, opinions, suggestions, suspicions that cannot pass
through formal channels without raising issues"
▪ 2. To maintain cohesiveness in formal organizations
▪ 3. To help maintain the feeling of personal integrity, of self-respect, of independent choice. It may be
regarded as "a means of maintaining the personality of individual against certain effects of formal
organizations which tend to disintegrate the personality“
▪ It is the first function of Informal Orgs which was quoted in the Question asked by NTA.
SOURCES
Source : Administrative Theories and Management Thought by R.K. Sapru . Pg. 194 .
HOW TO PREPARE FOR DECEMBER EXAM 2023 ?
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Just Do Not Read Factual Parts. This time Complete
Along with Detailed Points given by the Main PubAd Thinkers.
▪ Focus on Classical Thinkers of Pub Ad (Fayol, Taylor, Simon)
UNIT – 9
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Focus on the Features part , Bullet Points given in
Textbooks. The Questions will come from in-depth points.
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
1 www.goecharters.nic.in
2 www.goindiacharters.nic.in
3 www.goicharters.nic.in
4 www.echartersind.nic.in
DIRECT
FIRST TIME
FACTS
GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
1 www.goecharters.nic.in
2 www.goindiacharters.nic.in
3 www.goicharters.nic.in
4 www.echartersind.nic.in
EXPLANATION
Source : www.goicharters.nic.in
SOURCES
1 B, A, D, C 2 A, C, D, B
3 A, B, C, D 4 C, A, D, B
DIRECT
NTA
SYLLABUS
GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
1 B, A, D, C 2 A, C, D, B
3 A, B, C, D 4 C, A, D, B
EXPLANATION
▪ C. Right to Education Act – 2009. This act describes importance of free and compulsory education
for children between 6-14 years in India under Article 21(a) of the Indian Constitution.
▪ D. Lokpal and Lokayukta Act – 2013. This act established the institution of Lokpal at the Centre and
the Lokayukta at the State level.
▪ B. Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act – 2019. An amendment was brought on the Consumer
Protection Act, 1986 on August 9th, 2019. It widened the definition of consumer and recognize
mediation as an alternative disputes resolution mechanism.
SOURCES
▪ In India, there are various laws and rules which restrict the disclosure of official
information to the people and thus favour secrecy in administration.
▪ The creation of Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayukta at the State level was recommended by the
First Administrative Reforms (ARC) commission in the year 1966.
▪ After ten official attempts, from 1968 to 2011 the Government of India finally passed the Lokpal and
Lokayuktas Bill, of 2011 was passed in the year 2013.
▪ In 2011, the famous Anna Movement for Lokpal took place at Jantar Mantar, Delhi.
▪ The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 came into force w.e.f. 16.01.2014.
▪ This established the institution of Lokpal at the Centre and the Lokayukta at the State level.
SOURCES
1 1992 2 1995
3 1996 4 1997
DIRECT
NTA GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
PYQs
1 1992 2 1995
3 1996 4 1997
EXPLANATION
▪ The 73rd Constitutional Amendment, 1993 excluded the adivasi and the scheduled areas from its purview.
▪ But it was always open for the Parliament to extend to same to these areas, as per the provisions of the Article 243M(4).
▪ Bhuria Committee was constituted in 1994 to formulate law for extending the provisions of the Part IX to the Scheduled
areas and to suggest modifications in other acts relevant to the Fifth (V) schedule in order to further strengthen the local
self-governing areas.
▪ The recommendation of this committee culminated in the enactment of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled
Areas) (PESA) Act 1996, which came into effect on 24th December 1996.
▪ The PESA Act has led to the extension of the panchayats act to the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat,
Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
▪ This enables the tribal society to effectively take control of their traditional rights over natural resources.
SOURCES
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Cover Major Government of India Schemes.
▪ Background, Dates, Features, Recommendations of Schemes.
▪ Focus on Dates of Laws Passed, Enactment, Applied.
UNIT – 10
▪ To FOCUS ON –
▪ Focus on the Features part , Bullet Points given in
GOVERNANCE AND Textbooks. The Questions will come from in-depth points.
PUBLIC POLICY
IN INDIA
▪ Reference Material :- (Cover In-depth from Any One Textbook)
▪ Eduseeker’s Rapid Fire Revision Ebook.
▪ Governance in India by M. Karthikeyan.
▪ Governance in India by M. Laxmikanth.
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All India Political Science 2023 Test Series : Paper 2
All 10 Units Paper 2
10 Full-length Mock Paper Practice (1000 MCQs)
With Timer, Solved Explanation, All India Rankings
Link => https://eduseeker.in/products/test-
3/6119f63c8ddadc05158ddb3c
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