WE CARE WE SHARE

PASIR GUDANG

Usahasama antara Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, Agensi Kerajaan, dan
Badan Bukan Kerajaan untuk menghebahkan
maklumat dan kesedaran mengenai masalah
pencemaran di Parlimen Pasir Gudang.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat berilmu setempat yang

berusaha untuk membina kelestarian sekitaran
yang selamat dan selesa

25 Mac 2019
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
Sewage Characteristics
Sewage is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and biological composition. The main physical, chemical and
biological constituents of domestic sewage may be summarized as follows:

Physical Properties : Colour, Odor, Solids, Temperature

Chemical Constituents :
Organic - Carbohydrates, Fats, Oil, Grease, Proteins, and Surfactants
Inorganic - pH, Chlorides, Citrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Gases - Hydrogen Sulphide, Methane, Oxygen Physical unit operations are treatment
methods, which use the application of physical
forces to treat sewage. These include
screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration and flotation.

Treatment methods in which the removal or

conversion of pollutants by the addition of
chemicals or by chemical reactions are known as
Chemical Unit Processes. These include
precipitation, adsorption and disinfection.
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Standards
Parameter Unit
A B
Temperature C 40 40
EFFLUENT STANDARDS pH Value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that sewage consumes over a BOD5 at 20C mg/l 20 50
given time. High BOD is significant because it means that sewage will COD mg/l 50 100
rapidly consume all the naturally-dissolved oxygen in streams, rivers and Suspended Solids mg/l 50 100
lakes, thus killing off all aquatic life, and rendering the water septic and Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05
foul-smelling. SS is a measure of the undissolved material in sewage. Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02
High SS leads to sludge deposits in the waterways, thus causing Chromium,
mg/l 0.05 0.05
significant environmental deterioration. Hexavalent
Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.10
Effluent that is discharged upstream of a water supply intake should meet Cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.10
Lead mg/l 0.10 0.5
Standard A, while effluent that is discharged downstream has to meet
Chromium,
Standard B. These standards are set by the Environmental Quality Act Trivalent
mg/l 0.20 1.0
1974. Copper mg/l 0.20 1.0
Manganese mg/l 0.20 1.0
Oxidation Pond Characteristic Nickel mg/l 0.20 1.0
Tin mg/l 0.20 1.0
DOE Zinc mg/l 1.0 1.0
(mg/L) Raw Sewage Effluent
Standard B Boron mg/l 1.0 4.0
Iron (Fe) mg/l 1.0 5.0
Phenol mg/l 0.001 1.0
BOD 200-400 20-100 50 Free Chlorine mg/l 1.0 2.0
Sulphide mg/l 0.50 0.5
TSS 200-350 30-150 100 Oil and Grease mg/l Not Detectable 10.0
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 TYPICAL RAW SEWAGE STANDARD FOR SEWAGE
Effluent Discharge to
Parameter Value Value Effluent Discharge to Rivers / Stream
Stagnant Water Bodies*
g/capita/d Parameter
(mg/l)
Standard A Standard B Standard A Standard B
Biochemical Oxygen 56 250 Absolute Design Absolute Design Absolute Design Absolute Design
Demand (BOD5)
Suspended Solids (SS) 68 300 BOD5 20 10 50 20 20 10 50 20
SS 50 20 100 40 50 20 100 40
Chemical Oxygen 113 500
COD 120 60 200 100 120 60 200 100
Demand (COD)
AMN 10 5 20 10 5 2 5 2
Total Nitrogen (TN) 11 50
Nitrate
Nitrogen 20 10 50 20 10 5 10 5
Ammoniacal nitrogen 7 30
(AMN) Total
Phosphorus N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 2 10 5
Total Phosphorus (TP) 2 10
O&G 5 2 10 5 5 2 10 5
Oil and Grease (O&G) 11 50
Absolute: standards applied
Design: standards achievable for WWTP
Standard A: Effluent released upstream of WTP
Standard B: Effluent released downstream of WTP
 Nonpoint pollution from urban storm
water collects in combined sewers
Combined sewers- carry both storm
water and municipal sewage - older cities

➢ Eliminating this involves:

⚫ Construction of separate storm
and sanitary sewers
⚫ Creation of storm water
retention basins
⚫ Expanded treatment facilities to
treat the storm water

Separate sewerage system

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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 SEPARATE VS COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM

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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
primary secondary tertiary
 Primary Treatment
❖Involves the removal in settling tanks of particulate
matter such as plant waste (screening). The solids
that sediment are strained off, and the sludge is
collected to be burned or buried in landfills.
Alternatively, it can be treated in an anaerobic
sludge‐digesting tank

❖Removes 40% of the TSS and 30-40% of the BOD

❖using bar screens, grid chambers and settling

tanks
PRIMARY TREATMENT Grit chamber
Involves the removal in settling tanks of particulate matter such
Flow of water are slow down to separate
as plant waste (screening). The solids that sediment are strained
sand and gravel
off, and the sludge is collected to be burned or buried in
landfills. Alternatively, it can be treated in an anaerobic
sludge‐digesting tank

Removes 40% of the TSS and 30-40% of the BOD using bar
screens, grid chambers and settling tank

Bar Screens
Remove large objects from the wastewater
Settling tank @ clarifier - fecal solids settle
- floating material (grease and oils)
Hold time : 2-3 hours
rise to the surface and be
skimmed off

Tank are large:

Why does the flow is slowed down in the

sedimentation tank?
Secondary Treatment
 ANAEROBIC
If dissolved oxygen is not available in the water, aerobic
bacteria or aerobes cannot thrive; instead, another class of
bacteria, anaerobes, make use of the bound oxygen in
inorganic salts such as nitrates, sulphates and phosphates.
The toxic gas hydrogen sulphide is often produced. In
addition, anaerobes convert organic material to methane and
carbon dioxide. A generalised equation for anaerobic
bacterial activity is:

Certain bacteria use dissolved oxygen if it is available but convert to

anaerobic processes when dissolved oxygen is absent. Such bacteria
are called facultative anaerobes.
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 14
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
Bacteria in Suspension (Aerobic)
• In aerobic secondary sewage treatment, liquid waste can also be
treated in an activated digester after it has been vigorously Anaerobic Digester
aerated. Slime‐forming bacteria form masses that trap other Biological treatment process to remove dissolved
microorganisms to remove them from the water. Treatment for organic water from wastewater. The microbial
several hours reduces the microbial population significantly, and population of liquid and sludge waste reduced
the clear fluid is removed for purification. The sludge is placed in
a landfill or at sea. ❖In the anaerobic sludge digester, microorganisms
break down the organic matter of proteins, lipids,
and cellulose into smaller substances for
Bacteria in Film (Aerobic)
metabolism by other organisms. Results of these
• In aerobic secondary sewage treatment, the fluid waste is aerated
breakdowns include organic acids, alcohols, and
and then passed through a trickling filter. In this process, the
simple compounds. Methane gas is produced in the
liquid waste is sprayed over a bed of crushed rocks, tree bark, or
sludge tank, and it can be burned as a fuel to
other filtering material. Colonies of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
operate the waste treatment facility. The remaining
grow in the bed and act as secondary filters to remove organic
sludge is incinerated or buried in a landfill, and its
materials. The microorganisms metabolize organic compounds
fluid is recycled and purified.
and convert them to carbon dioxide, sulfate, phosphates, nitrates,
and other ions. The material that comes through the filter has
been 99 percent cleansed of microorganisms.
There are five major groups of microorganisms generally
found in the aeration basin of the activated sludge
process:
1. Bacteria-Aerobic bacteria remove organic nutrients
2. Protozoa-Remove & digests dispersed bacteria and
suspended particles
3. Metazoa-Dominate longer age systems including
lagoons
4. Filamentous bacteria-bulking sludge (poor settling &
turbid effluent)
5. Algae and fungi-Fungi is present with pH changes &
older sludge
 ORGANISMS IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
1. Bacteria are primarily responsible for removing 3. Metazoa
organic nutrients from the wastewater. Three most common metazoa found in the
activated sludge treatment system.
2. Protozoa play a critical role in the treatment a. Rotifers-Clarify effluent & are first affected by
process by removing and digesting free swimming toxic loads
dispersed bacteria and other suspended particles. b. Nematodes-Feed on bacteria, fungi, small
This improves the clarity of the wastewater effluent. protozoa & other nematodes
Like bacteria, some protozoa need oxygen, some c. Tardigrades (water bear)-Survive
require very little oxygen, and a few can survive environmental extremes & toxic sensitivity
without oxygen.
The types of protozoa present give us some 4. Filamentous bacteria The dominance of
indication of treatment system performance which filamentous bacteria in the activated sludge
are classified as follows: treatment system can cause problems with sludge
a. Amoebae-Little effect on treatment & die off as settling. This bulking sludge settles poorly and
amount of food decreases leaves behind a turbid effluent.
b. Flagellates-Feed primarily on soluble organic
nutrients 5. Algae and fungi which are photosynthetic
c. Ciliates-Clarify water by removing suspended organisms and generally do not cause problems in
bacteria activated sludge treatment systems, however
d. Ciliates; Free-swimming-Removes free-dispersed there presence in the treatment system usually
bacteria indicate problems associated pH changes and
 rotary distributor

