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GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES USED BY SEVEN TRIBES OF ODISHA, INDIA

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Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 1866-1871 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210

GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES USED BY SEVEN TRIBES OF ODISHA, INDIA

Sagarika Parida and Gyanranjan Mahalik*
Department of Botany, School of Applied Science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

Abstract

The study was conducted on seven tribal communities namely Bathui, Binjhal, Gond Oraon, Sabara, Saura and Santal to assess the diversity
of plant species consumed as green leafy vegetables (GLVs). The data was collected by randomly selecting the students belonging to these
ethnic groups studying in Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) University, Bhubaneswar. Documentation of 48 plant species
belonging to 38 genus and 26 families was done with their botanical name and vernacular names in seven tribal languages. The dominated
families are Amaranthaceae (8) followed by Fabaceae (5), both Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae (4) and Caesalpiniaceae (3) (Table 2, Fig.
1). Most of the green leafy vegetables used by the seven tribes were herbs (63%), followed by climber (25%), Shrubs (8%) and 4% trees
(Fig.2). These wild leafy vegetable plant species are rich in vitamins, fiber content and minerals and play an important role in finding a
solution towards nutritional supplements associated with different ailments. Few species of wild green leafy vegetables are documented for
the first time to be consumed by few tribes. The work will surely play as a valuable source and serve as a repository in conserving the seven
tribal languages for these 48 green leafy vegetables.
Keywords: green leafy vegetables, nutritional supplements, tribal communities, vernacular names

Introduction documented. The present study was performed to document

Green leafy vegetables are the leaves obtained from a various wild edible green leafy vegetables consumed by
wide range of plants which are edible. These leafy greens are seven tribes of Odisha. This study will help to promote the
use and conservation of less known leafy vegetables, to
used as source of food and are known for their rich source of
ascorbic acid, carotene, nutrients, minerals and dietary fibers identify the most preferred species by the tribe and to find
contents required for maintaining human health. The plant out the similarities or variations in the ethnic groups.
food resources contain phytochemicals which have health Materials and Methods
benefits including glycemic control, stimulation of immune
Data from was collected from the tribal students of
system or antioxidant activity (Behuhan and Ranogajee, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) University with
2010; Singh Kumar, 2012). Over 53 million tribal people in participatory methods. These students are the inhabitants of
India belong to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups and
seven districts of Odisha namely Bolangir, Baleswar,
they rely on a wide variety of plant resources to meet the Cuttack, Gajapati, Kalahandi, Mayurbhanj, and Sundargarh.
food requirements (FAO, 2004; Balemie and Kebebew,
2006; Bharucha and Pretty, 2010). The tribal people collect The data were collected from the students belonging to
various species of edible weeds from their agricultural fields seven tribal communities’ namely Bathudi, Binjhal, Gond,
and forest areas and stored after drying to use in rainy season. Oraon, Sabar, Saura and Santal using personal interview
The consumption varies from locality to locality and also schedule and documentation of some wild leafy vegetables
depends on their availability. Because of rapid urbanization, was prepared during 2016-2017. A number of specific
documentation of leafy vegetables used by the tribes of questions were asked and recorded to generate tables. The
Odisha is needed to restore the information. Green leafy names of leafy vegetables in seven tribal languages were also
vegetables (GLF) are important diet of human beings recorded. Leafy species were identified by reference of local
including tribal communities and are the important part of floras (Hains, 1925; Saxena and Brahmam, 1994-96). The
their daily diet. Leafy greens are the cheapest vegetables leafy vegetables were also compared with their therapeutical,
because of very low production cost with high yield and medicinal and nutritional values.
considered as the ‘poor man’s vegetables’. Odisha is one of Results
the most diversity rich states of India because of its
geographic and climatic conditions and plays a significant Documentation of wild edible plants is important for
role in food and nutritional security of the tribal communities enhancing the understanding of indigenous knowledge
((Mishra et al., 2008; Singh, 2012). Green leafy vegetables system. A total of 48 green leafy vegetables (GLF) species
are richest source for the nutritional value such as iron, belongs to 26 families were documented which was used by
vitamin C as well as hold an important place in balanced seven tribes of Odisha (Table 1). The dominated families are
diets that helps to promote health and respond to disease Amaranthaceae (8) followed by Fabaceae (5), both
(FAO, 2004). From the ancient time it is known as most rich Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae (4) and Caesalpiniaceae (3)
sources of protein, vitamins and minerals (Aletor et al., (Table 2, Fig. 1). Most of the green leafy vegetables used by
2002). It was also revealed that green leafy vegetables are the seven tribes were herbs (63%), followed by climber
primary sources of lutein and zeaxanthine (Burney et al., (25%), Shrubs (8%) and 4% trees (Fig.2). Two leafy
2004; Singh et al., 2014) which are major compounds for vegetable species from Convulvulaceae, Lamiaceae and
protection from eye diseases and also reported to manage age Marsileaceae family were recorded. One species each from
related cataract. Leafy vegetables are known to contain the rest 18 families is reported to be consumed by these
antioxidants in neutralizing free radicals. Till date studies on tribes. Despite the diversity of the species, they were found to
leafy vegetables of different tribal communities are not be consumed in the same manner. Some of the leafy
 Sagarika Parida and Gyanranjan Mahalik 1867

