VELA MMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI-66.

Fourth Semester/ AY2023-2024

Subject Code:2 3 G E102T Subject Name:jkpoUk; njhopy;El;gKk;/
Tamils and Technology
myF –III UNIT-III
tpdh tq;fp /QUESTIONBANK
cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;El;gk;
gFjp -m/ Part – A (2-Mark Question)
1. ePfhd; vd;gtu; ahu;?
fyk; nrYj;Jgtiu my;yJ fg;gy; Xl;Lgtiu ePfhd;> flNyhb> khYkp vd;W
mioj;jdu;.

2. Xjk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

Xjk; vd;gJ rq;ffhyk; njhl;Nl jkpou; gad;gLj;jpa fyk; Xl;Lk; njhopy;El;gj;jpy;
xd;whFk;.
Xjj;ij (Tide) ,uz;L tifahfj; jkpou; gpupj;jdu;.
1.fop Xjk; (High tide)
2.fly; Xjk; (Low tide)

3. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhFk; gy;NtW tifahd fg;gy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf

1.fl;Lkuk;> 2. Njhzp> 3. ts;sk;> 4. Xlk;> 5 njg;gk;.

4. gPll
; h ntz;fyk; vd;why; vd;d?
 mjpf ntg;gj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gLk; ,t;tif ntz;fyj;ijg; ‘gPll ; h ntz;fyk;’
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. cNyhftpaypy;> ,U cNyhfq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l 'cNyhf
,ilaPl;Lr; Nru;kq;fs; epiyia Mq;fpyj;jpy; gPl;lh epiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j gPll ; h ntz;fyk; kpf cau;e;j ntg;gj;jpy; nrk;G kw;Wk; nts;sPak; nfhz;L
thu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. lkh];f]; ths; (Damascus Sword) Fwpj;Jr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

 cynfq;fpYk; gpugykhd 'lkh];f]; ths;' vd;Dk; ths; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l cau; fupk v/F cUthf;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpid giwrhw;Wtjha; cs;sJ.
 fpNuf;fk;> ngu;rpah kw;Wk; Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;gpy; ,j;jifa ,Uk;G
nghUl;fs; gw;wpa rpwg;G Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
6. cl;]; v/F vd;why; vd;d?
,Uk;gpidf; fupkg;nghUl;fSld; (,Uk;G + fup + fz;zhb) Nru;j;J xU rpYitapy;
fyf;fg;gl;L 1400 bfpup ntg;g msTf;Fk; Fiwahky; gy kzp Neuk; #L nra;J
thu;f;fg;gl;l v/F> cl;]; v/F MFk;.
7. fzf;F mjpfhuk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
fzf;F mjpfhuk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; fhhpehadhh;.

8. nre;ehf;Fop neUg;G ciy vd;gjd; nghUis tpsf;Ff.

 nre;ehf;Fop vd;gJ rpte;j (m) nrk;ik vd;w neUg;gpd; epwg; gz;igf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;yhd 'nre;' vd;w xd;Wld; 'eh' vd;fpw neUg;G Rthiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;r;
nrhy;Yk; 'Fop' vd;Dk; ,lg;ngaUld; ,ize;J> nre; + eh + Fop = 'nre;ehf;Fop'
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,itfs; jPia ckpo;e;jjhy; nre;ehhf;Fopfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk;>
,J rq;ffhyj;jpy; cUf;F Miyahf ,aq;fpaij mwpa uKbfpwJ.
9. fupafg; GlkpLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
fupafg; GlkpLjy; vd;gJ ,Uk;G cNyhff; fyitfis cUFepiyf;F Nky; #lhf;fp
fupkj;Jld; (fhu;gd;) ,izf;Fk; njhopy;El;gkhFk;.

10. kzpfspd; tbtq;fs; ahit?

(i) tl;ltbtk;>
(ii) gPg;gha; tbtk;>
(iii) ,U$k;G tbtk;>
(iv) Nfhs tbtk;

11. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehzak; jahupf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit?

 rq;f fhy ehzaq;fs; jq;fk;> nts;sp (m) nrk;G Nghd;w cNyhfj; Jz;Lfs;
%yk; Rj;jpaiyg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;Wf; ifahy; mr;rplg;gl;ld.
 cNyhfq;fs; xU jplkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; nghUj;jg;gl;l xU ilapy; itf;fg;gl;ld.
NkYk; xU nrhk;G kPJ Rj;jpayhy; jhf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ehzak; il
itf;fg;gl;L mjd;Nky; Rj;jpayhy; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
12. ehzaq;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfq;fs; ahit?
kd;du;fs; jq;fs; nghUshjhu epiyf;F Vw;wthW ehzaq;fisj; jq;fk;> nts;sp>
ntz;fyk;> ,Uk;G> nrk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L tbtikj;jdu;.