TRICKLING FILTER rock bed

Primary effluent in filter effluent out to chlorinator

The rock are arranged to have spaces for oxygen to seep in

between the rocks for aerobic decomposition

CxHxOxNxPxSx + O2 → CO2, H2O, NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-

(organic matter)
• Beds of coarse media (stones or plastic) 3-10 ft deep
biofilm microbial community includes.: • Wastewater is sprayed into the air (aeration), then allowed
bacteria (Zoogloea ramigera, Pseudomonas, to trickle through the media
Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Sphaerotilus, • Microorganism attached to and growing on the media
Beggiatoa) break down the organic water in the wastewater.
fungi, protozoa (Paramecium, Vorticella), • Trickling filters drain at the bottom; the water is collected
nematodes, rotifers (Philodina) and then undergoes sedimentation.
 Trickling Filters
tank that serves as a surface on
which microbiological growth
occurs (uses coarse media -
usually rock or
plastic)

Oxygen are trapped in between the loose rocks that

enable aerobic decomposition to be carried out
Why is the stones/plastic irregularly shaped?
What is meant by sloughing?
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 21
ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT: AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION

TRICKLING FILTER ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR

ACTIVATED SLUDGE
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE NOT RECYCLED :
RESOURCE OUT OF PLACE
All wastewater treatment system produced sludge that need
dewatering – then to be disposed as soil amendment, biogas

Effluents containing high concentration of nutrients that may

pollute receiving waters causing eutrophication.
• How does the various treatment system obtain oxygen?
• Why does aerobic decomposition preferred to anaerobic system? • Can waste containing metals be treated using the system?
• Is the products of decomposition environmentally friendly? • Are there any waste products that need further treatment?
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 TERTIARY TREATMENT Chemical and Biological
❖ In the tertiary treatment of sewage, the fluid from the secondary treatment
process is cleansed of phosphate and nitrate ions that might cause pollution.
The ions are precipitated as solids, often by combining them with calcium or
iron, and the ammonia is released by oxidizing it to nitrate in the nitrification
process. Adsorption to activated charcoal removes many organic compounds
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a chemical pollutant.
Product from
secondary treatment
❖ Secondary treatment removes 85% of BOD and SS and most pathogens, but
can leave high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.

Tertiary sewage treatment includes the removal

of nutrients, toxic substances including heavy
metals and further removal of suspended solids
and organic. Effluent from tertiary treatment is
of a high standard and suitable for reuse.
 Nutrient removal
• Wastewater contain high levels of the nutrients N2 and P

✓ Nitrogen removal

- effected through the biological oxidation of nitrogen

nitrification denitrification
ammonia nitrate nitrogen gas

removed from the water

(released to atmosphere)
 ✓Phosphorus removal
1. Removed biologically in a process “enhanced biological phosphorus removal”

specific bacteria ‘polyphosphate’ accumulating organisms

enriched and accumulate large quantities of phosphorus

within their cells (up to 20% of their mass).

separated from the treated water, biosolids have a high fertilizer value.

2. Chemical precipitation use salts of iron

(e.g. ferric chloride) or aluminum (e.g. alum).

3. Filtration
▪ Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter.
▪ Filtration over activated carbon removes residual toxins.
Nitrogen is removed using denitrification:

1. Secondary Treatment forms nitrate from ammonia:

NH3 + 2O2 NO3- + H2O + H+

2. Denitrification transforms nitrate to nitrogen gas:

Organics + NO3- N2 + CO2 + H2O

Phosphorus is removed by chemical precipitation:

Ferric Chloride:

FeCl3 + HPO42- FePO4(s) + H+ + 3Cl-

Alum:

Al2(SO4)3 + 2 HPO42- 2 AlPO4(s) + 2 H+ + 3 SO42-

Lime:
5 Ca(OH)2 + 3 HPO42- Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) + 3 H2O + 6 OH-
 Disinfection
▪ Kill enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses that were not eliminated
during the previous stages of treatment.

