Department: College of Criminal Justice Education

Course Code: Human Behavior and Victimology

Name of Instructor: Mischelle C. Valle, RCrim.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR

I. NATURE AND CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Behavior - refers to the actions of an organism or

system, usually in relation to its environment, which
includes the other organisms or systems.
It can also refer to anything that can be directly
observed, measured or repeated.
Human Behavior – is the range of actions and
mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with
their environment responding to various stimuli or inputs,
whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious,overt or covert, and voluntary or HUMAN BEING
involutary. Human Behavior is influenced by many - are intelligent social animals with the mental
factors, including: capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational
ways.
1. Attitudes, 2. Emotions,
3. Culture, 4. Ethics,
5. Authority, 6. Motivation CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR
7. Coercion, 8. Beliefs, 1. Normal/ Accepted behaviour – actions in
9. Reasoning, 10. Values, accordance with the law and norms.
11. Religion, 12. Rapport, 2. Abnormal behaviour – actions against the normal
13. Persuasion, and 14. Genetics. behaviour, criminal behaviour to be specific.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

Inherited behavior- Inborn behavior, any What is Human Development?

behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by the
Human development is the process of a person's
people because of their inherited capabilities or the
growth and maturation throughout their lifespan,
process of natural section.
concerned with the creation of an environment where
Learned behavior- these are operant behavior people are able to develop their full potential, while
which involves knowing or taking into account, leading productive and creative lives in accordance with
adaptations that enhance a human being’s ability to their interests and needs. Development is about the
cope with changes in the environment in ways expansion of choices people have in order to lead lives
which improve the chances of survival. they value.

Four Pillars of Human Development

Major kinds of Behavior 1. Equity - It is the idea that every person has the
 OVERT BEHAVIOR – Behaviors that are right to an education and health care, that there
outwardly manifested. must be fairness for all
 COVERT BEHAVIOR – Behavior that is
hidden. 2. Sustainability - It encompasses the view that
 VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR – Behavior that is every person has the right to earn a living that can
done with full volition or will. sustain him or her. while everyone also has the
 INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR – Refers to right to access to goods more evenly distributed
bodily processes that goes even when we among populations.
are awake or asleep.
3. Production- It is the idea that people need more the conscious mind that they have been repressed,
efficient social programs to be introduced by their or unconsciously pushed into the unconscious
governments. mind. Examples of material that might be found in
your unconscious include a forgotten trauma in
4. Empowerment- It is the view that people who
childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a
are powerless. such as women, need to be given
present, and repressed sexual desires of which you
power.
are unaware
Theories of Child (Human) Development

A. Personality Theory Freud's Model of Personality Development

(Psychosexual Stages)
1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months)
The Structure of Personality (Tripartite
Personality) This is the first psychosexual stage in
which the infant's source of id gratification is the
1.) Id – present at birth, unconscious biological mouth. Infant gets pleasure from sucking and
drives, pleasure seeker, and uncontrollable; swallowing. Later when he has teeth, infant enjoys
“Pleasure Principle” the aggressive pleasure of biting and chewing. A
child who is frustrated at this stage may develop an
2.) Ego – strong, conscious, controllable; adult personality that is characterized by
compensates for the demand of Id, guides man’s pessimism, envy and suspicion. The overindulged
actions to remain within the boundaries of social child may develop to be optimistic, gullible, and full
convention; gateway to action; “Reality Principle”. of admiration for others.

3.) Super Ego – depends on the morals of the 2. Anal Stage (18 Months-3 Years)
society, resulted from incorporating within the
When parents decide to toilet train their
personality the moral standards and values of
children during anal stage, the children learn how
parents, community, and significant others, tells
much control they can exert over others with anal
what is right from wrong: “the Conscience”.
sphincter muscles. Children can have the
immediate pleasure of expelling feces, but that
Levels of Awareness (Topographical Model by
may cause their parents to punish them.
Sigmund Freud)
This represents the conflict between the
1. The Conscious Level - It consists of whatever
id, which derives pleasure from the expulsion of
sensations and experiences you are aware of at a
bodily wastes, and the super-ego which represents
given moment of time.
external pressure to control bodily functions. If the
2. The Preconscious Level - This domain is parents are too lenient in this conflict, it will result
sometimes called "available memory" that in the formation of an anal expulsive character of
encompasses all experiences that are not conscious the child who is disorganized, reckless and defiant.
at the moment but which can easily that arieved Conversely, a child may opt to retain feces, thereby
into awareness either spontaneously or with a spiting his parents, and may develop an anal
minimum of effort. Examples might include retentive character which is neat, stingy and
memories of everything you did last Saturday night, obstinate.
all the towns you ever lived in, your favorite books,
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
or an argument you had with a friend yesterday.
Genitals become the primary source of
3. The Unconscious Level - It is the deepest and
pleasure. The child's erotic pleasure focuses on
major stratum of the human mind. It is the
masturbation, that is, on self-manipulation of the
storehouse for primitive instinctual drives plus
genitals. He develops a sexual- attraction to the
emotion and memories that are so threatening to
parent of the opposite sex; boys develop
unconscious desires for their mother and become 1. Eros - This is named after the Greek god for love,
rivals with their father for her affection. Eros includes the sex drives and drives such as
hunger and thirst.
This reminiscent with Little Hans' case study.
So, the boys develop a fear that their father will 2. Thanatos - This is named after Greek god for
punish them for these feelings (castration anxiety) death. This includes not only striving for death but
so decide to identify with him rather than fight also destructive motives such as hostility and
him. As a result, the boy develops masculine aggression. These drives highly influence the
characteristics and represses his sexual feelings personality of a person.
towards his mother. This is known as:

 Oedipus Complex - This refers to an

II. Trait Theory
instance where in boys build up a warm and
loving relationship with mothers (mommy's Trait approach identifies where a person
boy). might lie along a continuum of various personality
 Electra Complex - This refers to an occasion characteristics. Trait theories attempt to learn and
where in girls experience an intense explain the traits that make up personality, the
emotional attachment for their fathers differences between people in terms of their
(daddy's girl). personal characteristics, and how they relate to
actual behavior.
Note: The Oedipus Complex is named for the king
of Thebes who killed his father and married his Trait - refers to the characteristics of an individual,
mother describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking,
and feeling.
4. Latency Stage (6-11 Years)
Kinds of Trait by Allport
Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this
stage Sexual energy is going through the process of 1. Common Traits - These are personality traits
sublimation and is being converted into interest in that are shared by most members of a particular
schoolwork, riding bicycles playing house and culture.
sports.
2. Individual Traits - These are personality traits
5. Genital Stage (11 Years on) that define a person's unique individual qualities.

This refers to the start of puberty and 3. Cardinal Traits - These are personality traits that
genital stage: there is renewed interest in obtaining are so basic that all person's activities relate to it. It
sexual pleasure through the genitals. Masturbation is a powerful and dominating behavioral
often becomes frequent and leads to orgasm for predisposition that provides the pivotal point in a
the first time. Sexual and romantic interests in person's entire life. Allport said that only few
others also become a central motive. people have cardinal traits.

Interest now turns to heterosexual 4. Central Traits - These are the core traits that
relationships. The lesser fixation the child has in characterize an individual's personality. Central
earlier stages, the more chances of developing a traits are the major characteristics of our
"normal" personality, and thus develops healthy personalities that are quite generalized and
meaningful relationships with those of the opposite enduring. They form the building blocks of our
sex. personalities.