13. rq;F kzpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

rq;F eiffs; xU tif n~y;fpuh/g;l; MFk;. rq;F eiffspd; kpfTk; nghJthd
tbtq;fspy; xd;W nef;y];fs; MFk;. mit mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kzpfshy;
Mdit. xt;nthU kzpAk; xU rpwpa fly; ej;ijapd; KO XL MFk;

14.fz;zhb kzpfspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

i) f;NuhNgh kzpfs;
ii) mNfhNrh kzpfs;
iii) nkl;Nlap kzpfs;
iv) mNlAd; kzpfs;
v) Nfl;lh mTrp kzpfs;
vi) fp/gh kzpfs;
15. RLkz; kzpfs; (nluNfhl;lh kzpfs;) vt;thW nra;ag;gLfpwJ?
 fspkz; (m) tz;ly; kz; kw;Wk; jz;zuP ; Nru;j;J mofpa cUtk; nra;J gpd;
mjid jFe;j ntg;gepiyapy; #isapy; itj;J Rl;L cUtj;ijf; nfl;bgLj;Jtu;.
 ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> rptg;G> fhtp> MuQ;R epw RLkz; ghz;lq;fs;> XLfs;>
nrq;fw;fs;> G+e;njhl;bfs;> kzpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.

16. njhy;ypay; vd;why; vd;d?

 njhy;ypay; vd;gJ kdpj tuyhw;iw mjd; ,aw;gpay; vr;rq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;>
fyhr;rhuk; Mfpaitfs; %yk; Muha;e;J tpsf;FtJ MFk;.
 tPLfs;> efuq;fs;> czT> cilfs; kw;Wk; kdpj vr;rq;fs;$l fle;j fhy
kdpju;fisg; gw;wp NkYk; mwpa ftdkhf Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

17. njhy;ypaypd; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;d?

i) tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wf;fhy kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; Njhw;wj;ijAk;>
tsu;rr
; piaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
ii) gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
iii) gz;ghl;Lg; gbKiw tsu;r;rp fhyj;ij tupirgLj;jy;.
iv) kdpj elj;ijfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jy;.
v) xj;jnghUl;fs; NtW vg;gFjpfspy; fpilj;Js;sd vd;Wk; mtw;wpd; %yk; mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwiaf; fzpf;fTk;> fhyj;ij epu;zapf;fTk;
nra;jy;.

18. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; kzpfspd; tiffSs; ehd;fpid vOJf.

Rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; 1. ituk;> 2. kufjk; 3. khzpf;fk;> 4 it^upak; 5 NfhNkjfk;> 6.Kj;J
7. gtsk;> 8.Gl;guhfk;> 9.ePyk; Mfpa etuj;jpdq;fspd; ngau;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

gFjp -M / Part – B (16-Mark Question)

1. goe;jkpoh;fspd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; fiy kw;Wk; mjd; tiffs; Fwpj;J tpupthf vOJf.

fg;gy; fl;Lk; fiy

jkpou; fg;gw;fiy
 jkpou; fg;gw;fiy vd;gJ fg;gy; fl;LtJ> guhkupg;gJ> nrYj;JtJ Mfpa
nraw;ghLfspy; jkpou;fspd; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk;> <Lghl;ilAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 njhd;ikf;fhyk; njhl;L jkpou; fg;gw;fiyapYk; fly; gazj;jpYk; Nju;e;J
tpsq;fpdu;.
 ,j;Jiw ty;Ydu;fs; fk;kpau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
 "jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpYk; flYk; fyKk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J> jkpou;
fliyj; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; xU gFjpahf mikj;Jf; nfhz;lij mwpfpNwhk;"
vd;w flNyhb E}ypd; Mrpupau; eura;ahtpd; $w;wpy; ,Ue;J jkpoupd; rpwe;j
fg;gw;fiy <Lghl;il mwpayhk;.
rq;f fhy fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;El;gk;
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; kuf;fl;ilapd; Nky; mku;e;J Fsj;jpNyh> Mw;wpNyh
kPd; gpbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;. gpwF ,U kuf;fl;ilfis ,izj;J mjidf; fl;Lkuk;
vd;W $wp mjd; kPJ mku;e;J kPd; gpbf;f Muk;gpj;jhd;.
 gpd;du;> xU ngupa kuf;fl;iliaAk; mjd; ,U gf;fq;fspy; ,U fl;ilfisAk;
,izj;J GjpanjhU fl;Lkuj;ij cUthf;fpdhd;.
 ,g;gbg; gbg;gbahf tsu;e;J rpwpa fyq;fshfpa kpjit> Kjy; ehtha;> tq;fk;
Nghd;w ngupa fyq;fs; tiu cUthf;fpdhu;fs;.

fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypd; Kd;Ndhb jkpoh;fs;

 jkpou;fs; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypy; gok;ngUk; Kd;Ndhbfs; vd;gjw;F CATAMARAN
vdg;gLk; fl;Lkuj;jpd; nrhy; Mjhu tuyhNw cjhuzk;.
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; NghJ jkpou;fsplk; ,Ue;J "fl;Lkuk;" vd;W
vLj;jhz;lNj CATAMARAN vd;W cyfk; KOtJk; gutyhf cgNahfg;gLj;Jk;
nrhy; vdj;njhpfpwJ.