vegetable species are known to consume by all these seven ethnospecific and is consumed by very few communities.
tribal communities and few are found to be very

Table 1 : Green Leafy Vegetables (GLV) and their common names

Sl.
Name in Odia Common Name Botanical Name Family
No
1. Aalu saga Potato greens Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae
2. Agasti saga West Indian Pea/White Dragon tree Sesbania grandiflora (L.)Pers. Fabaceae
3. Ambiliti saga Common Yellow Oxalis Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae
4. Balubaluka saga/Laghulunika saga Common Pursulane / Pigweed Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae
5. Barada saga Mountain Ebony/Geranium tree/Cow’s Bauhinia varegata L. Caesalpinlaceae
Paw tree
6. Bathua saga Lambs Quarters/Goose foot/ Fat hen Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae
7. Chakhunda/Chhota Chakhunda/Sana Pot cassia Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae
Chakhunda
8. Chana saga Grass pea/Blue Sweet Pea Lathyrus sativus L. Fabaceae
9. Dhania saga Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae
10. Gayasa saga Common Leucas Leucas aspera L. Lamiaceae
11. Jhudanga patra saga/ Burburi saga Cow Pea greens/ Rope Bean Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wap. Fabaceae
12. Kakharu saga Pumpkin Cucurbita maxima Duch.ex Lam. Cucurbitaceae
13. Kalama saga Water Spinach Ipomea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae
14. Kalara saga Bitter Gourd Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae
15. Kalikati Khada/ Bilati Khada Leafy Amaranth/Spleen Amaranth Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthaceae
16. Kanasiri saga Bengal Day Flower/Tropical Spider Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae
Wort
17. Kandamula patra Sweet Potato Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam. Convulvulaceae
18. Kanta leutia Spiny Amaranth Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae
19. Khada saga (lal khada) Edible Amaranth/Red Amaranth Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthaceae
20. Khata palanga/khata kaunnria/ Lahanga Jamaican Sorrel/Red Sorrel/Roselle Hibiscus sabdarriffa L. Malvaceae
saga
21. Khuduri Leutia saga/ChadeiGodi saga Slender Amaranth/Green Amaranth Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae
22. Kosala saga /Nali Kosala Red Goose Foot/Red Amaranth Amaranthus blitun subsp. oleraceous Amaranthaceae
(L.) Costea
23. Kobi saga/bandha Kobi saga Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Brassicaceae
24. Kunduri saga Scarlet Gourd/Little gourd/Ivy gourd Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae
25. Lau patra saga Bottle Gourd/Long melon Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Cucurbitaceae
Standley
26. Leutia saga/Champa leutia/Kani leutia Mediterranean Amaranth Amaranthus graecizans L. Amaranthaceae
27. Madaranga Dwarf Copper Leaf/Sessile Joyweed Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.ex Amaranthaceae
Dc
28. Mati alu saga/Khamba alu saga Great Yam/Asiatic Yam Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae
29. Methi saga Fenugreek Teigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae
30. Moti/Muthi saga Common Nutweed/Small Nutweed Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Polygonaceae
31. Mula saga Radish Raphnus sativus L. Brassicaceae
32. Nail Kanchan saga Purple Orchid /Butterfly tree/Camel’s Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpinlaceae
Foot tree
33. Nalita saga/madhura Jute/Jute mallow/Jew’s mallow Corchorus oliotorious L. Tiliaceae
nalita/Kaunria/Jhota
34. Nimba saga Neem Azdiracta indica L. Meliaceae
35. Palanga saga Spinach Spinacia oleracea L. Amaranthaceae
36. Prasaruni saga Stink Vine/Stunk Vine Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae
37. Phula kobi patra saga Cauliflower greens Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassicaceae
38. Pirika saga/Chotta Sunsunia Dwarf Water Colver/Pepper Wort Marsilea minuta L. Marsileaceae
39. Piaja Sandha Spring Onion/ Salad Onion/Green Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae
Onion
40. Pita Saga Slender Carpet Weed Mollugo oppositifolia L. Molluginaceae
41. Podina patra Mint/Field Mint Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae
42. Poi saga Malabar Spinach/Vine Basella alba L. Basellaceae
Spinach/Climbing Spinach
43. Puruni saga Red Spiderling /Spreading Hogweed Boerrhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae
44. Sajana saga Drum stick greens Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae
45. Saru saga Taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae
46. Sorisa saga Mustard greens Brassica napus L. Brassicaceae
47. Sunsunia saga European Water Clover/Four Leaf Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsileaceae
Clover
48. Simba Patra Lima Bean/Butter Bean/Sugar Bean Phaseolus lunatus L. Fabaceae
1868 Green leafy vegetables used by seven tribes of Odisha, India