5. Secondary Traits - These are traits that are

inconsistent or relatively superficial, less
Freud Psychosexual Theory believes that we are
generalized and far less enduring that affects our
born with two basis instincts:
behaviors in specific circumstances
 behavior that increase the level of cortical (brain)
arousal to a more acceptable and enjoyable
Kinds of Trait by Goldberg (Big Five or Five Factor
amount.
Theory)
Eysenck did find that extroverts experience
1. Extraversion - This dimension contrasts such
cortical under arousal, prefer higher levels of
traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive,
stimulation, and are less responsive to punishment
persuasive, decisive, and active with more
they therefore do not learn behavioral alternatives
introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet,
with the use of disciplinary action.
passive, retiring, and reserved.
What is Temperament?
2. Neuroticism - People high on neuroticism are
prone to emotional instability. They tend to Temperament refers to the fundamental
experience negative emotions and to be moody, groundwork of character, generally presumed to be
irritable, nervous, and prone to worry. biologically determined and existent early in life,
inclusive of traits like emotional reactiveness,
3. Conscientiousness - This factor differentiates
energy level, reaction tempo, and motivation to
individuals who are dependable, organized,
explore.
reliable, responsible, thorough, hard-working, and
preserving from those undependable, disorganized, Four Types of Temperament
impulsive, unreliable, irresponsible, careless,
Melancholic - sad, gloomy
negligent and lazy.
Choleric - hot-tempered, irritable
4. Agreeableness - This factor is composed of a Phlegmatic - sluggish, calm
Sanguine - cheerful, hopeful
collection of traits that range from compassion to
antagonism towards others. A person high on
agreeableness would be a pleasant person, good- TYPES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative. Abnormal Behavior – is something deviating from the
normal or differing from typical, is a subjectively defined
5. Openness to Experience - This factor contrasts behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or
individuals who are imaginative, curious, broad- dysfunctional conditions. It may be abnormal when it is
minded, and cultured with those who are concrete- unusual, socially unacceptablem self-defeating,
minded and practical, and whose interests are dangerous, or suggestive of faulty interpretation of reality
narrow.
or of personal distress.

Personality Trait by Eysenck The 4D’s of Abnormal Behavior

a. Deviance – this term describes the idea that
1. Extrovert - It refers to a person that is sociable, specific thoughts, behaviors and emotions are
out-going. and active. considered deviant when they are unacceptable

2. Introvert - It refers to a person that is or not common in society. An individual’s actions

withdrawn, quiet, and introspective. as deviant or abnormal when his or her behavior
is deemed unacceptable by the culture he or she
3. Emotionally Unstable - It is a trait that is being belongs to.
anxious. excitable, and easily disturbed. b. Distress – this term accounts for negative
feelings by the individual with the disorder. He or
Eysenck theorized that criminality and
she may feel deeply troubled and affected by
antisocial behavior are both positively and causally
related to high levels of psychoticism, extroversion their illness.

and neuroticism. [12.13.14] The theory says that in c. Dysfunction – this term involves maladaptive

extroverts, and possibly also in people high on the behavior that impairs the individual’s ability to

psychoticism scale, biologically determined low perform normal daily functions, such as getting

degrees of arousal and arousability lead to ready for work in the morning, or driving a car.
impulsive, risk-taking and sensation-seeking Such maladaptive behaviors prevent the
 individual from living a normal, healthy lifestyle. process, in other words we do not really
However, dysfunctional behavior is not always think about it.
caused by a disorderl it may be voluntary, such 3. Medical/Biological
as engaging in a hunger strike. The medical model of psychopathology believes
d. Danger – this term involves dangerous or violent that disorders have an organic or physical
behavior directed at the individual, or others in cause. The focus of this approach is on
the environment. An example of dangerous genetics, neurotransmitters, neurophysiology,
behavior that may suggest a psychological neuroanatomy, biochemistry, etc. For example,
disorder is engaging in suicidal activity. in terms of biochemistry – dopamine are related
MODELS OF ABNORMALITY to symptoms of schizophrenia. The approach
1. Behavioral argues that mental disorders are related to the
Behaviorists believe that our actions are physical structure and functioning of the brain.
determined largely by the experiences we have 4. Psychodynamic
in life, rather than by underlying pathology of The main assumptions include Freud’s belief
unconscious forces. Abnormality is therefore that abnormality came from the psychological
seen as the development of behavior patterns causes rather than the physical causes that
that therefore seen as the development of unresolved conflicts between id, ego and
behavior patterns that are considered superego can all contribute to abnormality, for
maladaptive (i.e. harmful) for the individual. example:
Behaviorism states that all behavior (including o Weak Ego – well-adjusted people have
abnormal) are learned from the environment a strong ego that is able to cope with the
(nurture) and that all behavior learned can also demands of both the id and the
be “unlearned” (which is how abnormal behavior superego by allowing each to express
is treated). The emphasis of the behavioral itself at appropriate times. If, however,
approach is on the environment and how the ego is weakened, then either the id
abnormal behavior is acquired, through classical or the superego, whichever is stronger,
conditioning, operant conditioning and social may dominate the personality.
learning. o Unchecked Id Impulses – if id impulses
2. Cognitive are unchecked, they may be expressed
The cognitive approach assumes that a person’s in self-destructive and immoral behavior.
thoughts are responsible for their behavior. The This may lead to disorders such as
model deals with how information is processed conduct disorders in childhood and
in the brain and the impact of this on behavior. psychopathic behavior in adulthood.
The basic assumptions are: o Too Powerful Superego – is too
o Maladaptive behavior is caused by faulty powerful, and therefore too harsh and
and irrational cognitions. inflexible in its moral values, will restrict
o It is the way you think about a problem, the id to such an extent that the person
rather than the problem itself that will be deprived of even socially
causes mental disorders. acceptable pleasures. According to
o Individuals can overcome mental Freud, this would create neurosis which
disorders by learning to use more could be expressed in the symptoms of
appropriate cognitions. anxiety disorders such as phobias and
o The individual is an active processor of obssessions.
information. How a person perceives, IDENTIFICATION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
anticipates and evaluates events rather 1. Deviation from Statistical Norm
than the events themselves, which will Population facts are measured such as height,
have an impact on behavior. This weight and intelligence. Most of the people fall
generally believed to be an automatic within the middle range of intelligence, but a few
 are abnormally stupid. But according to this o Suffering;
definition, a person who is extremely intelligent o Maladaptiveness (danger to self);
should be classified as abnormal. Examples are: o Vividness and unconventionality;
o Intelligence – it is statistically normal for o Unpredictability and loss of control;
a person to geth a score of about 145 on o Irrationality/Incomprehensibility;
an IQ test or to get a score below 55,
o Causes observer discomfort; and
but only the lowest score is considered
o Violates moral/social standards
abnormal.
6. Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
o Anxiety – a person who is anxious all
Under this defintion, rather than defining what is
the time or has a high level of anxiety
abnormal, we define what normal/ideal is and
and someone who almost never feels
anything that deviates from this is regarded as
anxiety are all considered abnormal.
abnormal. This requires us to decide on the
2. Deviation from Social Norm
characteristics we consider necessary to mental
Every culture has certain standards for
health. This six criteria by which mental health
acceptable behavior; behavior that deviates from
could be measured are as follows:
that standard is considered to be abnormal
o Positive view of the self;
behavior. But those standards can change with
o Capability for growth and development;
time and vary from one society to another.
o Autonomy and independence;
3. Maladaptive Behavior
o Accurate perception of reality;
The third criterion is how the behavior affects the
well-being of the individual and/or social group. o Positive friendships and relationships;