rq;f ,yf;fpak; $Wk; fyq;fspd; tiffs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; 18 tif fyq;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd. mitfisf;
fPo;f;fz;lthW tifg;gLj;jp cs;sdu;.
1. fl;Lku tif fyq;fs;
2. Njhzp tif fyq;fs;
3. ts;sk; tif fyq;fs;

1. fl;Lku tif fyq;fs;

 njg;gk;> kpjit> Giz> gupry; Mfpait jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; Kf;fpa
fl;Lkuq;fs; MFk;.
 ,it kPdg; pbj;jYf;Fk;> Gdy; tpisahl;Lf;Fk; gz;ilf;fhyq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd.

2. Njhzp tif fyq;fs;

 Njhzp> glF>Nrhq;F> Xlk;> KLF> ifg;gupR Mfpait Njhzp tif fyq;fs;
MFk;.
 fl;Lkuq;fspy; Nghjpa ghJfhg;G ,y;yhjjhy; ,j;jifa Njhzp tif fyq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. nghJthf ,itfs; kPd; gpbj;jy;> Gdy; tpisahl;L> flw;Nghu;>
fly; nfhs;is> Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpajhf mfehD}W
350:10-15> GwehD}W 126:14-16> FWe;njhif 123:5>6> Mfpa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
thapyhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.

3. ts;sk; tif fyq;fs;

 ts;sk;> kuf;fyk;> ehtha;> tq;fk;> kjiy> mk;gp> jpkpy; Nghd;wit ts;sk; tif
fyq;fs;.
 ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;a Nkw;fz;l fyq;fs; xj;Jtutpy;iy. vdNt> 'Vuh'
vd;Dk; mbkuj;jpd; Nky; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; gyiffis mbj;J ,ilntspapy; ePu;
GfhjthW jhu;G+rp> ngupa fyq;fis cUthf;fpdu;.
fg;gy;fs; fl;Ltjpy; rh];jpuq;fs;
el;rj;jpu rh];jpuk;
fg;gy;fs; fl;Lk; Kd; ehs;> Neuk;> jpjp> el;rj;jpuk; ghu;j;J 27 el;rj;jpuq;fspy; filrp 7
el;rj;jpuk; jtpu kw;w el;rj;jpuq;fspy; fg;gy;fisr; nra;aj; njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ.

kuj;jpd; epwq;fspy; rh];jpuk;

 fg;gy;fs; nra;Ak; kuj;jpd; epwq;fisf; nfhz;L fg;gy;fspd; jd;ikiaf;
fzf;fpl;Ls;sdu;.
 rq;ffhy fg;gy; rh];jpuk; kuq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ.

kuj;jpd; Jz;Lfspy; rh];jpuk;

 kuj;ij ,uz;lhf ntl;b mijNa %d;W Jz;Lfshf;fp mjpy; Kd;gFjpAk;>
gpd;gFjpAk; ed;ik Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.
 ntl;lg;gLk; kuj;Jz;Lfspy; 4 kw;Wk; 5 Jz;Lfs; ,Ue;jhy; fg;gy; nra;a
cfe;jit vd;Wk;> 10 Jz;Lfshf ,Ue;jhy; kuzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; fzpf;fpd;wdu;.

fg;gypd; mbg;gFjpf;Fr; rh];jpuk;

 fg;gypd; ,Ujag; gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk; mbg;gFjpf;Fk; rh];jpuq;fs;
tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mbkuj;jpd; ePsj;ij mse;J xU Koj;Jf;F 24 mq;Fykhfg; ngUf;fp te;j
njhifia 27-y; fopj;J kPjpia itj;J m];tpdp ehspy; fg;gy; fl;l
Muk;gpf;fpd;wdu;.

fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypd; rpwg;gk;rk;

1. fly; gazj;jpd;NghJ fg;gy; rpije;jhy; fg;gy; ePupy; %o;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf fg;gypd;

mbg;gFjpia Decking System Nghy; fow;wp tpLk; tz;zk; mLf;Ffshff; fl;bAs;sdu;.

