POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.

Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

CHAPTER-1 CONSTITUTION: WHY & HOW

1. What is Constitution? Explain the functions of a Constitution.
Constitution is the basic laws of a state. It consists of the basic principles and laws of a state that
determines the powers and functions of the government. Followings are the major functions of the
Constitution:
 It provides a set of basic laws that coordinate the people of a given society.
 It specifies which institution has the power to make laws and take decisions.
 It limits the powers of the government and protects citizen’s rights.
 It enables the government to fulfill the aspiration and goal of society.
 It expresses the fundamental identity of a people.
2. Describe about the Constituent Assembly of India.
The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly. Its first session was held on 9
December 1946 at Delhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. Jawaharlal Nehru
introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly which defined the aims of the Constituent
Assembly. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly after the partition was 299. It had eight major
committees on different subjects. Each Committee drafted particular provisions of the Constitution. These were
presented in the Constituent Assembly for discussion. In 1949 Nov. 26, the Constitution of India was adopted
by the Constituent Assembly. It came into force on 26 January 1950.
3. Explain about the major items of Objective Resolution.
Jawaharlal Nehru introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946.
It defined the aims of Constituent Assembly and also expressed the aspirations and values behind the
Constitution. Major contents of ‘Objective Resolution’ are as follows
 India is a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic.
 India shall be a Union of States
 All the authority and powers of India shall flow from the people
 Ensures socio-economic justice for all.
 Ensure the protection of minorities and other backward classes.
 Maintain unity of our nation.
 Ensure world peace and welfare
4. What is meant by Authority of a Constitution? Explain the factors determining the authority of Indian
constitution.
Authority of a constitution means acceptance on the part of the people to abide and obey the
Constitution. Following are the factors that determining the authority of Indian constitution.

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 Principle of Deliberation- There was a detailed discussion and debates on each and every subject in the
Constituent Assembly before added them to the provision of the Constitution.
 Procedure- Each Committee in the Constituent Assembly drafted particular provisions of the Constitution.
These were presented in the Constituent Assembly for discussion. Each decision was taken either on the
basis of consensus or voting.
 Inheritance of the Nationalist Movement- The ideals of the national movement such as sovereignty,
democracy, equality, liberty etc. were the basis of our Constitution.
 Institutional arrangement- In our Constitution, there is separation of powers between Legislature,
Executive and Judiciary. Besides, there is a clear demarcation between the powers of Centre and states.
5. What are the borrowed provisions in Indian Constitution?
 British Constitution- Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, Role of Speaker, Law Making Procedure.
 American Constitution- Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independent Judiciary.
 Canadian Constitution- Quasi-Federal Form of Government, Idea of Residual Powers
 French Constitution- Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
 Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy
 Russian Constitution (USSR)- Fundamental Duties
Objective type questions
1. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly? Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2. Who introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly? Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Who was the Chairman of Drafting Committee? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
4. Who is known as the Architecture of Indian Constitution? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
5. When did the Constitution of India adopted by the Constituent Assembly? 1949 November 26
6. When did the Constitution of India came into force? 1950 January 26.
CHAPTER 2 RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. Explain the Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution.
Fundamental Rights are those rights which are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of a
country. Part III of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights. There are six categories of
fundamental rights. These are:
a. Right to Equality (Article 14-18). It is the basic principle of Indian Constitution.
Art.14- Equality before law and equal protection of law.
Art.15- Prohibits discrimination in public places based on religion, caste, sex, place of birth
Art.16- Equality of opportunity in public employment.
Art.17- It prohibits untouchability.
Art.18- Abolition of titles except military or academic distinction.
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b. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)

Art.19. It consists of 6 types of freedom such as freedom of Speech and Expression, freedom of Assembly,
freedom of Association, freedom of movement, freedom to residence and freedom of Profession.
Art.20- Protection in respect of conviction of offenses. It says no person shall be punished for the same
offense more than once and no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Art.21- Art. 21 protects right to life and personal liberty.
Art.22- Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.
c. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
Art. 23- Prohibits traffic (selling and buying) in human beings and forced labor (slavery).
Art. 24- Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 in hazardous jobs.
d. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25–28). These articles envisage secularism in India.
Art.25- Freedom to conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.
Art.26- Freedom to establish and maintain religious or charitable institutions.
Art.27- No person shall be compelled to pay religious taxes on the promotion of a religion.
Art.28- Prohibits imparting of religious instructions in state funded educational institutions.
e. Cultural and Educational Right (Article 29-30)
Art.29- Protection of language, culture of minorities.
Art.30- Right of ‘Religious and Linguistic Minorities’ to establish educational institutions.
f. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art 32)
Art 32- Right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental right of an aggrieved citizen.
2. Explain the various writs issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts.

The Supreme Court under article 32 and the High Court under article 226 can issue writs for the
enforcement of fundamental rights. High court can also issue writs for the enforcement of ordinary legal rights.
 Habeas corpus: This writ orders that the arrested person should be presented before the court. It can also
order to set free an arrested person if the arrest is unlawful.
 Mandamus: This writ orders the public official who failed to perform his duty to resume his work.
 Prohibition: This writ is issued when a lower court has considered a case going beyond its jurisdiction.
 Quo Warranto: This writ prevents the illegal usurpation of a public office by a person.
 Certiorari: This writ orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the
higher court or higher authority.
3. What is meant by Preventive detention?
Preventive detention means detain or arrest a person if he can be a threat to law and order. It can be
extended only for three months.

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4. Explain the features of Directive Principles of State Policy

Part IV of Indian constitution deals with Directive Principles of State Policy. These are the guidelines for
the government to ensure socio- economic and political justice for all. It aims to make a welfare state. However,
these are ‘non-justiciable’. This means they cannot be enforced by the judiciary. These are classified in to three
categories-
 Socialist principle- Equal pays for equal work, right to work, fair distribution of resources, removal of
inequality etc. are socialist principles.
 Gandhian principle- The formation of gram panchayat, encourage cottage industries, protect the weaker
section, abolition of intoxicants, organize agriculture and animal husbandry etc. are Gandhian Principles.
 Liberal principle – To make uniform civil code, provide free and compulsory education, maintain
international peace and security, separate judiciary from executive etc. are the liberal principles.
5. What is the major differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles?
Fundamental rights protect the rights of individuals while directive principles ensure the well-being of
the entire society. Fundamental rights are justiciable rights which can be protected by the court. Directive
Principles are non-justiciable that cannot be enforced by the court.
6. Explain the functions of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
National Human Rights Commission set up in 1993. It consists of 5 members-−the former chief justice of
Supreme Court, the former judge of Supreme Court, the former chief justice of High Court and two members
who have knowledge and practical experience in matters related to human rights. Its functions are as follows
 Makes awareness about human rights
 Conduct study about human rights
 Investigate about the human rights violation
 Receive petition from the victims of human rights violation
 Visit different place of human rights violation and make report.