▪ Done by chlorination with chlorine gas or hypochorite.

reacts with water

hypochlorous + hydrofloric acids (actual disinfectants)

▪ Disadvantages
Formation of disinfection by-products,
eg ; chlorinated hydrocarbons (toxic and difficult to mineralize).
Trihalomethanes may also be formed
eg ; chloroform and bromoform (carcinogens)
 T R E AT M E N T O F WA S T E WAT E R
(small population)

Septic tanks provide wastewater treatment for small

populations, such as individual residences, small institutions,
schools, etc.
• It is normally an underground, watertight container made of
concrete, fiberglass, or other durable material that provides
primary wastewater treatment (settling of solids).
• Anaerobic treatment system with effluent drainfield

Oxidation ponds are also called lagoons or stabilization ponds

• It is large and shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater
through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae.
• Aerobic, facultative or anaerobic pond system
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 SEPTIC TANK

▪ Combined settling, skimming and anaerobic digestion

▪ Commonly followed by filtration of effluent (e.g. sub-surface
soil disposal field)
▪ No mechanical equipment (no moving parts)
How is the septic tank of houses in our rural area made of?
▪ Periodical desludging of sludge. Why?
 How can septic tanks affect the groundwater?
Ground level Ground level

Effluent to
Wastewater soil infiltration
from house (normal)

Soil
Soil
Soil
(unsaturated
Soil
zone)

Soil Faecal sludge (if “leaking

septic tank”)

Groundwater (aquifer)

The effluent from septic tanks is commonly infiltrated into the ground (on purpose).
But faecal sludge is NOT meant to leak out from the septic tank (but often does if not designed properly).
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (baffled septic tank)
▪ Improved septic tank with 2 to 3 chambers in
series (up to 5)
▪ Intensive contact between resident sludge and
fresh influent
▪ Treatment efficiency: 65 to 90% COD removal; HRT
= 2-3 days

▪ Advantages:
▪ Higher treatment efficiency than septic tanks,
hardly any blockages
▪ High removal efficiencies, also for suspended and
dissolved solids
▪ Disadvantages:
▪ Construction and maintenance more complicated
than for conventional septic tank
 SUSTAINABILTY THEME: COMPOSTING TOILET

ARE WE
WILLING TO CHANGE???

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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
Septic Tank Effluent: Drain field vs Wetland Treatment
 Septic tank design
▪ Under anaerobic conditions, organic substances are not aerated (oxidised), but are fermented (reduced)
(Reduction = assimilation of electrons)
▪ Energy-rich end products, like organic acids or alcohols are electron acceptors
▪ It is quite a “slow” process (low growth rate of methanogens) compared to aerobic processes → relatively long sludge
retention times are required
▪ Like all biological processes, it is temperature dependent (higher conversion rates at higher temperatures) → digesters
are typically heated / insulated or below ground
▪ Disadvantages:
▪ Low treatment efficiency (COD removal approx. 50%; almost
▪ Design: no nitrogen removal)
▪ Sedimentation tank ▪ O&M often neglected (desludging) or unknown!
▪ Settled sludge partially stabilised by anaerobic digestion ▪ Relies on water for toilet flushing
▪ Almost no removal of dissolved and suspended matter ▪ Effluent quality is difficult to monitor
▪ 1-3 compartments ▪ Requires periodical removal of faecal sludge (every 3 - 10
▪ Periodical desludging years, depending on tank size)
▪ Faecal sludge management is often not carried out properly
(often just dumped in environment)
This slide and the next four slides were provided by Dr. Doulaye Koné from SANDEC/Eawag, Switzerland
 Oxidation Ponds Process

• Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon

dioxide and inorganic compounds released by
bacteria in water.
• During the process of photosynthesis, the algae
release oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria.
• Mechanical aerators are sometimes installed to
supply yet more oxygen, thereby reducing the
required size of the pond.
• Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be
removed by dredging.
• Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be
removed by filtration or by a combination of
chemical treatment and settling.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSvDbeuBYak
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
What is a symbiotic
relationship / process?