A man who attempts suicide or a paranoid and

individual who tries to assassinate national o Environmental mastery (able to meet

leaders are illustrations under this criterion. The the varying demands of day-to-day
two aspects of maladaptive behavior are: situations).
o Maladaptive to One’s Self – it refers to Symptoms of Abnormal behavior

the inability of a person to reach goals or 1. Long periods of Discomfort- This could be
to adapt the demands of life. anything as simples as worrying about a
o Maladaptive to Society – it refers to the calculus test or grieving the death of love
person’s obstruction or disruption to one. This distress is related to a real,
social group functioning. related, or threatened event and passes
4. Personal Distress with time. When such distressing feelings,
The fourth criterion considers abnormality in however, persist for an extended period of
terms of the individual’s subjective feelings,
time and seem to be related to events
personal distress, rather than his behavior. Most
surrounding the person, they would be
considered abnormal and could suggest a
people commonly diagnosed as “mentally ill” feel
psychological disorder.
miserable, anxious, depressed and may suffer
2. Impaired Functioning – Here, a distinction
from insomnia.
must be made between simply a passing
5. Failure to Function Adequately
period of inefficiency and prolonged
Under this defintion, a person is considered
inefficiency which seems unexplainable. For
abnormal if they are unable to cope with
instance, a very brilliant person consistently
demands of everyday life. They may be unable
fails in his classes or someone who
to perform the behaviors necessary for day-to-
constantly changes his jobs for no apparent
day living e.g. self-care, hold down a job, interact
reason.
meaningfully with others, make themselves
3. Bizarre behavior – Bizarre behavior that has
understood etc.
no rational basis seems to indicate that the
The following characteristics that define failure to
individual is confused. The psychoses
function adequately:
 frequently result in hallucinations (baseless  The discordant or disturbed family –
false yet held as true by the individual). Characterized by non-satisfaction of one or
4. Disruptive Behavior – Disruptive behavior both parent from the relationship that may
means impulsive, apparently uncontrollable express feeling of frustration. This is usually
behavior that disrupts the lives of other or due to value differences as common
deprives them of their human rights on a sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
 The disrupted family – Characterized by
regular basis. This type of behavior is
incompleteness whether as a result of
characteristic of a severe psychological
death, divorce, separation or some other
disorder. An example of this is the antisocial
circumstances.
personality disorder.
2. Childhood trauma – The experiences, which
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing
 Actions that is prohibited by the state and developmental processes. The developmental
punishable by law. (legal) processes sometimes being blocked by parental
 Action that may be rewarding to the actor deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of
but inflicts pain or loss to others. That is inadequate maturing at home because of parental
why criminal behavior is an anti-social rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness, over
behavior. (moral) permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
The Criminal - Is any person who has been found Other Factors:
to have committed a wrongful act in a course of
judicial process. Mental Disorder - refers to the significant
impairment in psychological functioning.
MAJOR FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR Mental Disorder- also called a mental illness or
psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental
1. ENVIRONMENT - the surroundings that influence pattern that causes significant distress or
human actions. impairment of personal functioning.
2. LEARNING - education, experience or practice
3. HEREDITY – passing of traits from parents to
offspring

What is Mental Retardation (MR)?

Some environmental factors that affects the
development of behavior: MR is a condition of limited ability in which an
individual has a low Intelligence Quotient (IQ),
1. Family background – It is a basic consideration usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test,
because it is the family whereby an individual first and has difficulty adapting to everyday life, he/she
experiences how to relate and interact with first exhibited these characteristics during the so-
another. The family is said to be the cradle of called developmental period - by age 18.
personality development as a result of either a
close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic
family structure. MR is a developmental disability that first appears
The pathogenic family structure: in children under the age of 18. It is defined as a
 The inadequate family – Characterized by level of intellectual functioning (as measured by
inability to cope with the ordinary problems standard intelligence tests) that is well below
of family living. It lacks the resources, average and results in significant limitations in the
physical or psychological, for meeting the person's daily living skills (adaptive functioning).
demands of the family satisfaction.
Adaptive skills are a term that refers to skills
 The anti-social family – Those that
needed for daily life. Such skills include the ability
espouses unacceptable values as a result of
to produce and understand language
the influence parents to their children.
(communication): home-living skills; use of
community resources, health, safety, leisure, self- Types of Conflict
care, and social skills; self-direction; functional
1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)
academic skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic);
and job-related skills. Psychological conflict could be going on
inside the person and no one would know (instinct
Four Different Levels of Mental Retardation
may be at odds with values). Freud would say
1. Mild Mental Retardation - Approximately 85% unconscious id battling superego and further
of the mentally retarded population is in the mildly claimed that our personalities are always in
retarded category. Their IQ score ranges from 50- conflict.
70, and they can often acquire academic skills up to
2. Social Conflict
about the sixth-grade level. They can become fairly
self-sufficient and, in some cases, live The different kinds of social conflict are:
independently, with community and social support
a. Interpersonal Conflict;
2. Moderate Mental Retardation - About 10% of b. Two individuals me against you;
the mentally retarded population is considered c. Inter-group Struggles - us against them;
moderately retarded. Moderately retarded persons d. Individual Opposing a Group - me against them,
have IQ scores ranging from 35-55. They can carry them against me;
out work and self-care tasks with moderate e. Intra-group Conflict - members of group all
against each other on a task.
supervision. They typically acquire communication
skills in childhood and are able to live and function 3. Approach-Avoidance
successfully within the community in such Conflict can be described as having features
supervised environments as group homes. of approach and avoidance: approach-approach,
avoidance- avoidance, and approach-avoidance.
3. Severe Mental Retardation - About 3-4% of the Approach speaks to things that we want while
mentally retarded population is severely retarded. Avoidance refers to things that we do not want.
Severely retarded persons have IQ scores of 20-40.
They may master very basic self-care skills and
some communication skills. Many severely Kinds of Approach-Avoidance
retarded individuals are able to live in a group
a. Approach-Approach Conflict - In Approach-
home. Approach conflict, the individual must choose
between two positive goals of approximately equal
value. In this, two pleasing things are wanted but
Only 1-2% of the mentally retarded population is
only one option should be chosen.
classified as profoundly retarded. Profoundly Examples: Choice between two colleges, two
retarded individuals have IQ scores under 20-25. roommates, or two ways of spending the summer.
They may be able to develop basic self-care and
communication skills with appropriate support and b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Avoidance-
training. Their retardation is often caused by an Avoidance conflict involves more obvious sources
accompanying neurological disorder. Profoundly of stress. The individual must choose between two
retarded people need a high level of structure and or more negative outcomes.
supervision.
Examples: Study or do the dishes. I don't want this
Conflict - is a stressful condition that occurs when and I don't want that. A woman with an unwanted
a person must choose between incompatible or pregnancy may be morally opposed by abortion.
contradictory alternatives. It is a negative
c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Approach-
emotional state caused by an inability to choose
Avoidance conflict exists when there is an
between two or more incompatible goals or
attractive and unattractive part to both sides. It
impulse. Conflict is the state in which two or more
arises when obtaining a positive goal necessitates a
motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere
negative outcome as well.
with one another.
Examples: Gina is beautiful but she is lazy. "I want
this but I don't want what this entails". Symptoms of Depression

Another is the dilemma of the student who is a. Think and speak more slowly than normal.
offered a stolen copy of an important final exam. b. Have trouble concentrating, remembering, and
making decisions.
Cheating will bring guilt and reduced self-esteem,
c. Have changes in their eating and sleeping habits.
but also a good grade.
d. Lose interest in things they enjoyed before they
were depressed.
d. Multiple-Approach-Avoidance Conflict - This
e. Have feelings of guilt and hopelessness,
refers to conflict with complex combinations of
wondering if life is worth living.
approach and avoidance conflicts. It requires f. Think a lot about death or suicide.
individual to choose between alternatives that g. Complain about problems that don't have a
contain both positive and negative consequences. physical cause, such as headache and
stomachache.
Functional versus Dysfunctional Conflict