Table 3 represented the documented data in relation Though many studies reported there are no differences
with their languages along with Odia name and botanical between Sabara and Saura tribes and they are same but in this
names of the leafy vegetable species. From analyzing the study by direct discussion with the educated tribal students it
data represented in Table 3, it was noticed that there is a was noticed that both the tribes are different not only by
similarity of languages in between Bathudi and Sabara tribe languages but also by their cultures too.
and also in between Binjhal and Gond tribe.

Fig. 1 : Distribution of leafy vegetable species belonging to different families

Table 2 : Families wise distribution of wild green leafy

vegetables
Sl.No. Family No. of GLF
species/Family
1. Amaranthaceae 08
2. Amaryllidaceae 01
3. Apiaceae 01
4. Araceae 01
5. Basellaceae 01
6. Brassicaceae 04
7. Caesalpiniaceae 03
8. Chenopodiaceae 01
9. Commelinaceae 01
10. Convulvulaceae 02
11. Cucurbitaceae 04
12. Dioscoreaceae 01
13. Fabaceae 05
14. Lamiaceae 02
15. Malvaceae 01
16. Marsileaceae 02
17. Meliaceae 01
18. Molluginaceae 01
19. Moringaceae 01
20. Nyctaginaceae 01
21. Oxalidaceae 01
Fig. 2 : Diversity of green leafy vegetables 22. Polygonaceae 01
23. Portulacaceae 01
24. Rubiaceae 01
25. Solanaceae 01
26. Tiliaceae 01
 Sagarika Parida and Gyanranjan Mahalik 1869