2. ,UKid kpd;dpwf;fk; (Dipole Discharging) njhopy;El;gk;:

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fg;gy;fspd; gazj;jpd;NghJ ,b kpd;dy; jhf;Fjy; epyj;ijtpl Mo;fly;
gFjpfspy; mjpfk; mg;gb fg;gy;fs; kpd;dy; jhf;Fjypy; khl;Lk;NghJ mit
cUj;njupahky; mopj;JtpLk; msTf;F jPg;gpbj;J vupj;JtpLk;. Mdhy; Nrhou;fSk;>
ghz;bau;fSk; gad;gLj;jpa njhopy;El;gk; mt;thW fg;gy;fs; vupe;J tplhky;
ghJfhj;Js;sJ.

flypy; nry;Yk; NghJ ,b jhf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghwpEl;gk;

fg;gypd; ika mr;rhf gha;kuj;ijj; jhq;fp nry;Yk; kpf ePz;l kuj;jpd; ,U KidfisAk;
jhkpuk; nfhz;L %b ,izj;Js;shu;fs;. ,e;j mikg;G etPd kpd;dZ kpd;dpay; Jiwapy;
nra;ag;gLk; ,UKid kpd;dpwf;fk; (Dipole Discharging) Nghd;wJ. ,J ,biaj; jhq;fp
mjidf; fly; ePupy; ,wf;fptpLk;. fyk; NrjhukhfhJ.

3. kw;w ehl;bdu; fg;gy; fl;Ltjw;F ,uz;L tif kuq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fhyj;jpy; jkpou;fs;
20 tifahd kuq;fis gad;gLj;jp cs;sdu;.

4. flw;gazk; nrd;W jpUk;gj; jkpou; fz;l ngUe;njhopy;El;gk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;.

,d;W Nkw;fj;jpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; mjp etPd tbtpy; ,e;j El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ
md;Nw rq;ffhy jkpou;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJjhd; vd;gJ ekf;F tpag;igj; jUfpwJ.

Mq;fpNyau; tUifAk; jkpof fg;gw;fiy mopTk;

 Mq;fpNyau;fs; tUifahy;> jkpoupd; fg;gw;fiy rpwpJ> rpwpjhf mopaj;
njhlq;fpaJ vd tho;e;J kiwe;j t.c.rpjk;gudhu; tho;f;ifapypUe;J mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
 1789-,y; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;Fr; rhjfkhf> ,e;jpa jr;ru;fNsh> gzpkidapdNuh>
nfhy;yNuh> fg;gy;fspy; Ntiy nra;a ,ayhnjd cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1906-,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l t.c.rp.-apd; RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpia> gpupl;b~; ,e;jpah
fk;ngdp Fiwthd fl;lzk; tpjpj;J fg;gYf;F tUkhdk; ,y;yhjthW nra;J
mopj;jJ.

2. goe;jkpou;fspd; cNyhftpay; rhu;e;j njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fis vLj;Jiuf;f.