a. Dysfunctional Conflict - There is dysfunctional Different Forms of Depression

conflict if conflict disrupts, hinders job
1. Major Depressive Disorder - This is also called
performance, and upsets personal psychological
major depression. It is characterized by a
functioning.
combination of symptoms that interfere with a
b. Functional Conflict - There is functional conflict person's ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and
if conflict is responsive and innovative aiding in enjoy once-pleasurable activities. Major depression
creativity and viability. is disabling and prevents a person from functioning
normally. An episode of major depression may
Crime and Conflict
occur only once in a person's lifetime, but more
Criminal behavior as an indicator of conflict often, it recurs throughout a person's life.
within the person, emphasizing either:
2. Dysthymic Disorder (or also referred to as
a. failure to resolve tensions generated in the Dysthymia) - The symptoms do not occur for more
course of interaction between the organism and than two months at a time. Generally, this type of
human figures in its environment; and depression is described as having persistent but
less severe depressive symptoms than Major
b. tensions generated by person's inability to Depression. Manifest nearly constant depressed
satisfy the contradictory expectations of others, or mood for at least 2 years accompanied by at least
else to mobilize the resources needed to perform a two (or more) of the following:
role assigned to him.
a. Decrease or increase in eating;
b. Difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping;
Depression - is an illness that causes a person to c. Low energy or fatigue;
feel sad and hopeless much of the time. It is d. Low self-esteem:
different from normal feelings of sadness, grief, or e. Difficulty concentrating or making decisions; and
low energy. Anyone can have depression. It often f. Feeling hopeless.
runs in families. But it can also happen to someone
who doesn't have a family history of depression. 3. Psychotic Depression - This occurs when a
You can have depression one time or many times. severe depressive illness is accompanied by some
form of psychosis, such as a break with reality,
Causes of Depression hallucinations, and delusions.
a. Major events that create stress, such as
childbirth or a death in the family. 4. Postpartum Depression - This is a major
b. Illnesses, such as arthritis, heart disease, or depressive episode that occurs after having a baby.
cancer. A new mother develops a major depressive episode
c. Certain medicines, such as steroids or narcotics within one month after delivery. It is estimated that
for pain relief. 10 to 15 percent of women experience postpartum
d. Drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs.
depression after giving birth. In rare cases, a b. Helping others in need - volunteer work, feeding
woman may have a severe ere form depression the homeless, ect.
called postpartum psychosis. She may act c. Praying - works for all moods, especially
strangely, see or hear things s that aren't baby. depression.
there, and be a danger to herself and her
MENTAL DISORDERS AND CRIMINALITY
5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - This is
characterized by the onset of a depressive illness What is Mental Disorder?
during the winter months, when there is less
natural sunlight. The depression generally lifts A mental disorder is a broad term used to
during spring and summer. SAD may be effectively group physical and psychological symptoms that
treated with light therapy, but nearly half of those cause abnormal thoughts and behaviors. Mental
with SAD do not respond to light therapy alone. disorders are more commonly referred to as
Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can mental illnesses. These illnesses cause abnormal
reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or in behavior that is disruptive to a person's life. Mental
combination with light therapy.
illnesses may be associated with the brain, but they
6. Bipolar Disorder - This is also called manic- have more in common with other bodily illnesses
depressive illness, is not as common as major than they do differences. In fact, as we learn about
depression or dysthymia Bipolar disorder is mental disorders, it is good to keep in mind how
characterized by cyclical mood changes- from similar they are to physical illnesses.
extreme highs (e.g., mania) to extreme lows (e.g..
depression).

7. Endogenous Depression - Endogenous means

from within the body. This type of depression is
Neurosis and Psychosis
defined as feeling depressed for no apparent
reason. What is Neurosis?