Objective type questions

1. Which committee report recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Rights? Motilal Nehru report (1928)
2. Which articles cannot be suspended during emergency? Art. 20 and Art.21 (by the 44th amendment in 1978)
3. Which Fundamental Right was abolished in 1978 by 44th amendment? Right to property (Right to Property
is a legal right now under Article 300 A).
4. The concepts ‘equality before law’ is borrowed from - British constitution
5. The concepts ‘equal Protection of law’ is borrowed from - U.S constitution
6. The practice of making provision for the reservation of appointments under Article 16 known as- Protective
Discrimination.

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7. Who was considered Article 32 as heart and soul of the constitution. Dr. B.R Ambedkar
8. Which article made Fundamental Rights legal and justifiable. Article 32
9. Which article deals with ‘Right to Education’? Article 21 A (added by 86th amendment in 2002)
10. Which amendment inserted Fundamental duties in the Indian constitution? 42nd Amendment (1976)
11. Which Committee recommended the insertion of Fundamental Duties? Swaran Singh Committee
12. Which article of the Indian constitution deals with fundamental duties? Art 51 A
13. Which amendment incorporated 11th fundamental duty in our constitution? 86th amendment (2002)
14. How many duties are given in Indian constitution? 11 Fundamental Duties.
15. What does the 11th fundamental duty says? Parents/Guardians should provide education for their children
between the ages of 6 to 14.
16. Which Part of the Indian constitution deals with Directive Principles of State Policy? Part IV
17. The idea of Directive Principles of State Policy borrowed from- Irish constitution.
18. What is the chief aim of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)? To make a welfare state
19. When was National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) established in India? 1993.
20. Who was the first chairman of National Human Rights Commission? Ranganadha Mishra
21. Which day is celebrated as ‘Human Rights Day’? December, 10
22. In which year UN General Assembly declared Human rights? 10th December 1948.
CHAPTER – III- ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION
1. What is election? What are the different methods of election?
In modern democracy people choose their representatives for governing the country. The method
followed to choose these representatives is called election. There are different methods of elections. Among
these most important are the First Past The Post System and the Proportional Representation
a. First Past The Post System (FPTP) or Simple Majority System- In this system the entire country is divided into
a number of small constituencies. Voters in the constituency casts their vote to the candidates. Candidate who
gets highest votes from the constituency gets elected. In this method the winning candidate need not secure a
majority of the votes. This method is also called the Plurality System. In India simple majority system followed
in the elections of Lok Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies and Panchayats. For example, in Lok Sabha election
the entire country is divided into 543 Parliamentary constituencies. Each constituency elects one representative.
b. Proportional Representation- In Proportional Representation the country is divided Large geographical areas
even the entire country may be a single constituency. More than one representatives elect from a single
constituency. Votes are casted for the party not for candidates. After the election, each party gets seats in the
legislature in accordance with the proportion of their voting strength. In Proportional Representation the
representation of various classes of people can be ensured. It is the best method for ensuring sufficient

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representation of minorities. In India Proportional Representation system used for the election of President,
Vice President and for the election to the Rajya Sabha.
2. Difference between First Past The Post System (FPTP) and Proportional Representation (PR)
 In the FPTP System the country is divided into number of small constituencies. But in Proportional
Representation large geographical areas are demarcated as constituencies.
 In the FPTP System the voters vote for a candidate while in Proportional Representation the voters vote for
the party. So each party prepares a list of candidates for each constituency.
 In the FPTP System every constituency elects one representative. But in Proportional Representation more
than one representatives are elected from a single constituency.
 In the FPTP System candidate who gets highest votes only elected to the legislature. But in Proportional
Representation even small party’s representatives get seats in the legislature.
 In the FPTP System a party may get more seats in the legislature than the proportion of its votes. But in
Proportional Representation every party gets seats in proportion to their voting percentage.
3. What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise?
Universal Adult Franchise means right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of their, religion, caste,
income, gender, social status, race etc. Article 326 of the Indian constitution says about universal adult franchise.
4. Why did India adopt the First Past The Post System (FPTP) or Simple Majority System?
 It is a simple electoral system. Hence ordinary people can easily understand it.
 India is a large country. So it is very difficult to represent each and every group in the legislature through
proportional representation.
 In this system voters can choice their favorable candidate.
 In FPTP representatives are more responsible to the people in a constituency.
 This system coordinates different sections and groups in the society.
 FPTP provide a stable government.
5. Explain the functions of Election Commission.
Article 324 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Election Commission of India. It is an autonomous
body. Election Commission is a multi-member body consists of Chief Election Commissioner and 2 other Election
Commissioners. The members of the commission are appointed by the President of India. The term of the
Election Commissioner is 6 years or up to the age of 65. However, they can be removed from the office by the
President of India for proved misbehavior or incapacity if both Houses of Parliament make such a
recommendation with a special majority.
Functions of Election Commission in India.
 Conduct free and fair elections to Parliament and State Legislatures
 To give approval to political party and provide symbol.
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 Prepare electoral rolls for the elections.

 Notify the date and schedule of election
 Prepare code of conduct for political parties at the time of elections.
 Settle election disputes.
 Counting the vote and announcement of result.
6. Explain the major suggestions for Electoral Reforms in India.
 Election must be changed from First Past The Post System to proportional representation.
 Sufficient representation should be given to women.
 Election expenses should be paid from the special fund of the government.
 Money and muscle power should be controlled.
 Caste and religious forces should not be allowed to influence election.
 Criminals should not be allowed to contest in elections.
 Certain number of votes and seats should be secured for the recognition of national or state party.
Objective type questions
1. Who was the first Election Commissioner of India? – Sukumar Sen
2. Who was the first woman Election Commissioner of India? – V.S. Ramadevi
3. First Past The Post System is also known as- Simple Majority System (SMS).
4. Which amendment of the Indian Constitution reduced the voting age from 21 to 18? 61 st amendment (1989)
5. Who decides the redrawing the boundaries of the various Assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies?
Delimitation Commission of India
6. Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the Election Commission? Article 324
7. Expansion of NOTA –None Of The Above
8. The practice of redrawing the electoral districts by a party in power in its electoral prospects is known as –
Gerrymandering
9. Who conduct election to the local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities)? State Election Commission.
CHAPTER – IV- EXECUTIVE
1. Explain the Powers and Functions of the President of India.
In India President is the formal head of the state. All the executive power of the Union government
formally vested with him. He exercises these powers through the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime
Minister. The term of the President is 5 years. Minimum age to contest in presidential election is 35 years. The
president is elected by Electoral College. It consists of all the elected members of both the houses Parliament
and State Legislative Assemblies. The President can be removed from office through the process impeachment.