Why does aeration is needed

in oxidation pond especially
during the night?
 AERATED LAGOON
2. Aerated facultative ponds or lagoons
1. Completely mixed aerated ponds or lagoons
When it is desired to have a more aerobic system, compacter
Completely mixed aerated lagoons are in essence activated than normal facultative ponds, or when loads for
sludge units without sludge return. As the sludge remains in conventional facultative ponds are too high.
suspension, effluents of completely mixed ponds require a post-
Aerators used in partially mixed lagoons are generally
treatment in a sedimentation pond.
placed on the lagoon surface and provide enough turbulence
to satisfy the oxygen demand for aerobic oxidation, but they
allow a sludge layer to form at the bottom of the pond.

Problem with Oxidation Pond Effluent

• High concentration of nutrients
• Considerable amount of suspended solids
• Pathogenic bacteria
 WHY WETLAND? CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
1. Hydrologic processes Constructed wetlands provide simple and
✓ Flood control and damage reduction by capturing, storing and effective wastewater treatment.
slowly releasing water They can be used to treat domestic, agricultural,
✓ Coastal wetlands moderate the effects of storms industrial and mining wastewaters.
✓ Recharge groundwater Their construction costs are much less (50 to 90%)
✓ Store surface water serving as natural reservoirs than conventional systems and their operating
✓ Control erosion by serving as sediment traps and by stabilizing costs are very low.
soils Constructed wetlands are also pleasant to look at,
2. Water quality improvement attract desired wildlife, and provide
environmental education opportunities.
✓ Trap, retain and process pollutants in flooded soil - “kidneys of the
landscape”
✓ Protect drinking water supplies
✓ Treat wastewater – “treatment wetlands”
3. Wildlife habitat
✓ High net productivity
✓ Habitat for threatened and endangered species
 CONSTRUCTED WETLAND as POLISHING POND

Further treatment of waste effluents for removal of

nutrients and suspended solid
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Resource out of place??

Problem with Oxidation Pond Effluent

• High concentration of nutrients TREATMENT
• Considerable amount of suspended solids Constructed Wetland as Polishing Pond
• Pathogenic bacteria

TREATMENT PROCESS
1. Biodegradable organic matter removal: Role of wetland plants
i. providing support medium for microbial degradation
ii. conveying oxygen for aerobic degradation to occur
2. Solids removal
Settleable solids are removed easily via gravity sedimentation as
wetland systems generally have long hydraulic retention time.
Filtering of solids by plant stems and roots system, in particular those
with fibrous roots e.g water hyacinth
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ROADMAP FAKULTI SAINS: CSR PASIR GUDANG 2019
 Treatment Process in Wetland System

3. Nitrogen removal
i. nitrification/denitrification
Water Hyacinth:
• Fibrous root to trap TSS and
ii. volatilization of ammonia provide ecosystem for
iii. uptake by plants decomposers

• 6.2 days doubling rate- high

4. Phosphorus removal
take up of nutrients. Grow by
i. vegetation uptake vegetative reproduction
ii. microbial assimilation
iii. adsorption and precipitation onto soil • Harvested plant for biogas
production
5. Heavy metal removal
i. precipitation as insoluble metal hydroxides in the
aerobic zone of the substratum
ii. uptake into roots, rhizomes and leaves of wetland
vegetation.
 ROLE OF AQUATIC PLANTS IN WETLAND

Sagittaria latifolia Nelumbo lutea Elodea canadensis Zizania aquatic

(Broad leaf arrowhead) (American Lotus) (Common waterweed) (Wildrice)

Vallisneria americana Azolla mexicana Spirodela polyrhiza

(Wild celery) (Mosquito fern) (Big duckweed)
 SURFACE
Surface Flow FLOW WETLAND
Wetland
• Natural Flow Treatment Wetlands:
❑ Attempts to recreate a natural wetland
❑ Water source is controlled.
❑ More useful on large scale
❑ Effective when excess nutrients
❑ Trace metals remain in soil after harvest
(root to stem ratio)
Inflow
Inflow Effluent
Effluent Outflow
Outflow
Control
Control Wetland
Wetland Collection Control
Control
Collection
Structure
Structure Plants
Plants System Structure
Structure
System

2”-12”
Flow
Influent
Influent
Distribution
To Pond or
Distribution
System
System
Receiving
System
Organic
Organic
Substrate Liner
Substrate
 • Sub-surface wetlands use a soil or gravel layer as substrate for plant growth. Water flow passes through substrate
and root system by gravity and horizontally
Mechanisms
• Wetland systems can be designed to contain emergent, submergent and/or floating plants that create an
environment that supports a wide range of physical, chemical, and microbial processes.
• Water flow runs through plant root system, organic matter is biologically decomposed e.g. nitrogen can be
denitrified and by heavy metals and phosporous are fixed to the soil Phytovolatilization