8. Situational Depression or Reactive Depression - Neurosis is a class of functional mental

This is also known as Adjustment Disorder with disorder involving distress but neither delusions
Depressed Mood. Depressive symptoms develop in nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside
response to a specific stressful situation or event socially accepted norms.
(e.g. job loss, relationship ending). These symptoms
Neurosis is also known as psychoneurosis or
occur within 3 months of the stressor and lasts no
neurotic disorder, and thus those suffering from it
longer than 6 months after the stressor (or its
are said to be neurotic. It involves impaired social,
consequences) has ended. Depression symptoms
intellectual and/or vocational functioning without
cause significant distress or impairs usual
disorganization of personality or loss of contact
functioning (e.g relationships, work, school) and do
with reality.
not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.
The symptoms of neurosis are the following:
9. Agitated Depression - This kind of major
depressive disorder is characterized by agitation a. Anxiety Reaction - Anxiety reaction has diffused
such as physical and emotional restlessness, fearfulness, tension, and restlessness with
irritability and insomnia, which is the opposite of sometimes snowball into episodes of panic.
many depressed individuals who have low energy
and fee slowed down physically and mentally b. Dissociative Reaction - Dissociative reaction is a
inappropriate social behavior. massive repression or dissociation of certain aspect
of experience or memory varying in intensity from
How to Battle Depression? sleepwalking to amnesias and multiple personality
disturbances.
a. Socializing - eating out, movies, ballgames with
family or friends. c. Conversion Reaction - Conversion reaction
illustrates symbolic resolution of conflict that
imitates the effects of physical illnesses like excitement and delusional optimism on the one
paralysis, blindness, anesthesia, etc. hand and immobilizing, delusional depression on
the other.
d. Phobic Reaction - Phobic reaction refers to
intense, irrational fear of specific objects or events d. Schizophrenic Reaction - Schizophrenic reactions
that may have a symbolic significance on the are bizarre behavior; disturbances of thought and
afflicted individual. reality testing: emotional withdrawal; and varying
levels of psychotic thinking and behavior.
e. Obsessive - Compulsive Reaction Obsessive-
compulsive reaction has repetitive, irrational Anxiety Disorder
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Anxiety is a psychological disorder that
which usually involve some symbolic effort at
involves excessive levels of negative instags, such
conflict resolution.
as nervousness, tension, worry fright, and anxiety,
f. Depressive Reaction - Depressive reaction refers he is a generalized feeling of apprehension, fear. or
to depression, usually accompanied by guilt, tension that may be associated with a particular
feelings of inferiority, and anxiety. object or situation or may be free-touch disot
associated with anything specific Anxiety can cause
What is Psychosis?
such distress that it interferes with a person's
Psychosis came from the word psyche, for ability to lead a normal life.
mind/soul, and osis, for abnormal condition. It
What is the difference between Anxiety and Fear?
means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a
generic psychiatric term for a mental state often Anxiety is defined as an unpleasant
described as involving a "loss of contact with emotional state for which the cause is either not
reality." readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable
or unavoidable, whereas, fear is an emotional and
People suffering from psychosis are said to
physiological response to a recognized external
be psychotic. Disorganization of personality marked
threat or a response to a real danger or threat.
by impaired vocational and social functioning and
intellectual deterioration. It has the following What are the symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder?
characteristics: disorientation of time, place and/or
Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety
person: delusion (false beliefs); hallucination (false
disorder. but general symptoms include:
perception); bizarre behavior; inappropriate
emotional responses; distortion of thinking. a. feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness,
association, and judgment. b. uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts,
c. repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic
The symptoms of psychosis are the experiences.
following: d. nightmares,
e. ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand
a. Involution Reaction - Involution reaction washing.
demonstrates severe depression during the f. problems sleeping,
involution period without previous history of g. cold or sweaty hands and/or feet,
psychosis. h. shortness of breath,
i. palpitations,
b. Affective Reaction - There is a presence of j. an inability to be still and calm,
inappropriately exaggerated mood and marked k. dry mouth,
change in activity level with associated thought l. numbness or tingling in the hands or feet,
m. nausea,
disorder.
n. muscle tension, and
c. Manic-Depressive Reaction- Manic-depressive o. dizziness.
reaction shows cyclical disturbances involving
Types of Anxiety Disorder
various combinations of or alternation between
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - This disorder  Mysophobia - The fear of germs.
involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension,  Aerophobia - The fear of flying.
even if there is little or nothing to provoke the  Trypophobia - The fear of holes.
anxiety. Accordingly, symptoms include  Carcinophobia - The fear of cancer.
restlessness or feeling keyed up, difficulty  Thanatophobia - The fear of death.
concentrating, irritability, muscle tension and  Glossophobia - The fear of public speaking.
 Monophobia - The fear of being alone.
jitteriness, deep disturbance, and unwanted,
 Atychiphobia - The fear of failure.
intrusive worries.
 Ornithophobia - The fear of birds.
 Alektorophobia - The fear of chickens.
2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - People  Enochlophobia - The fear of crowds.
with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or  Aphenphosmphobia - The fear of intimacy.
fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or  Trypanophobia - The fear of needles.
routines. The disturbing thoughts are called  Anthropophobia - The fear of people.
obsessions - are anxiety-provoking thoughts that  Aquaphobia - The fear of water.
will not go away (ex.: one may have repetitive  Autophobia - The fear of abandonment.
thoughts of killing a child, of becoming  Hemophobia - The fear of blood.
contaminated by a handshake, or of having  Gamophobia - The fear of commitment/marriage.
unknowingly hurt someone in a traffic accident;  Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia-
and the rituals are called compulsions - are The fare of long words.
irresistible urges to engage in behaviors (ex.: a  Xenophobia- The fear of the unknown.
person with an unreasonable fear of germs who  Vehophobia- The fear of driving.
constantly washes his or her hands, compulsive  Basiphobia- The fear of falling.
counting, touching, and checking).  Achievemephobia- The fear of success.
 Theophobia- The fear of God.
4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - PTSD is  Ailurophobia - The fear of cats.
a condition that can develop following a traumatic  Metathesiophobia- The fear of change.
and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical  Globophobia - The fear of balloons.
assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or a  Nyctophobia - The fear of darkness.
natural disaster. People with PTSD often have  Androphobia- The fear of men.
 Phobophobia- The fear of fear.
lasting and frightening thoughts and memories of
 Philophobia - The fear of love.
the event, and tend to be emotionally numb. The
 Triskaidekaphobia- The fear of the number
Vietnam War appears to have produced an 13/bad luck.
unprecedented 500,000 veterans with at least mild  Emetophobia- The fear of vomiting.
problems of PTSD.  Gephyrophobia - The fear of bridges.
 Entomophobia - The fear of bugs and
5. Specific Phobias - A Specific Phobia is an intense insects.
fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes,  Lepidopterophobia- The fear of but
heights, or flying. Phobia is an exaggerated, butterflies/winged insects.
unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or  Podophobia - The fear of feet.
object.  Paraskevidekatriaphobia - The fear of
Friday the 13th
The level of fear usually is inappropriate to the  Somniphobia - The fear of sleep.
situation and may cause the person to avoid  Gynophobia - The fear of women.
common everyday situations. Some specific  Apiphobia - The fear of bees.
 Koumpounophobia - The fear of buttons.
phobias are:
 Anatidaephobia - The fear of ducks.
 Arachnophobia - The fear of spiders.  Pyrophobia - The fear of fire.
 Ophidiophobia - The fear of snakes.  Ranidaphobia - The fear of frogs.
 Acrophobia - The fear of heights.  Galeophobia - The fear of sharks.
 Agoraphobia - The fear of open or crowded  Athazagoraphobia - The fear of being
spaces. forgotten.
 Cynophobia - The fear of dogs.  Katsaridaphobia - The fear of cockroaches.
 Astraphobia – The fear of  Iatrophobia - The fear of doctors.
thunder/lightning.  Pediophobia - The fear of dolls.
 Claustrophobia - The fear of enclosed spaces.  Ichthyophobia - The fear of fish.
  Mottephobia - The fear of moths. contrary to the moral code by which they have
 Zoophobia - The fear of animals. been raised.
 Bananaphobia- The fear of bananas.
 Scelerophobia - The fear of crime.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS WHICH MAY LEAD TO
 Cibophobia - The fear of food.
 Phasmophobia - The fear of ghosts. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMIZATION
 Equinophobia - The fear of horses. Personality Disorders are chronic maladaptive
 Musophobia - The fear of mice. cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly
 Catoptrophobia - The fear of mirrors. integrated into the individual’s personality and that are
 Agliophobia - The fear of pain. troublesome to others or whose pleasure sources are
 Tokophobia - The fear of pregnancy.
either harmful or illegal.
 Telephonophobia - The fear of talk talking
Ten Types of Personality Disorder (Cluster A, B and
on the phone.
 Pogonophobia - The fear of beards. C)
 Cacomorphobia - The fear of fat people. Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
 Gerascophobia - The fear of fat people. a) Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) – those
 Chaetophobia - The fear of hair. with SPD may be perceived by others as
 Nosocomephobia- The fear of hospitals. somber, aloof and other are referred to as
 Ligyrophobia - The fear of loud noises.
loners.
 Didaskaleinophobia- The fear of school.
Manifestations:
 Technophobia - The fear of technology.
 Chronophobia - The fear of the future. b) Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) –
 Ergophobia - The fear of work. although prone to unjustified anger or
 Coulrophobia- The fear of clowns. aggressive outbursts when they perceived
 Allodoxaphobia - The fear of opinions. others as disloyal or deceitful, those with PPD
 Samhainophobia - The fear of Halloween. more often come across as emotionally “cold” or
 Photophobia - The fear of light.
excessively serious.
 Numerophobia - The fear of numbers.
c) Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) – this
 Ombrophobia - The fear of rain.
 Coasterphobia - The fear of roller coasters. disorder is characterized both by a need for
 Thalassophobia - The fear of the ocean. isolation as well as odd, outlandish, or paranoid
 Coleciphobia - The fear of worms. beliefs. Some researchers suggest this disorder
 Kinemortophobia - The fear of zombies. is less severe than schizophrenia.
 Myrmecophobia - The fear of ants. Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behaviors
 Taphophobia - The fear of being buried
a) Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – is
alive.
characterized by lack of empathy or conscience,
6. Social Anxiety Disorder - This is also called social a difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative
phobia. behaviors. Antisocial behavior in people less
It involves overwhelming worry and self- than 18 years old is called conduct disorder.
consciousness about everyday social situations. The
People with this disorder are at high risk for
worry often centers on a fear of being judged by
premature and violent death, injury,
others, or behaving in a way that might cause
embarrassment or lead to ridicule. imprisonment, loss of employment, bankruptcy,
alcoholism, drug dependence, and failed
Three Types of Anxiety According to Freud personal relationships.
b) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – This
1. Reality Anxiety - Reality anxiety refers to fear of
mental illness interferes with an individual’s
real dangers in the external world.
2. Neurotic Anxiety - Neurotic anxiety refers to fear ability to regulate emotion. Borderlines are highly
that instincts will get out of control and cause the sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment
person to do something for which he or she will be may result in frantic efforts to avoid being left
punished. alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.
3. Moral Anxiety - Moral anxiety is the fear of the Borderline personalities are at high risk for
conscience. People with well-developed superegos
developing depression, alcoholism, drug
tend to feel guilty when they do something that is
 dependence, and bulimia; dissociate disorder, pay dowry, murder, and smuggling respectively.
and post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, A significant relationship was observed between
10 percent of people with this disorder commit the type of crime and schizoid personality
suicide by the age of 30. disorder.
c) Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) – is  Prevalence of clinical personality patterns
characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for among imprisoned women was 61.2% and
admiration, and lack of empathy. Narcissistic schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), paranoid
tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of personality disorder (PPD), and borderline
others’ perspectives, insensitive to others’ needs personality disorder, were, respectively, the
and indifferent to the effect of their own most prevalent among men and PPD, SPD and
egocentric behavior. histrionic personality disorder were most
d) Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) – prevalent among women.
individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a  Paranoid persons committing violent crimes and
pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and whose personality characteristics are primarily
attempt to get attention in unusual ways, such as paranoid belong to a variety of subtypes. Some
bizzare appearance or speech. exhibits pathological jealousy; others extreme
Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Behaviors bigotry; still others, persecutory ideation and
a) Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD) – grude-holding. Within the latter category will be
Those with avoidant personalities are often situated the majority of persons committing
hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to take mass murder.
social risks. Avoidant displays a high level of  A diagnosis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder
social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, has been consistently been linked to criminal
avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal behavior, including violent offending of
contact. prisoners.
b) Dependent Personality Behavior (DPD) –  Further evidence for a relationship between
People with dependent disorder typically exhibits personality disorder and violence has emerged
a pattern of needy and submissive behavior, and from research investigating perpertrators of
rely on others to make decisions for them. violence has emerged from research
c) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder investigating perpetrators of violence in the
(OCPD) – Individual with OCPD, also called community. A large number of cross-sectional
Anankastic Personality Disorder, are so focused studies have demonstrated that individuals who
on order and perfection that their lack flexibilty engage in violent and nonviolent offending,
interferes with productivity and efficiency. They aggression and intimate partner violence, are
can also be workaholics, preferring the control of more likely to meet diagnosis for a personality
working alone, as they are afraid that work disorder.
completed by others will not be done correctly.  Individuals belonging to Cluster A or B
This disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are three times more likely
disorder, which often includes more bizzare to commit violent acts in the future.
behavior and rituals.
PERSONALITY DISORDER AND CRIMINALITY Sexual Disorder or Sexual Dysfunction
Eysenck believes that personality is the main factor in Sexual dysfunctions are disorders related to
criminal behavior, has a decisive role in crime, and their a particular phase of the sexual response cycle.
study is the only systematic behavior can be explained. Sexual disorders include problems sof sexual
 440 prisoners in Tehran, Iran, showed that 88% identity, sexual performance, and sexual aim.
of prisoners were men. Moreover, 51.8%,
15.7%, 10.2%, 8.6%, 5.0%, 1.4%, 3.0%, and What are the Symptoms of Sexual Dysfunction?
In Men:
1.6% were imprisoned due to fraud, theft, blood
a. Inability to achieve or maintain an erection
money payment, infidelity, denying and failure to
suitable for intercourse (erectile dysfunction).
b. Absent or delayed ejaculation despite adequate 1. Premature Ejaculation - It is the unsatisfactory
sexual stimulation (retarded ejaculation). brief period between the beginning or sexual
c. Inability to control the timing of ejaculation stimulation and the occurrence of ejaculation.
(early or premature ejaculation).
2. Male Orgasmic Disorder - It refers to the
In Women: inability to ejaculate during sexual intercourse.
a. Inability to achieve orgasm.
b. Inadequate vaginal lubrication before and during 3. Female Orgasmic Disorder - It refers to the
intercourse. difficulty in achieving orgasm, either manually or
c. Inability to relax the vaginal muscles enough to during sexual intercourse.
allow intercourse.
D. Sexual Pain Disorders:
In Men and Women:
a. Lack of interest in or desire for sex. 1. Vaginismus - It is the involuntary muscle spasm
b. Inability to become aroused. at the entrance to the vagina that prevents
c. Pain with intercourse. penetration and sexual intercourse.

