Nano Particles 3
Nano Particles 3
Nano Particles 3
net/publication/380545120
CITATIONS READS
0 35
5 authors, including:
All content following this page was uploaded by Syed Baker on 14 May 2024.
2
Department of Studies in Microbiology, Karnataka State Open
University, Mukthagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka
Abstract
The present chapter provides a concise exploration of
nanoparticles, encompassing their characteristics, types, physicochemical
properties, synthesis methods, and applications. Nanoparticles, with
dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm), exhibit unique attributes influenced
by size, shape, and surface properties. Diverse types, including metal,
polymer, and semiconductor nanoparticles, offer distinct functionalities.
Physicochemical properties, crucial for reactivity and stability, govern
nanoparticle behavior. Synthesis techniques, spanning chemical, physical,
and biological approaches, tailor nanoparticles for specific characteristics.
Applications span various fields which includes pharmacology, food
industry, cosmetic industry. This abstract provides a succinct overview of
the intricate landscape of nanoparticles, highlighting their significance in
scientific and technological advancements.
1. INTRODUCTION
The term ‘nano’ is etymologically derived from the Greek word
nanos, meaning ‘a dwarf’. The prefix nano was officially adopted in the year
1947, at the 14th conference of International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) with the purpose of denoting a quantity that is
one-billionth part of a unit (10-9). The prefix is generally used to represent
‘very small’ processes or entities which lie in the nanometer scale (Joudeh &
Linke, 2022). Nanoscience is the discipline concerning the study of matter at
nanoscale magnitudes, attempting to understand their size and
structure-dependent properties and additionally comparing the emergent
atoms, molecules and their bulk material related differences (Bayda et al.,
2019). In contrast, nanotechnology is the manipulation and regulation of
matter on nanoscale dimensions by utilizing scientific knowledge of various
industrial and biomedical applications. It was Richard P. Feynman, a Nobel
laureate, now regarded as the father of nanotechnology who presented
‘nanotechnology’ in his famous lecture in 1959 which was titled “There’s
Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. Since then, there have been incredible
numbers of revolutionary developments in the field of nanotechnology (Baig
et al., 2021).
2. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
2.1. Carbon based Nanoparticles
As the name suggests, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are protracted
tubular structures that have their diameters in the range of 1-2 nm. They
exhibit a structural resemblance to a graphite sheet that is rolled onto it and
since the rolled sheet may have one, two or multiple walls, the CNTs are
classified accordingly as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), double-walled
nanotubes (DWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). They find
various applications as fillers, gas adsorbents and support medium for
catalysts owing to their unique physical, chemical and mechanical
characteristics in their native form as well as in combination as
nanocomposites.
photon frequency and the plasmons are at sync. Optical properties of NPs
are affected by the shape, size and the dielectric environment of the
nanoparticles (Joudeh & Linke, 2022).
top down and bottom-up methods. These three approaches include wide
varieties of methods for the nanoparticle synthesis.
along the counter electrode, particles or fibers are finally collected as the
end product. This technique provides flexibility as well as control over the
surface parameters. This technique is used in membrane fabrication, and it
is also mentioned that it is an alternative method to obtain 3D printing of
membranes (Dhand et al., 2015).
listed below the bottom-up method, where the primary reactions are
involved.
Even the physical and chemical methods are said to be so efficient in
creating well defined nanoparticles, they are observed with some drawbacks
such as higher production cost, long synthesis time, difficulty in
purification, and also discharge of hazardous by-products. Synthesis of
nanoparticles by using biological entities is by both intracellularly and
extracellularly. Biological systems such as viruses, yeast, fungi,
actinomycetes, bacteria, biomolecules, plant-based extracts are used in the
preparation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. There are mainly three
types of categories where the biological process of nanoparticle synthesis
can take place, namely biomolecules-based synthesis,
microorganisms-based synthesis, plants-based synthesis (Dhand et al.,
2015).