Photo- Emergent Aquatic

Oxidation Macrophyte
CO
2
Floating
Submergent Aquatic Aquatic
Inlet Macrophyte Outlet
Macrophyte

Particulate BOD
removal
Denitrification
Filtration
Biodegradation
Flocculant
Nitrification
Settling
TSS removal Precipitation Rhizodegradation
Hydrogen Sulfide available
Discrete Settling Anaerobic decomposition

Detritus buildup – peat development

 SUB-SURFACE FLOW
Subsurface Flow WetlandWETLAND
Water to be treated is not exposed to the atmosphere.
An SF wetland is a bed of permeable media that supports the root
system of vegetation.
The water level is maintained below the top of the treatment media
(subsurface).
A complex matrix of distinct aerobic and anaerobic treatment zones
becomes established, which
Inflow improves wastewater treatment.
Control Outflow Control
Structures Structures
Influent Planting Water Level
Substrate

Hydraulic
Influent
Influent Gradient
Distribution
Distribution To
To Receiving
Receiving
System
System System
System
Effluent
Effluent
Treatment
Treatment Media
Media Collection
Collection System
System
(gravel,
(gravel, sand,
sand, soil)
soil) Liner
 SUB-SURFACE FLOW WETLAND
• Plants play two key feature in this process:
they provide oxygen to microorganism in the
rhizosphere, increase and stabilize soil • Higher treatment efficiencies as compared to surface flow
systems
hydraulic conductivity.
• More surface area for biofilm development
• Reduced risk of public exposure, odors, or insect vectors
• The main problem that these system can have • Greater thermal protection due to subsurface flow of water
i.e. the stop of the flow by its own roots or • Increased accessibility for maintenance
sedimented solids.

• Pollutant removal implies in this system its

destruction to eliminate sedimented organic
matter and plant vegetative mass.
 Typical Configurations of Constructed Wetlands
“

1.
4.

2.
3. Linear Cells
 SLUDGE TREATMENT
Sludge produced in the primary settling and
secondary treatment process must be treated and
disposed of in a safe and effective manner
❖ The purpose of treatment
- to reduce the amount of organic matter
- to reduce number of disease-causing microorganism
present in the solids.

The most common treatment options include anaerobic

digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting.
-depends on the amount of solids generated
and other site-specific conditions
In combined sewer system, metals and other pollutants may enter
through runoff as compared to in the separate sewer system that
mainly contains organics from domestic waste. Which treatment process produces sludge?
 Anaerobic digestion
- For gasification
- absence of oxygen.
- sludge is fermented in tanks
at a temperature of 55°C

Aerobic digestion
- presence of oxygen
- bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and
convert it into CO2

Composting
- aerobic process that involves mixing
the sludge with sources of C
- bacteria digest both the wastewater solids
 The process… Sludge Thickening

sludge are thickened to reduce the

volumes transported off-site for disposal

Sludge dewatering

superheat the wastewater sludge and

convert it into small palletized granules
that are high in nitrogen and other
organic materials
Sludge screening

generally used for the prevention of operational

problems within wastewater treatment plants
 Metals in Sewage Amended Soils
(suitability for composting)
Sludge Disintegration Pollutant Pollutant Ceiling Annual Cumulative
concentration concentration in pollutant pollutant
to improve the process of
in EQ sludge sludge applied to loading rates loading rates
wastewater treatment, minimise
(mg kg-1) land (mg kg-1) (kg ha-1 yr-1) (kg ha-1)
the organic residue and increase
the gas yield when use for the As 41 75 2 41
production of methane. Cd 39 85 1.9 39
Cr 1200 3000 150 3000
Cu 1500 4300 75 1500
Pb 300 840 15 300
Hg 17 57 0.85 17
Mo 18 75 0.90 18
Sewage sludge is the product
Ni 420 420 21 420
within a wastewater treatment
plant that may concentrates Se 36 100 5 100
pollutants such as heavy metals. Zn 2800 7500 140 2800

Problem expected more from a a combined sewer system

 anaerobic sludge digester

temp: 30-37C
opt 35-37

retention time
2-4 wks

complex organics
(polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) CH4 + CO2
acetate
hydrolysis
methanogenesis
fermentation
monomers CH4
(sugars, fatty acids, amino acids) H2 + CO2
 _________________________________________Anaerobic Digesters