cNyhftpay;
 cNyhftpay; vd;gJ cNyhfq;fs;> ,ilANyhfr; Nru;kq;fs; kw;Wk; fyg;G
cNyhfk; vdg;gLk; cNyhff; fyitfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nghUswptpay;> nghwpapay;>
,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay; gz;Gfs; Kjypadtw;iw Ma;T nra;fpd;w mwptpay;
fskhFk;.
 nghJthf cNyhftpay; vd;gJ jdpkq;fis mtw;wpd; jhJf;fspypUe;J
gpupj;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd xU El;gtpayhFk;.
cNyhftpaypd; gad;ghL
cNyhfg; gad;ghl;bd; Kjy; fhykhfr; nrk;G $wg;gl;lJ. <ak;> ntz;fyk;> ,Uk;G Mfpa
%d;Wk; nrg;gpw;F mLj;j fhyf; fl;lj;ijNa Fwpf;fpd;wd. <aKk;> nrg;Gk; fye;J
ntz;fykhfTk; cUthf;fpdu;.
nts;sp> jhkpuk;> nts;sPak; kw;Wk; ,Uk;G Nghd;w jdpkq;fs; Muk;gfhy fyhr;rhuq;fspy;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l msTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
nts;spg; G+z; ,l;l fUg;G cyf;if ( mfk; : 286)> tise;J fdj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;
nts;sp tisay; (mfk; : 142)> nrk;gpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ Nghyf; fl;lg;gl;l neba Rtu;
(neLey;thil : 112)>
,Uk;G vd;w nrhy; Njhw;wk;
jkpou;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rpy jdpkq;fisg; nghd; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy;
Fwpj;jdu;. fUik epwkhf ,Ue;jhy; mijf; fUk;nghd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. fUk;nghd;>
",Uk;nghd;" (mfk;: 199) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,U vd;w nrhy; ngupa vd;W nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Uk;nghd; vd;why;
ngUk;nghd;. ngupa gad;ghL cila nghd;. ,Uk;nghd; vd;gJ ,Uk;G vd;W nghUs;.
G+kpapy; ,/J mjpf mstpy; fpilf;Fk;> cNyhfq;fSs; xd;W MFk;.
fk;kpau;
nghd;> nts;sp> nrk;G> ntz;fyk; Kjypa cNyhfq;fspy; nghUl;fisj; jahu;
nra;gtu;fisf; 'fk;kpau;' vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
jhJtpypUe;J cNyhfk; gpupj;njLj;jy;
 cNyhf jhJf;fisr; Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J ntl;bnaLj;jy;> cNyhfq;fisg;
gpupj;njLj;jy;> nray;Kiw tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd nray;Kiwfs; gw;wpr;
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rhd;WfSld; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; ,Uk;G Afj;jpy; jfuk; kw;Wk; ntz;fy cNyhftpaiyg;
gad;gLj;jpa caupa njhopy;El;g cj;jpfs; Fwpj;J> Nguhrpupau; rhujh rPdpthrd;>
mwptpaw;G+u;tkhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
rq;ffhy cNyhftpaypd; njhopy;El;gk;
 kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapidf; nfhz;L ,e;j cNyhfg; nghUl;fis Ma;T
nra;jjpy;> cNyhfj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik mwpag;gLtJld;> mtw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy;
njhlu;Gila njhopy;El;gk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
 Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j ,Uk;Gfhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j kpf Ez;zpa
Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;L thu;f;fg;gl;l ntz;fy tiffisg; gw;wpf;
mwpaKbfpwJ. ,it fp.K.100 Kjy; fp.K.50-f;Fk; cl;gl;ljhFk;.
jq;fk;
kdpj tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; jq;fk; MFk;.
,J #o;epiyfshy; ghjpf;fg;glhjJk;> NtW Ntjpg; nghUl;fSld; tpidGupahj
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,aw;ifapy; jdpj;j jdpk epiyapNyNa fpilf;fpd;wJ.
nghw;nfhy;yh;
nghd;id cUf;fp eifnra;Ak; njhopyhsu;fs; nghw;nfhy;yu;> fk;kpau;> jl;lhu; vd;Wk;
ngau; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
nrg;G
nrk;gpy; fyf;fj;jf;f cNyhfq;fisAk; ,tw;wpd; fyg;G tpfpjq;fisAk;> fhupehadhu;
,aw;wpa fzf;fjpfhuk; vd;w E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s nra;As; tpsf;FfpwJ.
vl;Lg;gyQ; nrk;gpNy ,uz;L gyk; <akpl;LUf;f ntz;fykhk;. Voyiug; gyQ; nrk;gpNy
%d;W gye; Jj;jkpl;LUf;f gpj;jisahk;.
ntz;fyf; fhyk;
jdpj;j cNyhfq;fs; fp.K.3500-Mk; Mz;Lfspy; fz;lwpag;gl;ljhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. nrg;G
kw;Wk; nts;sPaj;ij fye;J ntz;fyk; fhg;G cNyhfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ kpfg; ngupa
ehfuPf khw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,f;fhyk; ntz;fyf; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
gPl;lh ntz;fyk;
 mjpf ntg;gj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gLk; ,t;tif ntz;fyj;ijg; ‘gPll ; h ntz;fyk;’