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Power and Function of Indian President- The President has wide ranging executive, legislative, judicial and
emergency powers. These include
 All executive actions of the government of India are formally taken in his name.
 He has the right to be informed of all important matters discussed in the Council of Ministers.
 Every bill passed by the Parliament should be signed by the President to becomes a law.
 He has the power to withhold or refuse a Bills other than Money Bill.
 He has the power to announce ordinance under Article 123 (valid for maximum 6 months)
 The President appoints Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Judges of Supreme Court and High Court,
State Governors, Finance Commissioner, UPSC members, Election Commissioners etc.
 President has the power to give pardon to the prisoner.
 President has the power to declare emergency
2. What is meant by ‘Pocket Veto’?
The President can withhold or refuse to give assent to Bills (other than Money Bill) passed by the Parliament.
However, there is no mention in the Constitution about the time limit within which the President has to give his
assent. So, the President can keep the bill pending with him without any time limit. This is referred as ‘Pocket
Veto’.
3. Explain the powers and functions of the Vice President.
Article 63 deals with Vice President of Indian constitution. The vice president is elected by Electoral
College consists of the Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Minimum age to contest in the vice presidential
election is 35 years. The term of Vice President is 5 years. But the parliament can remove the Vice President
from the office in the case of the violation of constitution. Following are the powers and functions of Vice-
President.
 He is the ex-official chairman of Rajya Sabha.
 He presides over the sittings of the Rajya Sabha.
 He can act as president when a vacancy occurs in the office of president (Maximum six months)
4. Explain the powers and functions of the Prime Minister.
The President appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition of parties in Lok Sabha as Prime
minister. The Prime Minister is the real executive. He is the head of the government. The President exercises his
powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The powers and functions of the Prime Minister are as
follows.
 Prime Minister is the chairman of the cabinet.
 He has the power to aid and advise the President.
 He has the power to distributes the portfolio of the ministers.
 Prime Minister decide the cabinet meeting.
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 He acts as mediator between President and Council of ministers

 He acts as mediator between the President and the Parliament.
 Prime Minister decides the policies and programmes of the government.
5. Explain the role of Permanent Executive (Civil service) in modern period.
The officials who assists the political executives in their policy making and carries out the policies of the
government is known as permanent executive or bureaucracy. To underline the difference between this
machinery and the military service, it is described as civil service. They are recruited on the basis of merit for a
long period (until the age of retirement). These trained and skilled civil servants assisting the ministers in
formulating policies and implementing these policies. The welfare policies of the government can be reach the
people through the civil servants.
6. Explain the structure of Civil Service in India.
 All India Service- All India Services are common to both Central and State governments. They are elected
through the civil service exam conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Indian Administrative
Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) etc. are the examples of All India Services
 Central Service- The Central Services works under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Central government.
 State service- The administration of the State is looked after by officers appointed through the State Public
Service Commissions. The state government determines the service conditions of them.
Objective type questions
1. Who is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha? Vice President
CHAPTER –V LEGISLATURE
1. Explain the powers and functions of the Parliament?
Indian legislature is known as Parliament. It is a bicameral legislature consists of Rajya Sabha (also known
as Council of States) and Lok Sabha (also known as House of People). Following are the powers of the parliament
 Legislative Function- The Parliament enacts laws on subjects included in the union list and concurrent list.
 Control of Executive- Parliament control the executive through question hour, zero hour etc.
 Financial Function- No tax can be imposed by the executive without the approval of the Parliament.
 Approval of emergencies: It approves the emergencies proclaimed by the President.
 Representation: Parliament represents the divergent groups from different parts of the country.
 Debating Function: Members of the Parliament are free to speak on any matter without fear.
 Constituent Function: The Parliament has the power to amend the constitution.
 Electoral functions: Its members are participated in the election of the President and Vice President.
 Judicial functions: It has the power to remove the President, Vice-President and Judges of the Supreme
Court and High Courts etc.

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2. Explain the special powers of Lok Sabha

