Global Pulses Conference

For Prelims: National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd, Global Pulse
Confederation, Top Pulses Producing States, Minimum support price, National Food Security Mission
(NFSM)-Pulses, Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme, Price
Stabilization Fund

For Mains: Status of Pulse Production in India, Concerns Related to Pulse Production in India.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The recent Global Pulses Conference, an annual gathering of pulses producers, processors, and traders,
was recently jointly organised by the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of
India Ltd. (NAFED) and the Global Pulse Confederation.

India is aiming to achieve self-sufficiency in pulses by 2027, focusing on expanding cultivation

and supplying new varieties of seeds.

What is the Global Pulses Conference?

The Global Pulse Confederation (GPC), represents all segments of the pulse industry value
chain from growers, researchers, logistics suppliers, traders, exporters and importers to
government bodies, multilateral organisations, processors, canners and consumers.
Its membership includes 24 national associations and over 500 private sector
members.
It is based in Dubai and licensed by the Dubai Multi Commodity Centre (DMCC).

What is the Status of Pulse Production in India?

About: India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world
consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world.
Pulses account for around 20% of the area under food grains and contribute around 7-10%
of the total foodgrains production in the country.
Top Pulses Producing States: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and
Karnataka.
Main Varieties: Pulses are grown throughout the agricultural year.
Rabi Pulses (contribute over 60%): Gram (chickpea), Chana (Bengal gram), Masoor
(lentil), Arhar (pigeon pea).
Kharif Pulses: Moong (green gram), Urad (black gram), Tur (arhar dal).
Rabi crops require mild cold climate during sowing period, during vegetative to
pod development- cold climate and during maturity/ harvesting - warm climate.
Kharif pulse crops require a warm climate throughout their life from sowing to
harvesting.
//

Major Export Destinations (2022-23): Bangladesh, China, United Arab Emirates, USA and
Nepal.
Significance:
Nutritional Powerhouses: Pulses are rich in protein, fibre, vitamins, and minerals,
providing essential nutrients for human diets.
Soil Enrichment: They fix nitrogen in the soil, improving fertility and reducing the need
for synthetic fertilisers due to their leguminous nature.
Climate Smart Crop: Pulses are drought-tolerant (water-efficient) crops and have
a lower carbon footprint compared to many other crops, contributing to sustainability.
Crop Health and Rotation: Including pulses in crop rotations enhances soil structure,
reduces disease cycles, and suppresses weeds, promoting healthier agricultural
systems.
Related Concern:
Yield Gap: Lower productivity of pulses in India compared to other major producers,
causing dependence on imports to meet demand.
Farmers experience reduced earnings due to lower pulse yields per acre,
despite the higher minimum support price (MSP).
Lack of Focus: Historical emphasis on rice and wheat cultivation led to insufficient R&D
and infrastructure for pulses.
High Import Dependence: India needs to import certain pulses despite being the largest
producer to meet its domestic demand, impacting self-sufficiency.
Related Government Initiatives:
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)-Pulses
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme
Price Stabilization Fund
Dedicated Portal for Tur Dal Procurement: Through which farmers can register and
sell their produce to NAFED and National Cooperative Consumers' Federation of India Ltd.
(NCCF) at a minimum support price or market price.

What is NAFED?
 National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. was established on
the auspicious day of Gandhi Jayanti on 2nd October 1958.
It is registered under the Multi State Co-operative Societies Act.
It is an apex organisation of marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce in India.
It is currently one of the largest procurers of agricultural products like onions, pulses,
and oilseeds.

Way Forward

Towards Second Green Revolution: Facilitating the availability of certified high-yielding,

disease-resistant pulse varieties adapted to local agro-climatic conditions.
Encouraging seed banks, community seed systems, and public-private partnerships to
ensure the timely availability of quality seeds to farmers, which is essential for enhancing
pulse production and productivity.
Product Diversification and Value Addition: Developing value-added products like pulse
flours, snacks, and protein supplements to expand market reach and attract new consumers.
Comprehensive Farmer Support Programs: Implementing comprehensive support programs
for pulse farmers, including access to credit, insurance coverage, and extension services.
Strengthening farmer producer organisations (FPOs) to empower farmers collectively
and enhance their bargaining power in the market.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements: (2020)

1. Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.

2. Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.
3. In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of
rabi pulses has decreased.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)

Mains:

Q.1 What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop
diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crops in the system? (2017)

Q.2 Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulses because of which the year 2016 was declared as
the International Year of Pulses by United Nations. (2017)
Asia-Pacific SDG Progress Report 2024
For Prelims: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report
2024, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

For Mains: Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2024, Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Source: DTE

Why in News?

Recently, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(UNESCAP) published the Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2024. This report focuses
on success stories, trends, and the distinct challenges encountered in various parts of the region
in striving towards the SDGs.

What is Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report?

The Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report is one of the annual flagship publications of
the United Nations ESCAP. It provides an overview of SDG Progress in the region which serves
as a foundation for many other activities conducted by ESCAP and its partners.
It draws out the priorities for enhancing data availability on SDG indicators, especially for the most
vulnerable population groups, which could help shape more equitable and inclusive development
strategies.

What are the Key Highlights of the Report?

Overall Progress Delayed:

Progress on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remains uneven and
inadequate across various segments of the population and within the five subregions
of Asia and the Pacific.
At the current pace, the region will not achieve all SDGs until 2062, which marks a
significant 32-year delay from the target year of 2030.

Limited Progress on Measurable Targets:

Only 11% of the 116 measurable SDG targets are on track. By 2030, the region is
 projected to achieve only one-third of the required progress if the current trajectory
continues.
Climate Action Lagging:
Progress on SDG 13 (Climate Action) remains critically behind, with all SDG 13 targets
either stalled or reversing, highlighting the urgent need to incorporate climate action into
national policies and strengthen resilience to cope with climate-related disasters.

Data Gaps Impede Monitoring:

Close to 67% of the 169 SDG targets in the Asia-Pacific region are currently not
measurable.
 62.5% of indicators under the climate goal (SDG 13) lack the data required
for monitoring progress.
Data availability has improved since 2017 but remains insufficient for 53 targets, including
three climate-related ones.
Gender Inequality:
Despite overall progress in school enrolment rates, women and girls in the region continue
to face considerable challenges when it comes to accessing education and employment
opportunities.
They have lower enrolment rates and struggle with literacy. Young women also
encounter difficulties accessing labour markets, leading to higher rates of youth
unemployment.
Meanwhile, the challenges faced by men tend to be related to their health or personal
safety.
They suffer from higher rates of suicide, chronic diseases and road traffic
deaths.
Interconnectedness of Goals:
Progress on goals such as ending hunger (SDG 2), enhancing health and well-being (SDG
3), ensuring clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), expanding affordable and clean energy
(SDG 7), and building sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) has also been limited.
These goals are closely linked with Climate Change and face challenges that could disrupt
progress in the region.
Warning on Global Risks:
Climate change and extreme weather events are identified as severe global risks over
the next decade, further emphasising the importance of addressing climate action to
achieve SDG targets.
National Success Stories:
In the Philippines, dedicated research and analysis aimed at estimating the cost of
supporting children living with a disability played a pivotal role in influencing recent
legislation to provide a disability allowance, extending support to children with disabilities.
Nationwide digital training programmes in Vietnam have underscored the value of
Public-Private Partnerships in accelerating digital transformation and bridging the skills
and employment gap for youth and migrant workers.
Meanwhile, in North and Central Asia, national statistical systems in Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have been upgraded to better support
stateless populations.
Key Recommendations of the Report:
There is urgency in addressing inequalities that impact marginalised groups,
including women, girls, rural populations and the urban poor, who continue to find
themselves locked out of education and employment opportunities.
There is a need for a significant increase in investment in sustainable
infrastructure and renewable energy sources to address the challenges posed by Climate
Change and achieve various SDGs.
India's Progress on SDG as per the Report:
India’s overall SDG score improved by 6 points, rising from 60 in 2019 to 66 in
2020–21.
Notable achievements include Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and Goal 7
(Affordable and Clean Energy), with composite goal scores of 83 and 92, respectively.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region.
It has 53 Member States and 9 Associate Members from the Asia-Pacific Region including India.
Established: 1947
Headquarters: Bangkok, Thailand
Objective: To overcome some of the region’s greatest challenges by providing results-oriented
projects, technical assistance and capacity building to member States.
 UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the
‘Club of Rome’.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (b)

Exp:

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, are a universal call
for action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
They are built upon the success of the Millennium Development Goals, including new areas such as
climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice,
among other priorities.
The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more
commonly associated with another.
Adopted in 2015, SDGs came into effect in January 2016. They are meant to be achieved by 2030.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The SDGs were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de
Janeiro in 2012. The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more
systematic way in 1968. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. Therefore, option (b) is the correct
answer.