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. cNyhftpaypy;> ,U cNyhfq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l 'cNyhf
,ilaPl;Lr; Nru;kq;fs; epiyia Mq;fpyj;jpy; gPl;lh epiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rq;ffhy ntz;fyg; nghUl;fs; gPll; h ntz;fyk;
tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;.
  ,e;j gPll ; h ntz;fyk; kpf cau;e;j ntg;gj;jpy; nrk;G kw;Wk; nts;sPak; nfhz;L
thu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpYk; Fwpg;ghf 23% nts;sa P k; Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gLk; kpf
caupa tif gPl;lh ntz;fyk; kpfr;rpwe;j typik nfhz;ljhFk;.
,Uk;Gj; njhopy;
 rq;f ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; (nfhLkzy;> Nky;rpWtY}u;> Fl;^u;>
Mjpr;rey;Y}u;> mupf;fNkL) jkpofj;jpy; ,Uk;Gj; njhopy;Jiw nropj;Njhq;fpaJ
gw;wpAk; Nuhk; kw;Wk; vfpg;J ehLfSf;F ,Uk;Gk; v/Fk; Vw;WkjpahdJ Fwpj;Jk;
gjpT nra;Js;sd.
 gz;ila Nuhkhdpa Mtzq;fs; rq;ffhyj;Jj; jkpofj;jpd; Nru; ehl;bypUe;J v/F
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ Fwpj;Jk; gjpT nra;Js;sd.
ciyf; fsk; (m) nfhy;Yiyfs; (m) nfhw;Wiw
 ciyf; fsk; nghJthf G+kpf;F mbapy; fspkz;zhy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,Uk;G
jhJf;fis cUf;fNth (m) cUf;fp vLj;j fl;bfisg; gOf;f fha;r;rp Ntz;ba
fUtpfshfr; nra;aNth gad;gLfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpag;ghly;fspy; ciyfs;
ctikahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. (mfehD}W 72:6) (ew;wpiz 125> 133:8-11)
JUj;jp
 JUj;jp vd;gJ tpyq;fpd; Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l xU fUtp. ,ij if (m)
fhy;fspdhy; mOj;jg;gLk;NghJ fhw;W ciyf;Fs; nry;fpwJ
 FwpQ;rpj; jpizg; ghlypy; fhyhy; ,af;fg;gLk; JUj;jp gw;wpa nra;jp
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ciy %f;F (m) FUF
 JUj;jpapd; Foha;g; gFjpf;F ciy%f;F vd;W ngau;. mjhtJ JUj;jpAk;>
ciyAk; ,izAk; ,lNk ciy%f;fhFk;.
 nfhy;ydJ ciy%f;F vt;thW nta;Japu;j;Jf; fhzg;gl;lNjh> mJNghd;Nw
jiytdpd; ngU%r;Rk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
FwL
 fupia vLj;J ciyapy; NghLtjw;Fk;> ciyapypUe;J #lhf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;ig
ntspapy; vLg;gjw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;Jk; xUtiff; fUtpjhd; 'FwL'
 jpidg; Gdj;jpYs;s jpidf; fjpu;fs; nfhy;yu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa FwL Nghy;
tise;J fhzg;gLtjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fup
 ciyf; fsj;jpYs;s cNyhfj;ijr; (Fwpg;ghf ,Uk;G) #Nlw;w fupia
vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. (Gwk;.95:5)
,Uk;G njhopw;rhiyapy; nra;j nghUl;fs;
fp.K.600 Kjy; fp.K. 200 tiuapyhd $u;Kid fj;jpfs;> Fj;Jf;fs;> mk;Gf; Fwpfs;>
fpz;zq;fs;> fuz;bfs;> ghj;jpuq;fs;> Nfhlhupfs;> cspfs;> fjT nghUj;Jjy;fs;
Nghd;wit gy njhy;nghUs; jsq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cNyhr; rhd;Wfs;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Uk;G kw;Wk; vf;Fj; njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL gw;wp epiwa
nra;jpfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sd. nghd;> ,Uk;nghd;> fUk;nghd;> fUe;jhJ> ,Uk;G> v/F.
nfhy;yd;> fUikf; nfhy;yd;> ciy> ciyf;$lk;> ciyf;fy;> JUj;jp> tpirthq;fp>
tpirj;J thq;F JUj;jp> kpjpAiy> CJ FUF> Flk;> FwL> FWf;F Nghd;w njhopy;El;gf;
fiyr; nrhw;fs; rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa ,Uk;ig cUf;fp v/fhf cUkhw;Wk; njhopy;
El;gj;njupT gw;wpr; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.
nfhy;yu;
,Uk;ig cUf;fp v/fhf cUkhw;wp mjidf; nfhz;L gy fUtpfisr; nra;Njhu;. nfhy;yu;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ njhopw;$lk; ciy vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ciyf;fy;>
JUj;jp> rk;kl;b. gl;lilf;fy; Nghd;w Jizf; fUtpfSk; ,q;F ,Ue;jd. Ntshz;
fUtpfs;> Nghu;f; fUtpfs; Mfpatw;iw ,tu;fs; cUthf;fpdu;.
,Uk;ig cUf;Fjy;
cyfpy; kw;wtu;fs; mwpAk; Kd;Nd jkpou;fs; ,Uk;G gad;ghl;il mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,Uk;ig
,aw;ifahd %yg; nghUl;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLj;J fUtp nra;Ak; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk;
gutyhfg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. Fbirj; njhopy;Nghy; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; mtu;fNs ,Uk;ig
cUf;fp MAjq;fis cUthf;fpapUf;fyhk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nghUl;fs; ,q;Nf