Sexual Dysfunction 2. Dyspareunia - It refers to painful coitus that may

Sexual dysfunction is a persistent or have either an organic or psychological basis.
recurrent problem that causes marked distress and
interpersonal difficulty and that may involve any or E. Hyper Sexuality:
some combination of the following: sexual arousal 1. Nymphomania (or furor uterinus) - A female
or the pleasure associated with sex, or orgasm. It is psychological disorder characterized by an
a disturbance in any phase of the Human Sexual overactive libido and obsession with sex
Response Cycle. (etymology of the word is nymph).

Types of Sexual Dysfunction 2. Satyriasis - In males the disorder is called

A. Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire (during the satyriasis and the etymology is satyr.
Excitement Phase):
1. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - It is marked Paraphilias
by lack or no sexual drive or interest in sexual Paraphilia (in Greek para over and philia =
activity. It is characterized by a persistent, friendship) is a rare mental health disorder term
upsetting loss of sexual desire. recently used to indicate sexual arousal in response
2. Sexual Aversion Disorder - It is characterized by to sexual objects or situations that are not part of
a desire to avoid genital contact with a sexual societal normative arousal/activity patterns, or
partner. It refers to persistent feelings of fear, which may interfere with the capacity for
anxiety, or disgust about engaging in sex. reciprocal affectionate sexual activity. The disorder
is characterized by a 6-month period of recurrent,
B. Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal (during the intense, sexually arousing fantasies ntasies or
Arousal/Plateau Phase): sexual urges involving a specific act. depending on
1. Male Erectile Disorder - It refers to the inability the paraphilia.
to maintain or achieve an erection (previously
called as impotence). Common Forms of Paraphilia
2. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - It refers to 1. Exhibitionism
none responsiveness to erotic stimulation both This is also known as flashing. is behavior by
physically and emotionally (previously called as a person that involves the exposure of private parts
frigidity). of his/ her body to another person in a situation
when they would not normally be exposed. When
the term is used to refer to the psychological
C. Dysfunctions of Orgasm (during the Orgasmic compulsion for such exposure, it may be called
Phase): Apodysophilia or a Lady Godiva syndrome.

Types of Exposure
a. Flashing - It is the display of bare breasts and/or d. Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM) - A form of sexual
buttocks by a woman with an up-and-down lifting fetishism that has a person getting aroused by
of the shirt and/or bra or a person exposing and/or substances applied on the body like mud, shaving
stroking his or her genitals. foam, custard pudding, chocolate sauce, etc. It
b. Mooning - It refers to the displaying of the bare could also involve wet clothes, or any combination
buttocks while bending down by the pulling-down of the above.
of trousers and underwear. This act is more often
done for the sake of humor and/or mockery than Gender Identity Disorder (Transsexualism)
for sexual excitement.
c. Anasyrma - It refers to the lifting up of the skirt Gender Identity Disorder or Gender
when not wearing underwear, to expose genitals. Dysphoria refers to a disturbance of gender
d. Martymachlia - Is a paraphilia which involves identification in which the affected person has an
sexual attraction to having others watch the overwhelming desire to change their anatomic sex
execution of a sexual act. or insists that they are of the opposite sex, with
persistent discomfort about their assigned sex or
2. Fetishism about filling its usual gender role; the disorder may
become apparent in childhood or not appear until
People with a fetish experience sexual urges and adolescence or adulthood. Individuals may attempt
behavior which are associated with non-living to live as members of the opposite sex and may
objects. For example, the object of the fetish could seek hormonal and surgical treatment to bring
be an article of female clothing, like female their anatomy into conformity with their belief.
underwear, Usually the fetish begins in
adolescence and tends to be quite chronic into Category of Sexual Abnormalities
adult life Sexual fetishism, first described as such by A. Sexual Abnormalities as to the Choice of Sexual
Sigmund Freud Partner:

Types of Fetishism 1. Heterosexual - This refers to a sexual desire

towards the opposite sex. This is a normal sexual
a. Sexual Transvestic Fetishism (Transvestism behavior, socially and medically acceptable.
Cross Dressing) - Transvestic fetishism begins in 2. Homosexual - This refers to a relationship or
adolescence, usually around the onset of puberty having a sexual desire towards member(s) of
Most practitioners are male who are aroused by his/her own gender. The term homosexual can be
wearing, fondling, or seeing female clothing. applied to either a man or woman, but female
Lingerie (bras, panties, girdles, corsets, and slips), homosexuals are usually called lesbians.
stockings shoes or boots may all be the fetishistic
object. Kinds of Homosexual