Lok Sabha is the lower house of the parliament. Its members are directly elected by the people. The present
strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The term of Lok Sabha is 5 years. Followings are the powers and functions of
Lok Sabha
 Money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.
 It approves proposals for taxation, budgets and annual financial statements.
 Lok sabha can pass no confidence motion against the Council of Ministers.
3. Explain the special powers of Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha (Council of states) is the upper house of the Parliament. The Rajya Sabha represents the
States of India. It is an indirectly elected body. The elected members of State Legislative Assembly elect the
members of the Rajya Sabha. Each state has given representation according to their population. The term of the
Rajya Sabha member is six years. However, it is a permanent house in which one third retire every two years.
The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250 including 12 nominated members. The President of India
nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha.
 It can alone initiate the procedure for removal of Vice President.
 It has the power to authorize the parliament to make laws on matters included in the State list.
 Any matter that affects the States must be referred to it for its consent and approval.
 It has the power to authorize the parliament to create new All India Services.
4. How does the Parliament make laws?
Followings are the different stages of ordinary law making in India.
a. First reading (Introduction of bill)- A bill is a draft of the proposed law. An ordinary bill can introduce in either
house of the Parliament. Usually a bill is introduced by a minister of the concerned ministry.
b. Second reading- this stage consist of three more stages
 General discussion- General discussion on the principles and provisions of the bill.
 Committee stage- The Bill refer to the select committee (consist of the members of the where the bill is
originated) or joint committee (consist of the members of both houses). A large part of the discussion on
the bills takes place in the committees. It can amend the provisions of the bill.
 Consideration stage- The house after receiving the bill from the committee considering the provisions of
the bill clause by clause. The members can also move amendments.
c. Third reading- A debate is confined to the acceptance or rejection of bill. If the majority of the members
present and voting accept the bill is regarded as passed. Then the bill sent to other house.
d. Bill in other house- If a Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the second House where it goes through
exactly the same procedure. If the bill passes the second house, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both
the houses. In case of deadlock the president can summon Joint session of both houses. If the majority of
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members present and voting in the joint sitting approves the bill, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both
the houses.
e. Assent of the President -When a bill is passed by both Houses, it is sent to the President for his assent. If the
president gives his assent the bill become a law.
5. How does the parliament control the executive?
In India the executive is drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has majority in Lok Sabha.
Hence, Parliament can effectively control the executive and ensure a more responsive government. Followings
are the major instruments of parliamentary control on the executive.
a. Deliberation and discussion: During the law making process, members of the legislature get an opportunity
to deliberate on the policy direction of the executive. Besides, control may also be exercised during the general
discussions in the House.
 Question hour- The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for Question Hour. During the Question
Hour, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers.
 Zero Hour- The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour. In zero hour, members are free to raise
any matter that they think is important (though the ministers are not bound to reply).
 Half-an-hour discussion- It is meant for discussing a matters of public importance. The speaker can allot
three days in a week for such discussion.
 Adjournment motion- It aims to draw attention of the house to a definite matter of urgent public
importance. It needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.
b. Approval and ratification of laws: A bill can become a law only with the approval of the Parliament.
c. Financial control: Preparation and presentation of budget for the approval of the Lok Sabha is constitutional
obligation of the government. Before granting money, the Lok Sabha can discuss the reasons for which the
government requires money.
d. No-Confidence Motion- The Lok Sabha has the power to remove the ministry from office by passing a no-
confidence motion.
Objective type questions
1. What should be the minimum age to contest in the Rajya Sabha election? 30 years
2. What should be the minimum age to contest in the election of Lok Sabha? 25
3. What should be the minimum age to contest in the election of State Legislative Assembly? 25
4. How long can a person continue to be a Prime Minister or minister without being a member of either house
of the parliament? Six months
5. How many ministers can be appointed in the council of ministers? Maximum 15 % of total strength of the
Lok Sabha (91st Amendment Act of 2003).
6. Money bill can be introduced only in- Lok Sabha.
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CHAPTER 6- JUDICIARY
1. Analyse the functions of Judiciary in a country.
Judiciary is one of the important organ of the government. Followings are the chief functions of judiciary.
 Interpret the constitution
 Interpret the law of the land
 Protect the rights of the citizens
 Examine the constitutionality of the law passed by the legislature or ordinances issued by the executive
 Settles the disputes between individuals, between individual and organizations, and between
individual/organizations and government
 Punish the law breakers.
2. Explain how does the Indian constitution ensure the independence of the Judiciary.
Independence of judiciary means that the other organs of the government like executive and legislature
must not restrain the functioning of the judiciary. It means judiciary should be free from encroachments and
pressures. Then only Judges can perform their responsibilities without fear or favor. Indian Constitution has
ensured the independence of the judiciary through a number of measures.
 The legislature does not have any role in the appointment of judges. Thus it is free from party politics.
 The judges have a fixed tenure.
 The Constitution prescribes a very difficult procedure for the removal of judges.
 Salaries and allowances of the judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature.
 The actions and decisions of the judges are immune from personal criticisms.
 It has the power to punish the contempt of court.
 Parliament cannot discuss the conduct of the judges except during the procedure of their removal.
3. Explain the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.
The Constitution of India provides for a single integrated judicial system in which Supreme Court stands
at the top, High Courts below it and district and subordinate courts at the lowest level. Followings are the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
 Original jurisdiction- The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction on the dispute between union government
and one or more states and dispute between states. It is called original jurisdiction because the Supreme
Court alone has the power to deal with such cases.
 Appellate Jurisdiction- The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in constitutional, civil and criminal
matters. A person can appeal to the Supreme Court against the decisions of the High Court.
 Writ Jurisdiction- A person can directly move to supreme court if the fundamental right is violated. The
Supreme Court has the power to issue orders or writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights under
article 32.
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 Advisory Jurisdiction- The President of India can refer any matter that is of public importance or that which
involves interpretation of Constitution to Supreme Court for advice.
4. What is meant by Judicial Activism?
Judicial activism denotes an active judiciary that takes up public issues. Judiciary began to considering
many cases merely on the basis of newspaper reports and postal complaints received by the court. The
important instrument of judicial activism is public interest litigation.
5. What is meant by Public Interest Litigation (PIL) or Social Action Litigation (SAL)?
Public Interest Litigation means that any person or organization can approach the court for enforcing
the rights of other person. Thus, public spirited citizens or voluntary organizations can approach the court for
the protection of existing rights, betterment of life conditions of the poor, protection of the environment, and
many other issues in the interest of the public. PIL brings judiciary within the reach of ordinary people.
6. What is meant by Judicial Review?
Judicial review means the power of the Supreme Court and high courts to examine the constitutionality
of any law passed by the legislature or ordinance issued by the executive.
7. Briefly explain the appointment of the Judges of the supreme court?
The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after ‘consulting’ the Chief Justice of
India. However, the Chief Justice should recommend names of persons to be appointed in consultation with the
collegium of four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
Objective type questions
1. The retirement age of the Supreme Court Judge- 65 years
2. In which case, Supreme Court said that the basic structure of the constitution cannot be changed even with
constitutional amendments? Kesavananda Bharati case
3. The most important instrument of judicial activism is- Public interest litigation.
CHAPTER 7- FEDERALISM
1. What is federalism? Explain the features of federalism in India.
In Federalism, there are two sets of governments- one at national level and other at regional level. Both
the governments are autonomous in their respective area. It means there is a division of powers between Center
and the States. India is a federation because all the features of the federations are there. These are given below.
 Two sets of government- There are two sets of governments- one at the central level and another at state
level.
 Division of Powers- There is division of powers between Center and the States. The VII schedule of the Indian
Constitution consists of three lists- Union List, State List and Concurrent List.
 Supremacy of the Constitution- The powers of both the Central government and State governments are
derived from the constitution.
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 Independent Judiciary- If there is any dispute between the Union and the State on the division of powers,
this can be resolved by the Judiciary on the basis of the constitutional provisions.
2. Explain about the Division of Powers in India
The constitution of India made a clear division of powers between Centre and the states. The VII
schedule of the Indian Constitution consists of three lists. They are
 Union list- It consist of 97 items such as defense, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship,
railways, communication, banking, insurance, currency, income tax, post and telegraph, airways, ports,
foreign trade etc. Legislation on these subjects is exclusively for the Union Government.
 State list- It consists of 61 items such as police, law and order, public health, land, fisheries, local
government, agriculture, prison, liquor, trade and commerce, livestock and animal husbandry, state public
services etc. Legislation on these subjects is assigned to the state government.
 Concurrent list- It consist of 52 items such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, population control,
price control, electricity, newspapers, transfer of property other than agricultural land, adulteration,
adoption and succession etc. Both Union government and State government has the power to made
legislation on these subjects.
3. Examine why it’s says that India is a federation with a strong Central Government.
Indian Constitution has created a strong central government. The framers of the Constitution wanted to
create a strong Centre to stem disintegration and bring about social and political change. Following are the
provisions which made a strong Central Government.
 The parliament can create a new state by separation of territories from other state or states or by uniting
two or more states.
 The President can declare emergency in the state on the recommendation of the State Governor.
 During emergency parliament can make laws on subjects within the jurisdiction of the States.
 Central government has many revenue sources and the states are mostly dependent on the grants and
financial assistance from the Centre.
 Central government appoints the Governor of the state. The Governor has the power to reserve a bill passed
by the State legislature for the assent of the President.
 Parliament can make laws on any matter enumerated in the state list if the move is ratified by the Rajya
Sabha.
 All India Services like IAS, IPS are common to the entire territory. State government has limited powers over
these officers.