Table 3 : Some wild edible green leafy vegetables (GLV) with different tribal names
Sl. Tribal Names of GLF
Name in Odia Botanical Name
No Bathudi Binjhal Gond Oraon Sabara Saura Santal
Solanum
1. Aalu saga Aalu patar - - - Aalu patara - -
tuberosum L.
Sesbania
Agasti Agasti
2. Agasti saga grandiflora - Jinor adkha - - -
munga munga
(L.)Pers.
Khata Khata
Oxalis corniculata Ambiliti Sarani
3. Ambiliti saga sunsunia sunsunia Amat adkha Ambiliti saga Jaja alah
L. saga uaab
sag sag
Balubaluka
Portulaca oleracea Balubaluka Guyu Balubaluka
4. saga/Laghulunika Barmi sag Barmi sag - Balubaluka saga
L. saga lang uaab alah
saga
Bauhinia varegata Baradao
5. Barada saga Dala saga Kuler sag Kuler sag Koinar adhka Barada saga Sinj alah
L. uaab
Chenopodium Bathua
6. Bathua saga Bathua saga Bathua sag Bathua sag Bathua adhka Bathua saga Bathua alah
album L. uaab
Chakhunda/Chhota
Chakhunda Chakda Chakuda Chakunda Surseng
7. Chakhunda/Sana Cassia tora L. - Vedwa alah
saga sag sag adkha uaab
Chakhunda
Chana Khadia Chana
8. Chana saga Lathyrus sativus L. Chana saga Chana adhka Chana saga Chana alah
khudia sag chnaa sag uaab
Coriandrum Dhania Dhania Dhania Dhania
9. Dhania saga Dhania saga Dhania adhka Dhania saga
sativum L. patar patar saga sakam
Gathia Kandul Gaisha/Gaichha Araanda
10. Gayasa saga Leucas aspera L. - Gamaa adkha Sagay alah
gubi sag gubi sag saga uaab
Jhudanga patra Vigna unguiculata
11. Nalika saga - - - - - -
saga, Burburi saga (L.) Wap.
Cucurbita maxima Kakharu Maakhan Maakhan Kanhanda Kakharu Kanhanda
12. Kakharu saga Kakharu saga
Duch.ex Lam. saga sag sag adhka uaab alah
Ipomea aquatica Kalama Kalama
13. Kalama saga Kalmo sag Kalmo sag Kalmi adkha Kalama saga Kanda sag
Forssk. saga uaab
Momordica Karal
14. Kalara saga Kalara saga Karla sag Karla sag Karla adhka Kalara saga Karla alah
charantia L. uaab
Sanna
Kalikati Khada/ Amaranthus Marshi Ras khada Ras khada Bilati khada Marshi
15. Bhaji adkha yaga
Bilati Khada caudatus L. khada sag sag saga khada
uaab
Commelina Kanasila Sidaj
16. Kanasiri saga Kena sag Kena sag Kena adkha Kena saga Reta alah
benghalensis L. saga uaab
Ipomea batatas Geny
17. Kandamula patra - Kanda sag Kanda sag Kaanda adkhaa - Mula alah
(L.) Lam. gayal
Kanta
Amaranthus Kanta Kanta bhaji
18. Kanta leutia Kanta leutia Kanta bhaji sag Kanta leutia leutia Janum alah
spinosus L. bhaji sag sag
uaab
Khada saga (lal Amaranthus Marshi
19. Marshi saga Khada sag Khada saga - Khada saga -
khada) cruentus L. khada
Khata
palanga/khata Hibiscus Kanharia Kanharia Susun Kaunria
20. Taka saga Dhepa/Kudrum Lahanga saga
kaunnria/ Lahanga sabdarriffa L. sag sag uaab alah
saga
Khuduri Leutia
Amaranthus viridis Khuduri Musakani Aneng Gandheri
21. saga/Chadei Godi Bhaji sag Khudru bhaji Khuduri Leutia
L. Leutia sag uaab alah
saga
Amaranthus blitun
Kosala saga /Nali Koslu
22. subsp. oleraceous Kosala saga Kosala sag Bhaji sag Kosla adkha Kosala saga Kosla alah
Kosala uaab
(L.) Costea
Kobi saga/bandha Brassica oleracea Bandha Bandha Bandha Bandha kobi Bandha kobi Govi Potum kobi
23.
Kobi saga L. var. capitata L. kobi saga kubi sag kubi saga adkha saga uaab alah
Coccinia grandis Kunduri Kundru Kunduru Kundru
24. Kunduri saga - Kunduri saga Kundri alah
(L.) Voigt saga sag sag uaab
Lagenaria
25. Lau patra saga siceraria (Molina) Lau patara Lau sag Lau sag Lau adkha Lau saga Lau uaab Hatha alah
Standley
Leutia
Amaranthus Chaka Chaka Kharba
26. saga/Champa Leutia saga Kani bhaji Leutia saga Sasal alah
graecizans L. bhaji bhaji uaab
leutia/Kani leutia
Alternanthera
Madranga Gundru Menranga Saridi Gurundu
27. Madaranga sessilis (L.) Dali adkha Madranga saga
saga sag sag uaab alah
R.Br.ex Dc
1870 Green leafy vegetables used by seven tribes of Odisha, India