Mains

Q. Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

Q. National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It
intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (2020)

National Commission for Scheduled Castes

For Prelims: National Commission of Schedule Caste (NCSC), Article 338 of the Constitution of
India, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST).

For Mains: National Commission of Schedule Caste (NCSC), Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of
the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes.
Source: PIB

Why in News?

Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment submitted the Annual Report 2022-23 of the
National Commission of Schedule Caste (NCSC) to the President of India.

The reports contain various recommendations on the issues entrusted to the Commission
regarding the protection of Constitutional Safeguards of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) as enshrined
in the Constitution of India.
As per the mandate given to the NCSC under Article 338 of the Constitution of India, it is the
duty of the Commission to present to the President annually & at other times as the Commission
may deem fit, report upon the working of the Constitutional Safeguards of the SCs.

What is the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSCs)?

About:
The NCSC is a Constitutional Body established with a view to provide safeguards against
the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and to promote and protect their social, educational,
economic and cultural interests.
History:
Special Officer:
Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a Special Officer under
Article 338. The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
65th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1990:
It amended Article 338 of the Constitution and replaced the one-member
system with a multi-member National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and
Scheduled Tribes(ST).
89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003:
Article 338 was amended, and the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was
replaced by two separate Commissions from the year 2004 which were:
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) under Article 338.
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) under Article
338A.
Composition:
The NCSC comprises a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and three additional
Members.
These positions are filled through the President's appointment, indicated by a warrant
under his hand and seal.
Their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by the
President.
Functions:
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and other legal
safeguards for the SCs and to evaluate their working;
To inquire into specific complaints concerning the deprivation of rights and safeguards of
the SCs;
To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the
SCs and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union or a state;
To present to the President, annually and at such other times as it may deem fit, reports
upon the working of those safeguards;
To make recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or a state
for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the
protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the SCs.
Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to
the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the 102nd
 Amendment Act, 2018.
Power of NCSC:
The Commission is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure.
The Commission, while investigating any matter or inquiring into any complaint,
has all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the
following matters:
summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him
on oath;
receiving evidence on affidavits; and
requisitioning any public record from any court or office.
The Central and state governments are required to consult the Commission on all
major policy matters affecting the SCs.

What are the other Constitutional Provisions for the Upliftment of the SCs?

Article 15: The article specifically addresses the issue of discrimination based on caste,
emphasising the protection and upliftment of SCs.
Article 17: Article abolishes Untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form. It seeks to
eliminate social discrimination and promote the equality and dignity of all individuals.
Article 46: Article directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of
Scheduled Castes and other weaker sections of society and protect them from social injustice and
all forms of exploitation.
Article 243D (4): The provision mandates the reservation of seats for SCs in Panchayats (local
self-government institutions) in proportion to their population in the area.
Article 243T (4): The provision ensures the reservation of seats for SCs in Municipalities (urban
local bodies) in proportion to their population in the area.
Article 330 and Article 332 provide for the reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and in the legislative assemblies of the States
(respectively).

Way forward

Some critics argue that bureaucratic hurdles, political interference, and insufficient enforcement
mechanisms have limited the NCSC's effectiveness.
Additionally, there have been concerns about delays in addressing complaints and
inadequate representation of SC communities.
To address these issues, the NCSC could benefit from enhanced autonomy, increased resources,
and more proactive measures to address systemic discrimination.
Strengthening outreach programs, ensuring transparency, and fostering collaboration with civil
society organisations can also contribute to its effectiveness in safeguarding the rights of SCs.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘Stand Up India Scheme’, which of the following statements is/are
correct? (2016)

1. Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.