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CHAPTER 8- LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

1. Explain the need of Local Government.
Local government is government at the village and district level. Followings are the benefits of local
governments.
 Local governments are close to common people.
 It involves the day-to-day life and problems of people.
 It ensured people’s participation in the administration.
 Local interests are considered in decision making.
 It helps to strengthen the sense responsibility among the local people.
2. Explain the evolution of the Panchayat Raj Institutions in India.
In 1882 Lord Rippon, Viceroy of India, took the initiative in creating local bodies. They were called the
local boards. Following the Government of India Act 1919, village panchayats were established in a number of
provinces. This trend continued after the Government of India Act of 1935. In 1952 Community Development
Programme started to promote people’s participation in local government. In 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta
committee recommended a three tier panchayat raj system- village level, Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad.
Rajasthan was the first Indian state introduced Panchayati Raj system in 1959. Many states introduced
Panchayati Raj system but those local bodies did not have enough powers to look after the local development.
They were very much dependent on the State and central governments for financial assistance. In 1989, P.K
Thungon Committee recommended constitutional recognition for the local government bodies. In 1992, the
73rd and 74th constitutional amendments were passed by the Parliament. The 73rd Amendment is about rural
local governments (Panchayat Raj Institutions) and the 74th amendment is about urban local government
(Nagarpalikas). The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993.
3. Explain the features of 73rd amendment in the functioning of Panchayat Raj Institutions.
73rd Amendment provides for the structure, composition and powers of the rural local governments.
 Three tyre system- It provided for a uniform three tier Panchayat Raj system at the village level (Gram
Panchayat), intermediate level (Mandal or Block) and district level (Zilla Panchayat) in all states.
 Gram Sabha- The Gram Sabha would comprise all the registered voters in the Panchayat area.
 Direct election- All the three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions are elected directly by the people.
 Term- The term of each Panchayat body is five years.
 Reservation of seats- Seats should be reserved for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes at all the
three levels.
 Transfer of subjects- It added 11th schedule to the constitution which contains 29 functional items of the
Panchayati Raj institutions. It includes the items such as agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation,

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animal husbandry, fisheries, small scale industries, drinking water, education etc. The panchayat raj bodies
can take decisions on these 29 subjects.
 State Election Commission-The State government is required to appoints the State Election Commission for
conducting election to the local governments.
 State Finance Commission- The State government should appoint a State Finance Commission once in five
years to examine the financial position of the local governments.
Explain the importance of 74th amendment in the functioning of Urban Local Governments.
74th Amendment provides for the structure, composition and powers of the urban local bodies.
 It provided for three forms of urban local bodies- Municipal Corporation, Municipality and Nagar Panchayat.
 All the seats to these bodies shall be filled by direct elections.
 The councilors are elected from wards.
 Seats should be reserved for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
 The term of the urban local body is 5 years.
 The minimum age for contest in election is 21 years.
 State Election Commission conducts elections to Urban Local Bodies.
 It inserted 12th schedule to the constitution which contains 18 functional items of the urban local bodies. It
includes urban planning, regulation of land, planning for economic and social development, roads, bridges,
water supply, public health, fire service, slum improvement, urban poverty alleviation etc. The urban local
bodies can take decisions on these subjects.
Objective type questions
1. Which committee recommended a three tier panchayat raj system? Balwant Rai Mehta committee (1957)
2. Which was the first Indian state introduced Panchayati Raj system? Rajasthan (1959)
3. Which Amendment was prescribed the structure, composition and powers of the Urban local government
(Nagarpalikas)? 74th Amendment Act.
4. What is the minimum age to contest in local government bodies? 21
CHAPTER- 9 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT
1. What is Amendment? Explain the procedure for the Amendment of the Indian constitution.
Amendment means to remove or include a new law in the constitution or to modify the existing laws.
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution outlines the two procedures for the amendment of the constitution.
However, there are three ways to amend the constitution. These are
a. Simple Majority of the Parliament- There are many articles in the Constitution which mention that these
articles can be amended by a simple law of the Parliament. It means these provisions can be amended by the
majority of the members of each house present and voting (Simple majority). For example, Article 2 says that