Mati alu
Ghara alu Khamba alu Khuma Khamalu
28. saga/Khamba alu Dioscorea alata L. Bhat kanda Bhat kanda Aru adkha
saga saga uaab alah
saga
Teigonella foenum- Methi
29. Methi saga Methi saga Methi sag Methi sag Methi saga Methi uaab Methi alah
graecum L. adkha
Polygonum plebeium Chimti
30. Moti/Muthi saga Muthi saga Chiti sag Chati sag Muthi saga Silaj aab Muthi alah
R.Br. adkha
Murei
31. Mula saga Raphnus sativus L. Mula saga Mula sag Mula sag Mula saga Mula uaab Mula alah
adkha
Koenar Rakta
32. Nail Kanchan saga Bauhinia purpurea L. Dala saga Kuthel sag Kuthul sag - Singh alah
adkha Barada saga
Nalita Corchorus capsularis Sanai Manna Nalcha
33. - Nalita sag Nalta sag Nalita saga
saga/Kaunria/Jhota L. adkha uaab alah
34. Nimba saga Azdiracta indica L. Nima pita Nim sag Nim sag Nim adkjha Nimba saga - Nim alah
Palanga Palak Palanga Palang
35. Palanga saga Spinacia oleracea L. Palanga sag Palang sag Palan alah
saga adkha saga uaab
Gandhali Pasaruni Pursuni
36. Prasaruni saga Paederia foetida L. Bheder sag Bhadri sag - Lam lamla
patra patar alah
Phula kobi patra Brassica oleracea L. Phula kobi Phula kobi Phula kobi Phul kobi Phula kobi Tharba Phula kobi
37.
saga var. botrytis L. saga sag sag adkha saga kobi aab alah
Pirika saga/Chotta Sunsunia Chhota Chhota Sunsunia Sunsunia Sunsunia Sunsunia
38. Marsilea minuta L.
Sunsunia saga Sunsunia sag Sunsuni sag adkha saga uaab alah
39. Piaja Sandha Allium cepa L. Piaja patar Uli sag Uli sag Piaj adkha Sandha saga Aana suda Piaj alah
Mollugo oppositifolia
40. Pita Saga Pita gamaa Pita sag Pita sag Tita adkha Pita Saga Asang uaab Halhat alah
L.
Kalaa dahara Pudina Pudina Pudunu
41. Podina patra Mentha spicata L. Pudina Pudina Pudina
patar adkha uaab sakam
Andeng
42. Poi saga Basella alba L. Poi saga Puin sag Puin sag Poi adkha Poi saga Purai alah
uaab
Parasuni Lamlam Pursuni
43. Puruni saga Boerrhavia diffusa L. Puruni saga Bheder sag Bhadri sag -
patra aab alah
Moringa oleifera Munga Sajana Munga
44. Sajana saga Sajana saga Munga sag Munga sag Sajana saga
Lam. adkha uaab alah
Colocasia esculenta Pechki
45. Saru saga Saru saga Saru sag Saru patar Saru saga Saru uaab Saru alah
(L.) Schott adkha
Lotni
46. Sorisa saga Brassica napus L. Sorisa saga Sursa sag Surso sag Sorisa saga Sorish uaab Tuli alah
adkha
Marsilea quadrifolia Sunsunia Sunsunia Sunsunia Sunsunia Chatam
47. Sunsunia saga Sunsunia sag Sunsunia sag
L. saga adkha saga uaab alah
Sembi
48. Simba Patra Phaseolus lunatus L. - - - - - -
adkha
‘__’: Indicates the species is not consumed by the tribe

Discussion data, the Sauras are called by various names like Sabara, Saur
and Sora. Their language is an uncultivated and there is no
The data depicted in Table 3 revealed that green leafy
vegetables (GLF) are called as saga by bathudi and sabara standardization and varies in between individual and also
tribes; sag by Binjhal and Gond tribes; adkha by Oraon tribe; between region to region (Patel, 2005).
uaab/aab by Saura tribe and alah by Santal tribe. From this Conclusion
information it is clear that both Sabara and Saura tribes are
There is a chance of ignorance and extinction of their
not same. Nimba saga is not taken by Saura tribe because of own languages because of modern education system
their emotions and belief associated with Lord Jagnnath as therefore; this work will play as a valuable source for future
the body of the deity “Daru Bigraha” is made from this plant.
tribal generation in restoring and identifying the wild green
It was also observed that Simba patra (Phaseolus lunatus L.) leafy vegetables. The study revealed that similarities between
is consumed by Oraon tribe as leafy vegetables and other ethnic groups in terms of species consumed are based on
tribes do not consume the leaves. It was also noticed that
cultural linkages and also shared geographical space. But
leaves of Solanum tuberosum L (Aalu saga) and Vigna further researches to be done on nutritional content and
unguicullata (Jhudanga patra) is found to be consumed by toxicological analyses of the species in relation with soil
Bathudi tribes only. This study depicted that the degree of
analyses, domestication of some wild species, appropriate
consumption depends upon their eating habits which was also agronomic practices for maximum production of the desired
coincided with the literature data (Dansi et al., 2008). One wild species and morphological evaluation of polymorphic
important thing came in to discussion that both the Sabara
species with its nutritional compositions. Based on the
and Saura students claim that they are not same and belong to efficiency some of the species can be cultivated in
different ethnic groups. This claim is also justified on the commercial productions to improve their economy and
basis of variation in their languages cited in Table 3 which
thereby will minimize the scarcity of rare leafy greens in
deviates from the existing data. But according to literature tribal areas which will help in regeneration of unutilized land.
 Sagarika Parida and Gyanranjan Mahalik 1871

Acknowledgement Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 17: 277-

The authors are humbly grateful to the Founder of KISS 289.
University, Bhubaneswar, for providing free education and http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jan2005/english
Pdf/Souras_Paintings.pdf Patel, C. B (2005)
manipulating the latent of the poor indigenous children
towards a great illuminated path ahead.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United State
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