2. It provides for refinance through SIDBI.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (c)

Stand Up India Scheme was launched on 5th April, 2016. It seeks to promote entrepreneurship
among Scheduled Caste/Schedule Tribe and Women. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Scheme is expected to benefit a large number of such entrepreneurs, as it is intended to
facilitate at least two such projects per bank branch (Scheduled Commercial Bank) on an average
one for each category of entrepreneur.
Refinance window through Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) with an initial
amount of `10,000 crore. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Mains

Q.1 What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination
against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q.2 Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society? Elaborate your answer
with illustrations. (2020)

Q.3 “Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence caste system cannot be
eradicated in India.” Comment. (2018)

Q.4 Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work
towards annihilation of caste. (2015)

India's Industrial Sector

For Prelims: Premature deindustrialization, India's Industrial Sector, Information technology, Service
sector, Periodic Labour Force Survey, Production-Linked Incentive, PM Gati Shakti- National Master Plan ,
Start-up India, Make in India 2.0, Atmanirbhar Bharat Campaign, Special Economic Zones

For Mains: Current Status of India’s Industrial Sector, Manufacturing v/s Sector Sector Growth

Source: TH

Why in News?

Despite a swift post-pandemic recovery, India experiences 'premature deindustrialization',

exacerbating inequality as benefits of rapid growth favour a small minority, widening existing disparities.

What is Premature Deindustrialization?

Premature Deindustrialization refers to a phenomenon wherein the growth of an economy’s

manufacturing sector begins to slow down prematurely in its path towards development.
This concept was popularized in 2015 by Turkish Economist Dani Rodrik.
Economists typically view economic development as a transition from agriculture to
manufacturing and then to services.
However, some economies may experience premature shifts to the services sector,
hindering manufacturing growth.
What is the Current Status of India’s Industrial Sector?

Status: Historically, India's industrialization progress has been inadequate, with

manufacturing consistently contributing less than 20% to output and employment, except during
2003-2008 (Industrial growth during 2003–08 called as the ‘Dream Run’).
Despite LPG Reforms in 1991 aiming for labour-intensive industrialization, this trend
persisted.
Factors Responsible for Stagnant Industrialization in India:
Inadequate Research and Development (R&D) Investment: It limits innovation and
technological advancement in Indian industries, hampering their competitiveness globally.
Corruption and Red Tape: Rampant corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies in
obtaining permits, licences, and clearances create bottlenecks and add to the cost of
doing business, deterring investment in the industrial sector.
Informal Economy Dominance: Competition from the informal economy, which operates
outside regulatory frameworks and often evades taxes, creates an uneven playing field for
formal industrial enterprises, impacting their growth prospects.
Skill Mismatch: Discrepancies between the skills demanded by industries and those
possessed by the workforce contribute to underemployment and inefficiencies in the
industrial sector.
As per the Skill India Report, only 5% of the Indian population is formally
skilled compared to 68% in the UK, and 75% in Germany.
Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Resilience: Dependency on imported raw
materials makes Indian industries vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions,
requiring strategies to strengthen domestic supply chains and promote local
manufacturing.
Approach to Boost Industrial Sector: India needs an unconventional approach.
Prioritising high-skill services, particularly in information technology (IT), to stimulate
manufacturing growth.
This contradicts the traditional view that service growth relies on a strong manufacturing
base.

What are the Arguments in Favour of and Against the Service Sector
Stimulating Manufacturing Growth?

Arguments in Favour:
Increased Consumer Demand: A thriving service sector creates jobs and disposable
income, leading to increased consumer demand for goods, potentially benefiting
manufacturers.
For example, the demand for infrastructure development in the service sector (such
as transportation, communication, and IT) can drive the demand for
manufactured goods like vehicles, machinery, and electronics.
Supply Chain Integration: Services like logistics, distribution, and supply chain
management play a crucial role in connecting manufacturers with consumers.
A robust service sector can enhance the efficiency of supply chains, reducing costs
and improving the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector.
Complementary Expertise: Service industries can offer specialised expertise that
manufacturers lack, such as design and branding.
Services can provide manufacturers with valuable data insights on customer
preferences, market trends, and supply chain performance.
This data can be used to optimise production, pricing, and marketing strategies.
Arguments Against:
Deepening Inequality: The service sector demands highly skilled workers, which
India struggles to supply adequately.
This creates a stark divide between college graduates and others, leading to
greater inequality in earnings compared to manufacturing-led growth.
The Gini index of inequality for regular wages in the services sector was 44
compared to 35 for manufacturing, highlighting this disparity.
Limited Direct Linkages: While the service sector may create indirect demand for
 manufactured goods, the direct linkages between services and manufacturing are still
limited.
Neglect of Basic Industries: Prioritising the service sector may lead to neglect of critical
infrastructure for basic small-scale industries essential for manufacturing growth for
countries like India, impeding long-term competitiveness and resilience.