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parliament may ‘by law’ admit into the union or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
b. Special Majority of the Parliament in both the houses separately (Art.368)- Majority of the provisions of the
constitution can be amended by a special majority of the parliament in both the houses separately. It requires
two different kinds of special majorities:
 Majority of total strength of each House (more than 50 percent).
 Majority of two-thirds of the members of each house present and voting.
c. Special Majority of the Parliament and the ratification of not less than half of the state’s legislatures
(Art.368)- Some provisions can be amended by a special majority of the both the houses of the parliament and
also with the consent of not less than half of the state legislatures by a simple majority.
CHAPTER 10- THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION
1. Explain the philosophy of Indian constitution.
Indian constitution consists of certain moral values and good ideals. These are aims to make a liberal,
democratic, egalitarian and secular society. So we should have philosophical approach to identify these moral
contents in our constitution. Some of them are as follows
 Individual freedom- Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution ensures individual freedom.
 Social justice- Indian constitution contains certain provisions for the reservation of scheduled caste and
Scheduled Tribes. It also protects the interest of weaker sections and minorities in the society.
 Respect for diversity and minority rights- In order to protect the rights of the backward classes, tribal people
and minorities from other dominant communities’ certain rights are given to them
 Secularism- Indian constitution provides right to religious belief to all. Not only that each religious
community have the right to establish and maintain their institutions.
 Universal franchise- Indian constitution provides universal adult franchise to all adult citizens irrespective
of their religion, caste, sex, place of birth etc.
 Federalism- Indian constitution adopted a federal form of government to accept the geographical and
cultural diversities of India. Besides, special status is given to some areas in order to protect their identity.
 National identity- India constitution balancing regional identity as well as national identity. At the same time
preference is given to common identity.
2. Limitations of the Indian constitution
 The Indian Constitution has a centralized idea of national unity.
 It neglects some important issues of gender justice, particularly within the family.
 It does not exactly provide certain basic socio-economic rights as fundamental rights.

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3. Write the criticism of Indian Constitution.

 Indian constitution is a bulky constitution
 The members of the Constituent Assembly were not elected based on adult franchise
 Most of the members of the Constituent Assembly came from the upper class.
 Indian constitution is a borrowed constitution. Hence it doesn’t reflect the culture of our country.
CHAPTER 11- POLITICAL THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION
1. What is Political Theory? What do we study in political theory?
Political theory examines the basic values, ideas and principles that shape constitutions, governments
and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning and significance of concepts such as freedom,
equality, justice, democracy, secularism and so on. Thus the objective of political theory is to train citizens to
think rationally about political questions and assess the political events of our time.
 Political theory train citizens to think rationally about political questions and assess the political events of
our time.
 Political theories present new meanings and interpretations to political ideas or concepts in the new
circumstances. For example, the rights guaranteed by our Constitution are continually being reinterpreted
in response to new circumstances.
 As our world changes, we may discover new dimensions of freedom as well as new threats to freedom.
Political theory examines these and teach us about possible answers to these questions.
CHAPTER 12- FREEDOM
1. What is Freedom?
Freedom in its restricted sense is absence of constraints. But in our social life some forms of social
constraints are necessary. In its positive dimension freedom is about expanding the ability of the people to freely
express themselves and develop their potential. In this sense freedom is a condition in which people can develop
their creativity and capabilities.
2. What is called Harm Principle?
John Stuart Mill in his essay ‘On Liberty’ distinguish the actions of an individual into two- Self-regarding
actions and Other regarding actions
 Self-regarding actions- Self-regarding actions are those actions that have consequences only for the
individual himself. Thus, state or any other external authority has no power to interfere on these actions.
 Other regarding actions- Other regarding actions are those actions that have consequences for others. Thus,
the state can impose certain constrain on these actions.

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3. What's the difference between Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty?

In political theory, there are two dimensions of freedom as Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty.
 Negative Liberty- Negative liberty considered freedom as absence of external constraints. Negative liberty
seeks to define an area in which the individual could do whatever he wished do. This is an area in which no
external authority can interfere. In other words, human beings need an inviolable area of non-interference
in which the individual can express himself or herself.
 Positive Liberty- Positive Liberty recognize the relationship between individual and society and concern that
one can be free only in society. Positive Liberty concerned that positive conditions in material, political and
social domains help an individual to develop his or her capabilities. Thus people must have adequate
material resources to pursue their wants and needs. They must have voice in the decision making process.
Then only laws reflect their choices.
Objective type questions
1. Who said that equality was as crucial as freedom? Karl Marx
2. Who fought against apartheid policy of South Africa? Nelson Mandela
3. Who was the author of the book ‘Long Walk to Freedom’. Nelson Mandela
4. Who was the author of the book ‘Freedom from Fear’? Aung San Suu Kyi
5. Who made the famous statement “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.”? Tilak
6. Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909? Mahatma Gandhi
7. Who was the author of the novel ’The Satanic Verses’? Salman Rushdie
8. Who was the author of the work ‘On Liberty’? John Stuart Mill
CHAPTER 13- EQUALITY
1.What is meant by Equality? Explain the three dimensions of Equality.
Equality means all human beings have an equal worth regardless of their color, gender, race, or
nationality. All human beings deserve equal consideration and respect. Hence they are entitled to same rights
and opportunities to develop their skills and talents. There are mainly three dimensions of equality which we
need make a just and equal society. These are
 Political Equality- Political equality means that all citizens have an equal voice in the government and equal
access to all offices of the government. It involves right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold the
public offices, right to criticize the government etc. These rights are enable the citizens to participate in the
affairs of the state.
 Social Equality- Social equality means that all are enjoying equal status and equality of opportunity in the
society. There is no discrimination to any sections of the society on the ground of religion, caste, gender,
race, wealth, color and so on. Social equality concerned that inequalities are the creation of the society. So
the state should have significant role to prevent discrimination against neglected sections in the society.
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 Economic Equality- Economic equality means all should enjoy the wealth of the state equally. It means
economic resources of a country should not be concentrated in few hands. It is argued that the state should
ensure a minimum standard of living to all and equal opportunities for all. It involves equal opportunity in
education and employment, equal pay for equal work, abolition of poverty etc.
2.What is socialism?
Socialism is emerged as a reaction against the inequalities existing in the capitalist economy. The main
concern of Socialism is to minimize existing inequality and to distribute resource justly. Although advocates of
socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favor some kind of government regulation, planning and
control over certain key areas such as education and health care.
3. How can we promote Equality?
 Official Establishment of Equality- Inequalities can be abolished by law. For example, Indian Constitution
abolishes the practice of untouchability.
 Equality through Differential Treatment- Sometimes formal equality is not sufficient to realise the principle
of equality. Hence, it is necessary to treat people differently. Certain differences between people may have
to be taken into account for this purpose. Some countries have used policies of affirmative action to enhance
equality of opportunity. In our country we have relied on the policy of reservations.
4. What is meant by Affirmative Action?
Affirmative action means positive measure taken to increase the representation of disadvantaged
sections in areas in which they are underrepresented. Most policies of affirmative action are aimed to correct
the cumulative effect of past inequalities. Affirmative action can however take many forms from preferential
spending such as scholarships to special consideration for admissions to educational institutions and jobs. In
India, we have adopted a policy reservation in education and employment to provide equality of opportunity to
deprived sections.
Objective type questions
1. What was the slogan of French revolutionaries? ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’
CHAPTER 14- SOCIAL JUSTICE
1. What is justice? Explain the three principles of justice.
Justice implies fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individual under the existing law and to
provide him protection against any violation of his rights. The essence of justice is common good which involves
the well-being of all people. Ensuring the well-being of the people includes giving each person his due. In order
to maintain justice in the society the government should harmonies following three principles.
 Equal Treatment for Equal- All individuals share deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Therefore, some
of the important rights such as civil rights, political rights, social rights etc. should be deserved for all. The
principle of treating equals equally would require that individual should be judged on the basis of their work
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and actions and not on the ground of class, caste, race or gender. Therefore, if two persons from different
castes perform the same kind of work, they should receive the same kind of reward. Otherwise it would be
unjust and unfair.
 Proportionate Justice- Equal treatment would not be fair in all situations. It is unfair if we reward workers
equally when different jobs require different skills and efforts without considering risks involved. In such
cases justice would mean rewarding people in proportion to the effort, skills and possible dangers involved
in that work.
 Recognition of Special Needs- In certain cases, equal treatment and proportionate justice may not enough
to ensure justice in the society. It is not fair to treat deprived classes equally with socially and economically
forward people. Physical disabilities, social backwardness, age, lack of access to good education or health
care etc. are usual factors considered for special needs. So, we should consider the special needs of people
while distributing rewards or duties. For example, Indian constitution provides reservation for people
belongings to SC/ST to maintain equal justice.
2. What is meant by ‘just distribution’?
In some societies serious social and economic inequalities are prevailing. In such a society, social justice
demands not only equal treatment in terms of laws and policies but also equality of life conditions and
opportunities. It concerns just distribution of goods and services among different sections in the society. So it is
necessary to redistribute some of the important resources of the society. This is known as just distribution. This
is seen as necessary for each person to be able to pursue his/her objectives and express himself.
3. Explain John Rawls’s theory of justice.
John Rawls argues that the only way we can arrive at a fair and just rule is if we imagine ourselves to be
in a situation in which we have to make decisions about how society should be organised although we do not
know which position we would ourselves occupy in that society. Rawls argues that if we do not know who we
will be and what options would be available to us in the future society, we will be likely to support a decision
about the rules and organization of that future society which would be fair for all the members. Rawls describes
this as thinking under a ‘veil of ignorance’. He expects that in such a situation of complete ignorance about our
possible position and status in society, each person would decide in the way they generally do, that is, in terms
of their own interests. But since no one knows who he would be, and what is going to benefit him, each will
envisage the future society from the point of view of the worst-off. When people think under a veil of ignorance
they think from the perspective of the most disadvantages and the weakest sections of the society. It will ensure
that laws and policies will benefit society as a whole.
Objective type questions
1. Who was the author of the book ‘The Republic’? Plato
2. Who was the author of the book “The theory of Justice”? John Rawls
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3. The concept “veil of ignorance” related to- John Rawls