Streams Gaseous Output

SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER
CH4, CO2, H2S
TREATMENT PLANT H2 , N2O

Input

Organic Carbon (OC) Liquid output

Organic Nitrogen (ON)
Organic Phosphorous (OP) NH4+
Organic Sulfur (OS) PO43-
Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+) OCe
Sulfate (SO42-) HS- / H2Sdiss
Phosphate (PO43-)

Solids Output
4 steps in anaerobic conversion

Remember: this is not a

complete conversion -
some organic matter will
remain (digestate)

Note that biogas is a mixture – not

only the useful CH4
Depending on the substrate there
can be other gases too (slide 27)
55
 _________________________________________Anaerobic Digesters

An anaerobic digester is a vessel designed to retain decomposing manure

for sufficient time at the designed operating temperature to allow the
growth of methanogenic bacteria in a “steady-state”.

Steps in anaerobic (oxygen-free) digestion:

Particulate and complex organics Hydrolysis Soluble simple organics

Soluble simple organics Acidogenesis Short organic acids

Short organic acids Methanogenesis CH4 & CO2

Biogas: 55 – 65% (CH4) + 35 – 45% CO2 + (N2, NH3, H2S, H2)

• 100% CH4 = 994 BTU / ft3
 Course 2 Unit 4

Advantages of anaerobic wastewater treatment

(for greywater) compared to aerobic* treatment

▪ Production of energy-rich methane

▪ No energy demand for aeration
▪ No removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (this is an advantage if
effluent is to be reused in agriculture)
▪ High organic loading rates can be applied
- Suitable for high-strength wastewater (high BOD)
▪ Low production of excess sludge; the digestate is highly
stabilised and can easily be dewatered

* Examples for aerobic wastewater treatment: activated sludge plants, trickling filter plants
(see Course 2 Unit 1 Part D)
 Disadvantages of anaerobic wastewater
treatment (of greywater) compared to aerobic
treatment
▪ Effluent from anaerobic treatment has higher COD concentration than
from aerobic treatment
- If better effluent quality is required then a second (aerobic) treatment
step may be required
▪ Does not remove nutrients (this is a disadvantage if effluent is discharged
to receiving water body)
▪ Start-up of the process may take long time (slow growth of methanogens)
▪ Anaerobic microorganisms are sensitive to some toxic compounds
▪ Can cause odour problems if not operated properly
▪ Only limited pathogen removal
INDAH WATER
KONSORTIUM, IWK
SSCC3213:
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Prof. Madya. Dr. Razali Bin Ismail
Prepared by:
1. Yalini
2. Liew Wai Zhen
3. Mah Mei Yee
4. Tan Wei Kang
5. Mohammad Irfan Syafiq bin Jais
6. Hasan Sedzali
 Introduction
• Indah Water Konsortium or simply as IWK is a sewerage and
waste water management company. It is owned by Minister
of Finance Incorporated. It is Malaysia’s national sewerage
company.
• IWK taken over the sewerage services in all areas except:
Kelantan,Sabah,Sarawak,MPJB and MPPG
 Objective
• IWK vital task is to ensure that Malaysians today and in the
future will be able to enjoy a clean and healthy
environment through a proper and well-maintained
sewerage system.
 What IWK Skudai Unit Do?
• IWK Skudai was taken over from PEMAJU by 3 December
2009
• IWK Skudai Unit treat water from sewerage from houses
and factories in Taman Sutera and treat the water then
release the water to Sungai Melana
• IWK Skudai located at:
Loji Rawatan Kumbahan,PTD 68151,Jalan Persisiran Sutera
Danga 1,Taman Sutera Utama,81300 Skudai,Johor
What Effluent Category discharged?
• Standard B,Category 1:
What is SBR?
Sequencing batch
reactor
• Fill
• React
• Settle
• Decant
• Idle
 MLSS and MLVSS
• Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid – to reduce BOD
and COD
• Optimum : 2000-5000ppm
• MLSS high, more decomposition, DO less

• MLVSS  amount of organisms in water

SV 30 : Settling rate test

Calculate SVI :
To get standard
number for
settling rates.
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Grit & Grease

Screening Anoxic Tank
Removal

Discharge To
Chlorination Aeration Tank
River

Drying Bed
 Screening
• removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and
metals to prevent damage and clogging of
downstream equipment, piping, and
appurtenances.