What are the Recent Government Initiatives for the Growth of the Industrial
Sector in India?

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)

PM Gati Shakti- National Master Plan
Bharatmala and Sagarmala Project
Start-up India
Make in India 2.0
Atmanirbhar Bharat Campaign
Special Economic Zones

Way Forward

Shifting Focus to Deep Industrialization: India needs to move beyond just increasing output of
manufacturing and also focus on adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies such as the Internet of
Things (IoT), big data analytics, and digital twins to enable smart manufacturing processes.
Infrastructure Development: Improving power generation, transmission, and distribution
infrastructure to ensure a stable and cost-effective power supply.
Upgrading transportation networks like roads, railways, and ports to improve
connectivity and reduce logistics costs.
Expanding access to high-speed internet to facilitate efficient communication and data
exchange.
Rural Industrialization Models: Developing innovative models for rural industrialization that
leverage local resources, skills, and community participation.
This could involve setting up decentralised manufacturing clusters or co-operative
enterprises in rural areas, empowering local artisans and entrepreneurs.
Bio-based Manufacturing: India has the potential to lead in bio-based manufacturing by
utilising renewable feedstocks, biomaterials, and biotechnological processes, thereby
becoming a frontrunner in the bio-economy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest
weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production

(b) Electricity generation
(c) Fertilizer production
(d) Steel production

Ans: (b)

Mains

Q.1 “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the
post-reform period” Give reasons. How far are the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing
the industrial growth rate? (2017)

Q.2 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted
directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis the
industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (2014)

Rights of Forest Dwellers and Thanthai Periyar Sanctuary

For Prelims: Thanthai Periyar Sanctuary, The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, National Parks, Tiger
Reserves, Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Forest-Dwellers

For Mains: Forest Rights Act, Community Forest Resource Rights and Significance of the Recognition,
Issues Faced By Tribes in India, Ways to Empower the Tribal Society of India

Source: TH

Why in News?

In recent events surrounding the notification of the Thanthai Periyar Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, forest-
dwellers expressed concerns about the potential denial of their rights under the Scheduled Tribes
and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (FRA).

What are the Concerns Regarding the Notification of the Thanthai Periyar
Sanctuary?

The notification excludes six tribal forest villages from the sanctuary, confining them to a
small area of 3.42 sq. km, without recognizing them as revenue villages.
The notification also imposes restrictions on cattle-grazing activities, which may affect the
traditional practices of the Bargur cattle, , a traditional breed native to the Bargur forest
hills.
The notification does not mention the consent of the forest rights holders or the gram
sabha, as required by the FRA, 2006.

Note

In March 2022, the Madras High Court revised an older order imposing a total ban on cattle
grazing in all the forests of Tamil Nadu and restricted the ban to National Parks, Sanctuaries,
and Tiger Reserves.
Tamil Nadu is the only state in the country where there is such a ban.
This order is despite the FRA 2006, which acknowledges the grazing and traditional resource
access of nomadic or pastoralist communities, this order applies to all forests, including
National Parks, Sanctuaries, and Tiger Reserves. Grazing rights are community rights of the
habitation-level villages and are to be regulated by their gram sabhas.

What is the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006?

 About:
FRA, 2006 acknowledges the rights of forest-dwelling tribal communities and
traditional forest dwellers to forest resources, essential for their livelihoods, habitation,
and socio-cultural needs.
The Act rectifies the historical injustice faced by these communities by recognizing their
symbiotic relationship with forests, which was previously overlooked by forest management
policies.
Forest Dwellers Rights Under FRA, 2006:
Under the FRA, forest dwellers are granted individual rights such as self-cultivation
and habitation, as well as collective or community rights including grazing, fishing,
access to water bodies, and traditional seasonal resource access for nomadic and pastoral
communities.
The Act also recognizes the rights of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs),
intellectual property rights, customary rights, and the right to protect, regenerate, or
manage community forest resources sustainably.
Additionally, it provides for the allocation of forest land for developmental purposes
to meet the basic infrastructural needs of forest-dwelling communities.
Importantly, the FRA works in conjunction with other relevant legislation such as the Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Settlement
Act of 2013, to safeguard forest dwellers from eviction without proper rehabilitation and
settlement.
The Act further enjoins upon the Gram Sabha (village assembly), to play a central
role in the implementation of the Act.
The Gram Sabha is also a highly empowered body under the Act, enabling the
tribal population to have a decisive say in the determination of local policies
and schemes impacting them.
FRA requires and authorises the gram sabha to determine and recognise forest
rights and protect and preserve the forests, wildlife, and biodiversity within their
customary and traditional boundaries, including inside Protected Areas.
Violations of the FRA, particularly concerning Scheduled Tribes, are considered crimes
under the 2016 amendment to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989.
FRA states that converting forest villages into revenue villages is one of the forest
rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers.