CHAPTER 15- RIGHTS
1. What is a right? Explain the different types of rights.
Rights are primarily those legitimate claims that an individual regard to be necessary for leading a life of
respect and dignity. It means rights are the claims recognized by the state. These rights are necessary for leading
a life of dignity and self-respect. Followings are the different types of rights
 Political right- Political rights give to the citizens the right to equality before law and right to participate in
the political process. It includes the right to vote, the right to contest elections, the right to form political
parties, right to join in political parties etc. Political rights are supplemented by civil liberties such as right to
a free and fair trial, right to express one’s views freely, the right to protest and express dissent.
 Economic right- Economic rights are concerned with making adequate facilities to meet the basic needs and
reasonable conditions of work. It includes right to work, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest etc.
 Cultural rights- Today, democratic governments are recognizing the cultural claims of their citizens. It
includes right to education in mother tongue, right to keep one's language and culture, right to protect and
preserve one’s language, culture and script etc.
2. Difference between Rights and Responsibilities.
Rights are essential for leading a good life. These rights place obligation on the state as well as on
individual to act in a certain way. These rights compel the citizen to think not only of his own interest but also
certain things as being good for others. So everyone has the responsibility to enjoy their rights without
endangering the right of other. It means every citizen should have the responsibly to act in accordance with the
common good.
CHAPTER 16- CITIZENSHIP
1. Define citizenship?
Citizenship has been defined as full and equal membership of a political community. Equality of rights
and status is one of the basic aspect of citizenship. In a democratic country, citizens enjoyed certain political,
civil, social and economic rights. However, citizenship involves certain obligations of citizens to each other and
to the society. These would include not only the legal obligations but also a moral obligation to the social life.
Citizens are considered to be the inheritors and trustees of the culture and natural resources of the country.
2. Explain the ways of attaining Indian citizenship.
In India, the provisions about citizenship can be found in Part II (Article 5 to 11) of the constitution and
in subsequent laws passed by Parliament. The Citizenship Act (1955) prescribes five ways of acquiring Indian
citizenship. These are birth, descent, registration, naturalization and incorporation of territory.

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3. Define the concept of Universal Citizenship.

Universal Citizenship means full membership of a state should be available to all those who ordinarily
live and work in the country as well as to those who apply for citizenship. The concept of universal citizenship is
more inclusive which accepting the claims of migrants and even the refugees.
4. Define the concept of Global Citizenship.
Global Citizenship is a feeling that we are not only the citizen of a particular country but citizen of a global
society. It reminds us that we are living in an interconnected world and need to strengthen our links with people
in different parts of the world. This has helped to develop sympathies and shared concerns among people in
different countries of the world. The support of people from different parts of the world for the victims of the
tsunami and other major calamities is a sign of the emergence of a global society. The concept of global
citizenship would enhance the interdependence and cooperation among the people and governments of many
states. Today states are facing many problems which cannot be solved by an individual state alone. Thus, these
problems can be solved by the cooperative endeavor of the people and governments of many countries.
CHAPTER 17- NATIONALISM
1. What is nationalism? Explain the factors affecting nationalism.
Nationalism is a feeling of oneness among the people of a country. It imparts a sense of unity among the
people of a country. Following are the factors affecting Nationalism-
 History- Each country has its own historical background which makes a sense of historical identity.
 Territory - The state should have a particular territorial area. Living together on a territory for several years
make the people a sense of collective identity.
 Common Belief (Shared Belief) - The common belief, customs, tradition, law etc. make sense of oneness
among the people.
 Common Political Ideas (Shared Political Ideas)- The major political ideas like democracy, secularism,
parliamentary system etc. makes them together.
 Common language, common decent and common religion- These factors can also make sense of oneness
among the people.
Objective type questions
1. Who was the author of the book ‘Discovery of India’? Jawaharlal Nehru
CHAPTER 18- SECULARISM
1. Difference between inter-religious domination and intra-religious domination.
 Inter-religious domination- Inter religious domination means one religion try to keep domination over
another religion. For instance, several thousands of Hindu Kashmiri pandits have been forced to leave their
homes in the Kashmir valley.