b. Foot Fetishism - It is a pronounced fetishistic a. Overt - Persons who are conscious of their
sexual interest in human feet. It is also one of the homosexual cravings, and who make no attempts
most common fetishistic interests among humans to disguise their intention. They make advances
A foot fetishist can be sexually aroused by viewing, towards members of their own gender.
handling, licking, tickling, sniffing or kissing the feet b. Latent - Persons who may or may not be aware
and toes of another person, or by having another of the tendency in that direction but are inclined to
person doing the same to his/her own feet. repress the urge to give way to their homosexual
yearning.
c. Tickling Fetishism - A sexual fetish related to 3. Infantosexual - This refers to a sexual desire
gaining a specific sexual thrill from either tickling a towards an immature person such as pedophilia.
sex partner or being subjected to tickling
themselves, usually to the point of helpless 4. Bestosexual - This refers to a sexual gratification
laughter. Often this involves some form of restraint towards animals. This is similar to bestiality and
to prevent escape and/or accidentally hurting the zoophilia.
tickler.
5. Autosexual (Self Gratification or Masturbation) a. Sexual Anesthesia - This refers to the absence of
- It is a form of "self-abuse" or "solitary vice" sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in
carried without the cooperation of another person women.
or the induction of a state of erection of the genital b. Dyspareunia - It refers to the painful sexual act
organs and the achievement of orgasm by manual in women.
or mechanical stimulation. c. Vaginismus - It refers to the painful spasm of the
vagina during sexual act.
Types of Masturbation
C. Sexual Abnormalities as to Mode of Sexual
Expression or Sexual Satisfaction:
a. Conscious Type - The person deliberately
resorts to some mechanical means of producing 1. Oralism - This refers to the use of the mouth as a
sexual excitement with or without orgasm. In male, way of sexual gratification. This includes any of the
masturbation is made through: manual following:
manipulation to the point of emission, and a. Fellatio (Irrumation) - The female agent receives
ejaculation produced by rubbing his sex organ the penis of a man into her mouth and by friction
against some part of the female body without the with the lips and tongue coupled with the act
use of the hand (frottage). In female, masturbation sucking the sexual organ.
is made by manual manipulation of clitoris, and b. Cunnilingus - The sexual gratification is attained
by licking or sucking the external female genitalia.
introduction of penis-substitute.
c. Anilism (Anilingus) - It is a form of sexual
perversion wherein a person derives excitement by
b. Unconscious Type - The release of sexual tension
licking the anus of another person of either sex.
may come about via the mechanism of nocturnal
stimulation with or without emission, which may 2. Sado-masochism (Algolagnia) - This refers to a
also be as "masturbation equivalent". painful or cruel act as a factor for gratification. The
example of this is flagellation, it is a sexual
6. Gerontophilia - This refers to a sexual desire deviation associated specifically with the act of
with elder person. whipping or being whipped.
a. Sadism (Active Algolagnia) - This refers to a form
7. Necrophilia - This refers to a sexual perversion of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain
characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual on another is necessary or sometimes the sole
intercourse with a corpse. factor in sexual enjoyment.
b. Masochism (Passive Algolagnia) - This refers to
the attainment of pain and humiliation from the
8. Incest- This refers to sexual relations between
opposite sex as the primary factor for sexual
persons who, by reason of blood relationship gratification.
cannot legally marry.
3. Fetishism - It is a form of sexual perversion
B. Sexual Abnormalities as to Instinctual Strength wherein the real or fantasized presence of an
of Sexual Urge: object or bodily part is necessary for sexual
stimulation and/or gratification.
1. Over Sex:
D. Sexual Abnormalities as to the Part of the
a. Satyriasis - This refers to an excessive sexual Body:
desire of men to intercourse. The person is called
Satyr. 1. Sodomy - This refers to a sexual act through
b. Nymphomania - This refers to the strong sexual anus of another human being.
feeling of women. The person is called Nymph but 2. Uranism - This refers to the attainment of sexual
is commonly called hot or fighter. gratification by fingering, fondling with the breast,
Both satyriasis and nymphomania are general licking parts of the body, etc.
expression of compulsive neurosis. 3. Frottage (Frotteurism) - It is a form of sexual
gratification characterized by the compulsive desire
2. Under Sex: of a person to rub his sex organ against some parts
of the body of another.
4. Partialism - It is a form of sexual deviation 3. Intersexuality - It is a genetic defect wherein an
wherein a person has special affinity to certain individual show intermingling, in varying degrees,
parts sof the female body. Sexual libido may of the characteristics of both sexes including
develop in the breast, buttock, foot, legs, etc. of physical form, reproductive organs and sexual
women. behavior.

E. Sexual Abnormalities as to Visual Stimulus: What is Intersexuality?

1. Voyeurism - It is a form of sexual perversion Intersexuality is the condition in which an

characterized by a compulsion to peep to see individual has both male and female anatomical
persons undress or perform other personal characteristics to varying degrees or in which the
activities. The offender is sometimes called appearance of the external genitalia is ambiguous
"Peeping Tom". Usually, after peeping, the person or differs from that characteristic of the gonadal or
masturbates in excess. genetic.

2. Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) - It refers to a Classification of Intersexuality

perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by
1. Gonadal Agenesis - The sex organs (testes or
watching couple undress or during their sex
ovaries) have never developed.
intimacies.
2. Gonadal Dysgenesis - The external sexual
F. Sexual Abnormalities as to Number of Sex
structures are present but at puberty the testes or
Partner:
the ovaries fail to develop.
1. Triolism (from French word, trios which means
3. True Hermaphroditism - A state of bisexuality,
three) - is a form of sexual perversion in which
having both ovaries and testicles. The nuclear sex is
three persons are participating in the sexual orgies.
usually female. The character may be neutral or
The combination may consist of two men and a
whichever is dominant.
woman or two women and a man. Troilist (a
person) becomes aroused and gratified by the 4. Pseudohermaphrodite - The sex organ is
"sharing". anatomically of one sex but the sex character is
that of the opposite sex.
2. Pluralism - It is a form of sexual deviation in
which a group of person participates in the sexual
orgies. Two or more couples may perform sexual
CHAPTER III VICTIMOLOGY
act in a room and they may even agree to exchange
I. NATURE AND CONCEPT OF VICTIMIZATION
partners for "variety sake" during "sexual festival".
Victimology – is the scientific study of the psychological
G. Sexual Abnormalities as to Sexual Reversal:
effects of crime and the relationship between the victims
1. Transvestism (Sexo-esthetic Inversion, Psychical and offender. It examines victim patterns and
Hermaphroditism, or Metamorphosis Sexualis tendencies; studies how victims interact with the police
Paranoica) - It is a form of deviation wherein a and the legal system; and analyzes how factors of class,
male individual derives pleasure from wearing the race and sexual orientation affect the perception of the
female apparel. This condition is found sometimes victim by different constituents, including the public, the
in females who desire to dress themselves in male court system and the media.
attire. A female transvestite may imagine that she Victimology is the scientific study of victimization,
possesses a penis. including the relationships between victims and
offenders, the interactions between victims and the
2. Transexualism - The dominant desire in some
criminal justice system… and the connections between
person to identify themselves with the opposite sex
victims and other societal groups and institutions, such
as completely as possible to discard forever their
as the media, businesses, and social movements. From
anatomical sex refers to Transexualism.
this definition, victimology encompasses the study of:
 a. Victimization; why young persons are more likely to be
b. Victim-offender relationships; victimized than older people, because the young
c. Victim-criminal justie system relationships; are more likely to hang out with other youth, who
d. The victim and the media; commit disproportionate amount of violent and
e. Victims and the costs of crime; property crimes.
f. Victims and social movements. 2. Routine Activities Theory – Cohen and Felson
Crime Victim – generally refers to person, group or formulated routine activities theory to explain
entity who has suffered injury or loss due to illegal changes in aggregate direct-contact predatory
activity. The harm can be physical, psychological, or (e.g., murder, rape, burglary) crime rates in the
economic. Legally, “victim” typically includes the United States from 1947. Routine activities
following: theory posits that the convergence in time and
a. A person who has suffered direct, or threatened, space of a motivated offender, a suitable target,
physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a and the absence of a capable guardian provide
result of the commission of a crime; or an opportunity for crimes to occur. The absence
b. In the case of a victim being an intitutionalized of any one of these conditions is sufficient to
entity, any of the same harms by an individual or drastically reduce the risk of criminal opportunity,
authorized representative of another entity. if not prevent it altogether. This theory does not
VICTIMOLOGY VS CRIMINOLOGY attempt to explain participation in crime but
Victimology focuses on helping victims heal after a instead focuses on how opportunities for crimes
crime, while Criminology aims to understand the are related to the nature of patterns of routine
criminal’s motives and the underlying causes of crime. social interaction, including one’s work, family,
Criminologists “look at every conceivable aspect of and leisure activities. So, for example, if
deviant behavior. This includes the impacts of crime on somebody spends time in public places such as
individual victims and their families, society at large, and bars, he or she increases the likelihood of
even criminals themselves,” according to the Balance. coming into contact with a motivated offender in
Criminologists study elements like frequency, location, the absence of a capable guardian.
causes and types of crime, then work to develop a. Suitable Targets – are always present
“effective and human means of preventing it”. as long as poverty exists.
Victimologists are concerned with fostering recovery, b. Motivated Offenders – are always
while criminologists seek prevention. present since an assumption that
anyone will always try to evade liability if
II. THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION they can.
1. Lifestyle Exposure Theory – Hindelang, c. Absence of Guardian – the problem is
Gottfredson and Garofalo theorized that certain that there’s few defensible spaces
groups of people, namely, young people and (natural surveillance areas) and in the
males, were more likely to be criminally absence of private security, the
victimized. They theorized that an individual’s government can’t do the job alone.
demographics (e.g. age, sex) tended to 3. Situated Transaction Model – This found in the
influence one’s lifestyle, which in turn increased sociology of deviance textbooks. The idea is that
his or her exposure to risk of personal and at the interpersonal level, crime and victimization
property victimization. For instance, according to is a contest of character. The stages go like this:
them, one’s sex carries with it certain role a. Insult – Your momma
expectations and societal contraints; it is how b. Clarification – Whaddya say about my
the individual reacts to these influences that Mother?
determine one’s lifestyle. Using homogamy, they c. Retaliation – I said your momma and
also argued that lifestyles that expose people to you too.
a large of would-be offenders increase one’s risk d. Counter Retaliation – Well, you’re
of being victimized. Homogamy would explain worse than my Momma.
 e. Presence of Weapon – or search for a o Penal Couple
weapon or clenching fists. o Reciprocal Action between
f. Onlookers – presence of the audience Perpetrator and Victim
helps escalate the situation. o Duet Theory of Crime
4. Benjamin & Master’s Threefold Model – this is o Situated Transaction
found in a variety of criminolgical studies, from o Functional Responsibility for Crime
prison riots to strain theories. The idea is that
o Victim-Offender Relationship
condition that support crime can be classified
6. Lifestyle Theory
into three general categories:
Some criminologists believe people may
a. Precipitating Factors – time, space,
become crime victims because their lifestyle
being in the wrong place at the wrong
increases their exposure to criminal offenders.
time.
Victimization risk is increased by such behaviors
b. Attracting Factors – choices, options,
as associating with young men, going out in
lifestyles (the sociological expression
public places late at night, and living in an urban
“lifestyle” refers to daily routine activities
area. Conversely, one’s chances of victimization
as well as special events one engages
can be reduced by staying home at night,
in on a predictable basis).
moving to a rural area, staying out in public
c. Predisposing Factors – all the
places, earning more money, and getting
sociodemographic characteristics of
married. The basis of this theory is that crime is
victims, being male, being young, being
not random occurrence but rather a function of a
poor, being a minority, living in squalor,
victim’s lifestyle.
being single, being unemployed, and
a. The Equivalent Group Hypothesis –
others.
victims and criminals share similar
5. Victim Precipitation Theory – was first
characteristics because they are not
promulgated by Von Hentig in 1941 and applies
actually separate groups, and a criminal
only to violent victimization. Its basic premise is
lifestyle exposes people to increases
that by acting in certain provocative ways, some
levels of victimization risks.
individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to
b. Promiximity Hypothesis – some
their victimization. This theory also suggests that
people willingly put themselves in
some people may actually initiate the
jeopardy by choosing high risk lifestyles
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury
or because they are forced to live in
or death. It can either be Active or Passive:
clsoe physical proximity to criminals
a. Active Precipitation – it occurs when
(they are in the wrong place and the
victims act provocatively, use threats or
wrong time).
fighting words, or even attack first.
c. The Deviant Place Hypothesis – there
b. Passive Preciptation – occurs when
are natural areas for crime e.g., poor,
the victim exhibts some personal
densely populated, highly transient
characteristic that unknowingly either
neighborhoods in which commercial and
threatens or encourages the attacker.
residential property exist side by side.
The crime can occur because of
7. Deviant Place Theory
personal conflict. May also occur when
According to deviant place theory, victims do not
the victim belongs to a group whose
encourage crime but are victim prone because
mere presence threatens the attacker’s
they reside in socially disorganized high-crime
reputation.
areas where they have the greatest risk of
First propounded by Mendelsohn, and it alludes
coming into contact with criminal offenders,
to the criminal provocative, collusive or casual
irrespective of their own behavior or lifestyle.
impact of the victim in a dyadic relation variously
Deviant places are poor, densely populated,
called:
highly transient neighborhoodds in which
commercial and residential property exist side by
side.

God Bless you all!

Psychosexual Stages of
Development
1. Oral stage/Infancy. This stage
covers the period from birth up to
the end of the second year of life.
The
mouth region which includes the
lips and tongue is the main source
of gratification of the child. The
child is
learning to deal w/ anxiety by the
gratification of oral needs such as
sucking, chewing, biting, and
spitting is
normal activities of the child.
This is also characterized by
complete dependency on others.
2. Anal stage/Toddler. This
extends from the end of the
second year to the third year. The
anus, through
controlling and expelling feces, is
the major source of gratification
for the child. Social control is
developed thru
defecation and toilet training.
3. Phallic stage/Preschool. This
covers approximately the end of
the third year to the sixth year of
life. The
child finds pleasure by fondling
his/her genitals. The child
establishes sexual identity/genital
stimulation. This
stage is called the FIXATED
BEHAVIOR which means your
behavior right now was being
developed during
this stage.
Psychosexual Stages of
Development
1. Oral stage/Infancy. This stage
covers the period from birth up to
the end of the second year of life.
The
mouth region which includes the
lips and tongue is the main source
of gratification of the child. The
child is
learning to deal w/ anxiety by the
gratification of oral needs such as
sucking, chewing, biting, and
spitting is
normal activities of the child.
This is also characterized by
complete dependency on others.
2. Anal stage/Toddler. This
extends from the end of the
second year to the third year. The
anus, through
controlling and expelling feces, is
the major source of gratification
for the child. Social control is
developed thru
defecation and toilet training.
3. Phallic stage/Preschool. This
covers approximately the end of
the third year to the sixth year of
life. The
child finds pleasure by fondling
his/her genitals. The child
establishes sexual identity/genital
stimulation. This
stage is called the FIXATED
BEHAVIOR which means your
behavior right now was being
developed during
this stage.
Psychosexual Stages of
Development
1. Oral stage/Infancy. This stage
covers the period from birth up to
the end of the second year of life.
The
mouth region which includes the
lips and tongue is the main source
of gratification of the child. The
child is
learning to deal w/ anxiety by the
gratification of oral needs such as
sucking, chewing, biting, and
spitting is
normal activities of the child.
This is also characterized by
complete dependency on others.
2. Anal stage/Toddler. This
extends from the end of the
second year to the third year. The
anus, through
controlling and expelling feces, is
the major source of gratification
for the child. Social control is
developed thru
defecation and toilet training.
3. Phallic stage/Preschool. This
covers approximately the end of
the third year to the sixth year of
life. The
child finds pleasure by fondling
his/her genitals. The child
establishes sexual identity/genital
stimulation. This
stage is called the FIXATED
BEHAVIOR which means your
behavior right now was being
developed during
this stage.
Psychosexual Stages of Dev