Note

When notifying a Protected Area under the Wild Life (Protection) Act (WLPA), 1972, the
government must assess rights under the FRA, 2006 and obtain consent from the gram sabhas.
FRA 2006, being a later law, supersedes the WLPA,1972. Any provisions in the WLPA that
conflict with the FRA are considered null and void.

What are the Key Facts About Thanthai Periyar Sanctuary?

The Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary spans 80,114.80 hectares in the Bargur Hills of Erode
district, Tamil Nadu.
It has been declared the 18th wildlife sanctuary in the state, connecting the Nilgiris Biosphere
Reserve with the Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary.
Positioned at the junction of the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats, the sanctuary boasts rich
biodiversity.
The sanctuary is part of the tiger corridor connecting Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Male
Mahadeshwara Hills Tiger Reserve, and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.
Recognized by the National Tiger Conservation Authority, it supports a viable tiger
population and is crucial for their conservation.
The region is a significant part of the Nilgiris Elephant Reserve, housing a healthy population of
elephants and Indian Gaur.
 It serves as the catchment area for the Palar River, which feeds into the Cauvery River,
supporting agricultural activities.

Comparison of Biosphere Reserve, National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary

Feature Biosphere Reserve National Park Wildlife Sanctuary
Purpose Promote sustainable Conserve natural Protect habitats of wild
development, conserve environment, protect animals, promote
biodiversity, cultural from human breeding
heritage, and natural interference
resources
Management Internationally recognized Government has These can be under the
under the UNESCO’s Man complete power over government or owned
and Biosphere (MAB) the national parks. under private entities.
program and owned by the
government.
Zones Core zone (strictly Typically not divided Generally not divided
protected), Buffer zone into zones into zones
(limited human activities
allowed), Transition zone
(sustainable development
encouraged)
Human Restricted in core zone, Restricted, mainly for Restricted to prevent
Activities limited in buffer zone, recreational purposes disturbance to animals,
encouraged in transition limited educational
zone access
Examples Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand), Jim Corbett Gir National Park
Nokrek (Meghalaya) (Uttarakhand), (Gujarat), Chilka Lake
Bandhavgarh Bird Sanctuary (Odisha)
(Madhya Pradesh)

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation
of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights)
Act, 2006?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj
(c) Ministry of Rural Development
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the
bamboos grown on forest areas.
2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights)
Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.
3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Q. Under which Schedule of the Constitution of India can the transfer of tribal land to private
parties for mining be declared null and void? (2019)

(a) Third Schedule

(b) Fifth Schedule
(c) Ninth Schedule
(d) Twelfth Schedule

Ans: (b)

Q. If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which
one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022)

(a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people.
(b) This would create a local self-governing body in that area.
(c) This would convert that area into a Union Territory.
(d) The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State.

Ans: (a)

Shri Kalki Dham Temple Foundation Ceremony

Source: PIB

Recently, the Indian Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of the Shri Kalki Dham Temple in
Sambhal district, Uttar Pradesh.

It is dedicated to the Kalki Avatar (incarnation) that is yet to appear in the world. According to
Hindu Mythology, it will be the Tenth and final incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
The temple is considered the world's most special due to being the first temple where God's
temple was established before the incarnation.
Ten sanctums within the temple symbolise the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

Read more: Temple Architecture

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti

Source: PIB

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti, is celebrated on 19th February every year.

 Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, was born on 19th February 1630 at
the Shivneri Fort in the Junnar district of present day Maharashtra.
He was born to Shahaji Bhosale and Jijabai.
He introduced the collection of two taxes called the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. He also divided
his kingdom into four provinces, each headed by a Mamlatdar.
He abolished the Jagirdari System and replaced it with the Ryotwari System.
He took on the titles of Chhatrapati, Shakakarta, Kshatriya Kulavantas and Haindava
Dharmodhhaarak.