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 Intra-religious domination-Intra religious domination means discrimination within a religion. One religious
group tries to keep domination over other groups within the religion. For example, dalits have been barred
from entering Hindu temples. In some parts of the country, Hindu woman cannot enter temples.
2. What is secularism?
It is a normative doctrine which seeks to realise a secular society based on inter-religious or intra-
religious equality. It promotes freedom within religions and equality between religions as well as within
religions. In other words, all religions are considered as equal and no privilege is given to any particular religion.
3. What is meant by secular state?
A secular state should not have an official religion. It should not make legal alliance with any religion.
The essence of secularism lies in the basic principle of separation of religion from politics. It should promote
peace, religious freedom, freedom from religious oppression, discrimination, inter-religious and intra-religious
equality etc.
4. Difference between western model of secularism and Indian model of secularism.
 Western model of secularism- Western model secularism is based on mutual exclusion that is separation of
state from religion. The state will not intervene in the affairs of religion and, in the same manner, religion
will not interfere in the affairs of the state. Religious classification will not be the basis of any public policy.
The state never aids financial support to any religious institution. The state never hinders the activities of
religious communities, as long as they are within the broad limits set by the law of the land.
 Indian model of secularism- Indian model of secularism is fundamentally different from Western
secularism. Indian secularism considered not only the religious freedom of the individuals but also the
religious freedom of the minority communities. Every individual has the right to profess the religion of his
or her choice. Likewise, religious minorities also have a right to maintain their own culture. Moreover, the
state supports the religious reformation. It means that state interfere in religious matters positively and
negatively. The Indian state has enacted several laws in this respect. Thus the idea of inter-religious and
intra-religious equality is crucial to the Indian concept of secularism.
5. What is meant by secular state?
Secular state means a state which recognizes every citizen as equal and does not recognize any social
religious discrimination for exercising political right. The essence of secularism lies in the basic principle of
separation of religion from politics. The state must not run by the heads of any particular religion and it should
not have official religion
6. Write the criticisms of Indian Secularism
 Anti-Religious- It is argued that secularism is against the institutionalized religious domination.
 Western Impact- Indian secularism is the copy of western model and not suitable for Indian situation
 Vote Bank Politics- Party used religion as weapons for getting more vote.
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 Not practical- The practice of secularism is not possible in India because there are different religions.
 Minoritism- Give importance to minorities and their rights.
 Interventionist- Excessive intervention of Government in religious matters.
CHAPTER 19- PEACE
1. What's the meaning of peace?
Some define peace is the absence of War, riots and massacre. Some others defined the peace as absence
of conflict. But both definitions have some deficient. Sometimes violence emerges as response to inequalities
and exploitation inherent in certain societies. Hence, the absence of inequality and exploitation can also be
defined as peace.
2. What is meant by Structural Violence? Explain the forms of Structural Violence.
Various types of inequalities, discriminations and exploitations are inherent in the social structure. These
are the sources of many violence in our society. Thus, the inequalities, discriminations and exploitations existing
in the social structure or social institution is referred as ‘structural violence’. Followings are the different forms
of structural violence.
 Caste- In a caste ridden society certain groups of people treated as untouchable. It leads to their social
exclusion and deprivation. In such a situation they even denied the benefits of education and social mobility.
 Class- In the developing countries majority of the labor classes are confined to the informal sector. Their
wages and conditions of work are abysmal. It generates a great deal of inequality and oppression.
 Patriarchy- In patriarchal society women are subordinated and discriminated. It leads to sexual harassment,
child marriage, denial of education to girls, abortion of female foetuses, undernourishment of the girl child,
dowry system, sexual harassment, rape etc.
 Colonialism- Colonial powers conquered the territories of other countries and exploit them in several ways.
 Racism- Racial discrimination was prevalent in many countries. Negro slavery in USA, massacre of Jews in
Germany, apartheid policy of South Africa are the examples.
 Communalism- Communalism may be seen as the South Asian counterpart of racism. Conflicts between
different religious communities are causing lots of violence. Minority religious groups become the victims of
such violence
3. What are the challenges of world peace?
 Powerful countries are resorting to unilateral military action over other nations
 Terrorism
 Genocides in various parts of the world
 Regional military alliances of the Nations

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 POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

4. Different approaches to the pursuit of peace

 Increasing the power of the nation and make alliances with other nations. It made balance of power
between nations.
 Promotes interdependence and cooperation between nations in social and economic spheres.
 Formation of global community will foster world peace.

CHAPTER 20- DEVELOPMENT

1. What is meant by Development?
In the broadest sense of the term development conveys the ideas of improvement, progress, well-being
and an aspiration for a better life. It aims to enhancing the quality of life of the people. However, the term
development is also often used in a narrower sense to refer to more limited goals such as increasing economic
growth, achieving some pre-set targets or completing projects like dams, factories, hospitals etc. In this process
some sections of society may have benefited while others may have to suffer such as loss of their homes or
lands or way of life without any compensatory gains.
2. Explain the social costs of development.
Development has economic benefits such as higher employment, higher incomes etc. But the major projects
such as construction dams, large industries, highways etc. has its social cost. It means these activities adversely
affect the life of the people in these areas. These are referred as social costs of development. These are
 Displacement of people from their living places
 Loss of livelihood
 Loss of traditional skill
 Movement of displaced people to urban areas leading to growth of slums
 Adverse impact on their culture
3. Explain the environmental costs of development.
Developmental activities are adversely affect the environment. These are referred as environmental costs
of development. These are
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Global warming due to the ozone depletion by the release of chlorofluorocarbons
 Soil Pollution due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Destruction of plant life, birds and animal

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