As the plants are easily accessible and as the different regions of the
plant are rich in numerous bioactive components that are capable of
reducing the Ag ion, the plant mediated synthesis of desired nanoparticles is
most preferred. Terpenoids, polysaccharides, phenolics, alkaloids,
flavonoids, amino acids, alcoholic compounds enzymes, and proteins are the
bioactive components responsible for the reduction of silver ion to silver
nanoparticles during the process of plant mediated synthesis of
nanoparticles. The availability of natural capping agents such as proteins
enhance the stability of plant extract-based synthesis of nanoparticles by
avoiding the accumulation of particles. The antioxidant properties of
nanoparticles also serve as the reducing agents in the synthesis of metal
nanoparticles.
7.APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
sites of the cell membrane thus inhibiting most of the functions of cell cycle
(Kuppusamy et al., 2016; Joudeh & Linke, 2022).
● Antifungal activities
Fungicidal activities of NPs are found to have much more potential
than those of commercial antibiotics like amphotericin and fluconazole. The
membranes of fungal cells are found to be damaged in case of Candida spp.
Further leading to the damage of intracellular components and finally loss of
cell function and cell death. Metallic NPs are preferred more than the
commercially available antifungal agents and the antibiotics because the
latter have more adverse effects and less recovery. Adverse effects include
renal failure, nausea, and acute increase in the body temperature, diarrhea
and liver damage. NPs are also effective in inhibiting spore germination and
subsequent growth of fungi (Kuppusamy et al., 2016; Joudeh & Linke, 2022).
● Anticancer studies
Cancer is the term used to describe a condition of uncontrolled
proliferation of cells with hysterical changes in the biochemical and
enzymatic parameters of the cells, which is a characteristic of tumour cells.
Metallic NPs act as novel controlling agents as they arrest over expression
of cellular growth and regulate the cell cycle mechanisms. These NPs have
significant effects on different cancer cell lines like Hep 2, HCT 116 and HeLa
cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of these plant-based metallic nanoparticles is
attributed to the various secondary metabolites that are synthesized and
the non-metal compositions that are present in the synthesizing medium
(Kuppusamy et al., 2016; Joudeh & Linke, 2022).
● Mechanisms of anti-oxidation
Antioxidants are particles that act as scavengers and regulate the
formation of free radicals, thus preventing aging of cells. They can be either
enzymatic, like superoxide dismutases (SOD) or non-enzymatic substances
like lycopenes. If oxidation by free radicals is uncontrolled, it may as well
lead to severe conditions like cancer. The antioxidant activity of
biosynthesized silver (Ag) NPs is proven to be more efficient than the
commercially available standards like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (Kuppusamy et al., 2016; Joudeh & Linke,
2022).
REFERENCES
Baig, N., Kammakakam, I., & Falath, W. (2021). Nanomaterials: A review of
synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges.
Materials Advances, 2(6), 1821–1871.
https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00807a
Bayda, S., Adeel, M., Tuccinardi, T., Cordani, M., & Rizzolio, F. (2019). The
history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: From
chemical–physical applications to nanomedicine. Molecules, 25(1),
112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010112
Dhand, C., Dwivedi, N., Loh, X. J., Jie Ying, A. N., Verma, N. K., Beuerman, R.
W., Lakshminarayanan, R., & Ramakrishna, S. (2015). Methods and
strategies for the synthesis of diverse nanoparticles and their
applications: A comprehensive overview. RSC Advances, 5(127),
105003–105037. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19388e
Dikshit, P., Kumar, J., Das, A., Sadhu, S., Sharma, S., Singh, S., Gupta, P.,
& Kim, B. (2021). Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles:
Applications and limitations. Catalysts, 11(8), 902.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080902
Joudeh, N., & Linke, D. (2022). Nanoparticle classification, Physicochemical
Properties, characterization, and applications: A comprehensive
review for biologists. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 20(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8
Khan, F., Shariq, M., Asif, M., Siddiqui, M. A., Malan, P., & Ahmad, F. (2022).
Green nanotechnology: Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis
and application. Nanomaterials, 12(4), 673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040673
Zielińska, A., Carreiró, F., Oliveira, A. M., Neves, A., Pires, B., Venkatesh, D.
N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Eder, P., Silva, A. M., Santini, A., &
Souto, E. B. (2020). Polymeric nanoparticles: Production,
characterization, toxicology and ecotoxicology. Molecules, 25(16),
3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163731