Read more: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Global Initiative on Digital Health

Source: TH

Why in News?

During India’s G20 presidency in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Global
Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH) virtually, focusing on one of the three priority areas agreed upon
during this period.

GIDH will support countries in three ways by listening to their needs, by aligning resources
to avoid fragmentation and overlap, and by providing quality-assured products.

What is the Aim of the GIDH?

About:
The new GIDH initiative will operate as a WHO-managed network and platform to
support the implementation of the Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025.
The Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2025 outlines a comprehensive
framework for leveraging digital technologies to enhance health and healthcare
systems worldwide.
As a WHO Managed Network (“Network of Networks”), GIDH aims to consolidate
and amplify recent and past gains in global digital health while strengthening
mutual accountability.
Aim:
Developing clear priority-driven investment plans for digital health transformation.
Improving reporting and transparency of digital health resources.
Facilitating knowledge exchange and collaboration across regions and countries to
accelerate progress.
Supporting whole-of-government approaches for digital health governance in countries.
Increasing technical and financial support to the implementation of the Global Strategy
on Digital Health 2020–2025 and its next phase.
Four Main Components:
Country Needs Tracker: A mechanism to identify and track the digital health needs of
different countries.
Country Resource Portal: A map of available digital health resources within each
country.
Transformation Toolbox: A repository of quality-assured digital tools for health
transformation.
Knowledge Exchange: Facilitation of knowledge sharing among participating nations.
Role of India:
India played a crucial role in establishing this institutional framework for digital health
 during its G20 presidency.
India’s Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission is working toward creating a seamless
electronic health record system.

What is Digital Healthcare?

About:
Digital healthcare is a system of medical care delivery that uses an array of digital
technologies to make quality medical care services accessible, affordable, and sustainable.
The broad scope of digital health includes categories such as mobile health (mHealth),
health information technology (IT), wearable devices, telehealth and telemedicine, and
personalised medicine.

Initiatives of India Related to Digital Health

Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM),

e-Sanjeevani Teleconsultation Service
Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
CoWIN App

REC Limited's Commitment to Armed Forces Welfare

Source: PIB

REC Limited (formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited), a Maharatna Central Public
Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of Power, has demonstrated its unwavering commitment to
the welfare of armed forces personnel through a substantial contribution to the Armed Forces Flag
Day Fund (AFFDF).

AFFDF has been established to assist Armed Forces veterans, widows and their dependents
as well as the institutions and organizations created for the rehabilitation of paraplegic soldiers.
AFFD India, observed annually on December 7th since 1949, honours India's soldiers and
veterans.
REC, registered with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a Non-Banking Finance Company
(NBFC) and Infrastructure Financing Company (IFC), finances various sectors including power
infrastructure, renewable energy, and emerging technologies.
REC Ltd. Serves as a key player in government flagship schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Sahaj
Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGAYA), Deen Dayal Upadhaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
(DDUGJY), National Electricity Fund (NEF) Scheme which resulted in strengthening of last-
mile distribution system, 100% village electrification and household electrification in the
country.

Read more: Maharatna Status to REC, Armed Forces Flag Day

Empowering Youth Through Skill India Centre

Source: PIB
 Recently, the Union Minister of Education and Skill Development & Entrepreneurship inaugurated the first
Skill India Centre (SIC) of the country in Sambalpur, Odisha, marking a significant step towards
enhancing the skill set of India's youth.

The SIC in Sambalpur, Odisha, aims to upgrade the skills of the youth, particularly focusing
on new-age job roles.
The SIC offers courses in high-demand trades such as Media & Entertainment, Leather, Tourism &
Hospitality, and IT-ITeS.
The initiative complements the Kaushal Rath initiative launched earlier to provide skill training
and certification across various districts of Odisha.
The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) will oversee the implementation of
training programs to ensure adherence to quality standards and the overall functioning of the
centre.
NSDC is a unique Public Private Partnership (PPP) enterprise working under
the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
It was established to catalyse the skilling ecosystem, NSDC partners with the private sector
to implement the Skill India Mission, focusing on efficient vocational training initiatives.
It supports enterprises, startups, and organisations by providing funding, concessional
loans, and innovative financial products to enhance skilling initiatives.

Read more: Skill Development in India, National Skill Development Corporation

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