• remove solid materials that could:

➢ Cause damage to other process equipment.
➢ Cause reduction in efficiency of the whole system
➢ Contaminate waterways
Coarse Screens (first screening)
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris
from wastewater, and typically have openings of 25
mm or larger.

Fine Screens (second screening)

Fine screens are typically used to remove material
that may create operation and maintenance
problems in downstream processes, particularly in
systems that lack primary treatment. Typical opening
sizes for fine screens are 12 to 15 mm.

Waste water from first screening is pumped for

second screening by Raw Sewage Pump (RSP)
 Raw Sewage Pump House
Screening tank
 Grit and Grease Removal
• To remove grit and grease from waste water
• Horizontal flow velocity is reduced to allow heavy
particles or grit to settle while grease and other
floating substances are allowed to rise to the
surface to be separated.
• The grease on the water surface is then removed
by water skimmer
grease
 Anoxic Tank
• Nitrate (NO3-) is used by bacteria as oxygen source
for respiration
• And release nitrogen gas to atmosphere
• Denitrification process
• No aeration
• Hydrofoil impellers is used as mixer to ensure a
proper contact between bacteria and media
• to prevent sedimentation and increase of oxygen
uptake, a decrease in retention time, and an
overall improvement of the denitrification process.
• The fibrous material that are not
eliminated from screening will
agglomerate on hydrofoil impellers.

• The process flow pattern becomes

more radial rather than axial in nature
and a typical result is a swirl or vortex
on the top surface.

• The result is an incorporation of

unwanted oxygen into the tank.

• An anti-ragging impeller should be

used to maintain optimal mixer
performance and a strong axial flow.
 Aeration Tank
• Aeration in an activated sludge process is based on
pumping air into a tank, which promotes the microbial
growth in the wastewater.
• The microbes feed on the organic material, forming
flocks which can easily settle out.
• After settling in a separate settling tank, bacteria
forming the "activated sludge" flocks are continually
recirculated back to the aeration basin to increase
the rate of decomposition.
 Aeration process occurs in a series of 5 steps
Aeration process Decomposition
Waste water occurs where air process occurs
enters the tank bubbles are where the organic
released from the waste are
bottom of the decomposed to
tank through a nutrients
pump

The aerated water is The activated

discharged to the sludge settles
chlorination tank down the tank
 Two aeration The bubbles
tank, which form.
operates
alternatively.
• The first section of the aeration tank aerates for 2 hours, then shifts the
process to the next tank for 2 hours.
• After 2 hours of aerating, the suspended solids are allowed to settle
down at the bottom of the tank.
• The whole process occurs for 4 hours, and each day the alternative
aeration process occurs 6 times.
• Everyday, 6 batches of water is being discharged to the nearby
Melana River
 DRYING BED
A sludge drying bed is an open area at water treatment
plant or a wastewater treatment plant where
moist sludge is left to dry.

• The sludge from the aeration tank is manually

transferred to the drying bed after the
efficiency of activated sludge has
decreased.
• The sludge water that drains down the drain
recycles back to primary screening.
 CHLORINATION TANK
• Chlorine also oxidises a large number of organic
molecules such as lipids and proteins. Chlorine and water
together form hypochlorous acid
Station that pumps
chlorine into water

The sewage tank is

long in order to
increase the retention
time of the water in the
tank.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SBR
Technology Comparison
Sequencing Batch Reactor Advantages Disadvantages

▪ High treatment ▪ Low pathogen removal

▪ Requires skilled
efficiencies possible for personnel (particularly
BOD, COD, TSS, N, P SBR with sludge
digestion)
▪ High flexibility in ▪ Dependence on
ADVANTAGES &

operating condition uninterrupted power

supply
▪ Possibility of producing ▪ More automation
electric energy from required than for CAS/
EA
biogas (SBR + anaerobic ▪ Biogas is explosive (risk
sludge digestion) in case of improper
operation
▪ Less land requirements ▪ High maintenance
than Conventional requirement
▪ Dependence on some
Activated Sludge foreign spare part
almost inevitable
APPENDICES
Screening
Grit & Grease
Grit & Grease
Chlorination
Tank
Control Room
 Control Room
Aeration Tank
Screening

Grit & Grease

Aeration Tank
Drying Bed

Chlorination
tank
1.Explain the process that occur in anoxic tank?
2.Define SBR and explain the process in SBR
3.Why the chlorination basin in zigzag shape?
4.What is the function of Drying bed and how it is
work?
5.What class does IWK Sutera Utama effluent falls
under and explain why?