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l rpy Muk;gfhy ,Uk;G nghUl;fs; NubNah fhu;gd; Nll;bq;
%yk; fp.K.1400-f;Fk; Ke;jpait vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,Uk;G cUf;Fk; ciy
 kd;dd; Ntq;if khu;gd;> cf;fpug; ngUtOjpaplk; Njhy;tpAw;wgpwF> jd; Ciu
kPl;gJ> ciyapy; fha;r;rpa ,Uk;gpd; kPJ nrhupe;j ePiu kPl;gJ Nghd;w mupa nray;
vd;W vz;zp tUe;Jtjhf (GwehD}W.21) IA+u; %yq;fpohu; $Wfpwhu;.
RLkz; Foha;fs;
 ,Uk;G fopTfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; RLkz; Foha;fSk; fhzg;gLtJ ,Uk;G
cUf;fhiyfs; ,Ue;jij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,Uk;ig thu;j;njLf;fNth
(m) ,f;Foha; topahf fhw;iwr; nrYj;jp neUg;ig mizahky; itf;fNth RLkz;
Foha;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
 rptfq;ifapy; ,Ue;J njhz;b nry;Yk; neLQ;rhiyapy; igA+u; mUNf tlf;Fg;
gFjpapy; cs;s ,uhfpdpgl;b fz;khapy; Ftpayhff; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G
fopTfis cilj;Jg; ghu;j;jjpy;> mf;fw;fs; ,Uk;Gfisg; Nghy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nre;ehf;Fop neUg;G ciy
nre;ehf;Fop vd;gJ rpte;j (m) nrk;ik vd;w neUg;gpd; epwg; gz;igf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhd
'nre;' vd;w xd;Wld; 'eh' vd;fpw neUg;G Rthiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;r; nrhy;Yk; 'Fop'
vd;Dk; ,lg;ngaUld; ,ize;J> nre; + eh + Fop = 'nre;ehf;Fop' vd;W miof;fg;gLtjd;
%yk;> ,J rq;ffhyj;jpy; cUf;F Miyahf ,aq;fpaij ehk; czuKbfpwJ.
rhd;W 1.,uhfpdpgl;b fz;khapy; nre;ehf;Fop xd;W fhzg;gLtJ rpwg;G.
 2.GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk; nghw;gidf;Nfhl;il vd;w ,lj;jpy; nrk;ghwq;
fw;gLifapy; Fop mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nre;ehf;Fop vd;W mq;Fs;stu;fshy;
miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,uz;lhk; fl;l thu;g;G Miyfs;
nghw;gidf; Nfhl;ilapypUe;J Rkhu; 200 kPl;lu; njhiytpy; ,uz;lhk;fl;l ,Uk;G thu;g;G
ciyfs; ,aq;fp te;Js;sJ. ,q;F %yg;nghUl;fshd nrk;Guhq;fw;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
vdNt> ,e;j Miyf;F Njitahd ,uz;lhk;epiy %yg;nghUl;fs; Kjw;fl;l cNyhfg;
gpupg;G MiyapypUe;Nj ngwg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpUtuq;fk; Kjy; nghw;gidf; Nfhl;iltiu> ,Uk;Gf; fopTfSld; $ba Nklhd rpy
gFjpfspy; ,Uk;G cUf;F Miyfspd; kz;zhyhd ciyfs; gFjpasT rpije;j
epiyapYk;> RLkz; cUf;F Foha;fs;> ,Uk;Gf; fopTfisg; gpupj;njLf;f gad;gl;l
fyd;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
v/F
 v/F vd;gJ xU fyg;G cNyhfk; MFk;. ,ij cUf;F (Steel) vd;Wk; miog;gu;>
,Uk;Gld; fhu;gd; fye;J ciyapy; cUf;fp fpilf;Fk; fbdkhd nghUNs v/F
vdg;gLk;.
 ,j;Jld; khq;fdPR. epf;fy;> tNdbak; Nghd;w fdpkq;fSk; Nru;j;J cUf;fp v/fpd;
typikia NkYk; mjpfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nty; vd;Dk; MAjj;ij v/F vd;Nw Fwpj;jdu;.
fupafg; GlkpLjy; %yk; thu;g;G v/F cUthf;fk;
fupafg; GlkpLjy; vd;gJ ,Uk;G cNyhff; fyitfis cUFepiyf;F Nky; #lhf;fp
fupkj;Jld; (fhu;gd;) ,izf;Fk; njhopy;El;gkhFk;.
cl;]; v/F
 ,Uk;gpidf; fupkg;nghUl;fSld; (,Uk;G + fup + fz;zhb) Nru;j;J xU rpYitapy;
fyf;fg;gl;L 1400 bfpup ntg;g msTf;Fk; Fiwahky; gy kzp Neuk; #L nra;J
thu;f;fg;gl;l v/F> cl;]; vf;F MFk;. ,e;j KiwiaNa fupafg; Glkply;
(carburisation) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ>
 Nky;rpWthY}upy; fpilj;j thu;g;Gj; Jz;lq;fis Ma;T nra;jjpy; ,J mjp caupa
fupk v/F vd;Wk; ,jpy; nghJthf 0.4% fupkk; fyf;fg;gLtij tpl 1.5% - 2%
tiu fupkk; fyf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
 .,e;jf; fyg;G cNyhfj;jpd; jd;ik ikf;Nfy; /ghuNl cl;gl cynfq;fpYk;
cNyhftpay; tpQ;Qhdpfis ngupJk; tpaf;f itj;jpUf;fpwJ.
"lkh];f]; ths; (Damascus Sword)”
 cynfq;fpYk; gpugykhd 'lkh];f]; ths;' vd;Dk; ths; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l cau; fupk v/F cUthfj;jpd; rpwg;gpid giwrhw;Wtjha; cs;sJ.
 fpNuf;fk;> ngu;rpah kw;Wk; Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;gpy; ,j;jifa ,Uk;G
nghUl;fs; gw;wpa rpwg;G Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;Fwpg;Gfs; fp.K. Kjy;
E}w;whz;bw;Fk; Ke;jpait.
,j;jifa Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; rq;ffhy rhd;Wfs;%yk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; njhd;ikahd
cNyhftpay; njhopy; El;gj;jpidAk;> cNyhftpaypy; jkpou;fspd; MSikapidAk;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

3. ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tphpthf vOJf.

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf ehzaq;fs;

ehzak; vd;gJ nghUl;fisAk;> NritfisAk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU 'gupkhw;w
myF’ MFk;. gzk; vd;gJ xU gupkhw;w Clfk;> ehzak; vd;gJ gzj;jpd; xU tbtk;
MFk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehzak; (m) fhR vd;gJ ‘kzpf;fhR’> ‘nghd;nra; fhR’> ‘nghyq;fhR’
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf ,it mzpfyd;fisf; Fwpf;fNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
fhR vDk; nghUspy; ‘nghd;’> ‘fhzk;’ vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; rq;f fhyg; ghly;fspy;
,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.
fhRfisr; rq;f fhy kf;fs; mzpfyd;fshfTk;> tzpfj;jpw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,f;fhRfs; Ntg;gk;gok; Nghd;Wk;> ney;ypf;fha; Nghd;Wk;> rpwpajhfTk;> Nfhs tbtpYk;
,Ue;jjhf rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
rq;ffhyk; njhl;L toq;fpte;j %Nte;ju; Kj;jpiuf; fhRfSk;> ngUtOjp ehzak;>
nropad; fhR Nghd;w ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; fhRfSk; ngUk;gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. %Nte;ju;
FWepy kd;du;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; ntspapl;l ehzaq;fs; %yk; jkpof tuyhw;iwAk;>
nghUshjhuj;ijAk;> kw;w ehl;L kd;du;fspd; ehzaq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;jijf;
nfhz;L ,e;jpag; nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfis mwpayhk;.
ehzaq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfq;fs;
kd;du;fs; jq;fs; nghUshjhu epiyf;F Vw;wthW ehzaq;fisj; jq;fk;> nts;sp>
ntz;fyk;> ,Uk;G> nrk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L tbtikj;jdu;.
jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW muru;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ehzaq;fs; nghd;> nts;sp> nrk;G Mfpa
cNyhfq;fshy; nra;ag;gl;ld.
ehzaj;jpd; tbtq;fs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ehzaq;fs;> rJutbtpYk;> ePs; rJutbtpYk;>
tl;ltbtpYk; mike;Js;sd.
rJutbt nrg;Gf; fhRfs;
jkpofj;jpy; fp.K.4 (m) 5-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j rpy rJu tbt nrg;Gf;fhRfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; Kd;gf;fk; ahid cUtKk; gpd;Gwk; tpy; mk;G cUtKk;
fhzg;ngWfpwJ. ,e;jf; fhRf;fs; tpy;iyf; Fyf; FwpaPlhff; nfhz;l Fbapduhy;
ntspaplg;gl;litahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
ehzaj;jpd; gFjpfs;
,d;iwa ehzaq;fs; Nghd;Nw rq;ffhy ehzaq;fspYk; jiy> G+ vd;w ,U gFjpfs;
cs;sd. ,itfspy; xU gf;fk; xU rpd;dj;ijAk;> kWGwk; kw;nwhU rpd;dj;ijAk;
nghwpj;Js;sdu;. Fwpg;ghfg; ghz;ba kd;du;fSila ehzaj;jpd; xUGwk; kPd;
rpd;dj;ijAk;> kWGwk; ahid (m) vUJ rpd;dj;ijAk; nghwpj;Js;sdu;. ,itfs; fp.K.5.
Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhy msitAilait.
rhd;W
1. fp.K. Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j rpd;dk; nghwpj;j ehzaq;fs; Nfhit khtl;lj;jpy;
gs;sY}upy; rtf;Fopfspy; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd; jiyg;gFjpapy; ahid rpd;dk;
nghwpj;Js;sdu;.
2.fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; fpilj;Js;s gy;ytu; fhy ehzaq;fspd; xU gFjpapy; ,uz;lhk;
,uh[rpk;kdpd; gl;lg; ngauhd =epjpAk; kWgf;fj;jpy; fhisr; rpd;dKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.rpy ehzaq;fspy; xU gf;fj;jpy; kPd; rpd;dKk;> kWgf;fj;jpy; rf;fuk;> gpiwkjp> irj;jpa
NfhGuk;> Fil Mfpaitfspy; xd;Wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
ehzaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; glq;fs;
ehzaj;jpy; murd;> nja;tq;fspd; cUtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. rkar; rpd;dq;fSk;
mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,it mf;fhyj;jpd; fiyfisAk;> rkaq;fisAk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs; midtUNk
jha;nkhopf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jk;> Gyp> kPd>; Fjpiu> fhis> rpq;fk;> Nghd;w
tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs; kw;Wk; rkak; rhu;e;j cUtKk;> rJukhf ntspaplg;gl;l fhRfspy;
kuk;> ahid nghwpj;j ehzaq;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.
rhd;W
1.itif> njd;ngz;iz> jhkpuguzp> gthdp> fhtpup MWfspd; Xuk; kz;
mupg;Gf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J> 10 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,itfspd;
,Ughfq;fspYNk ntt;NtW cUtq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2.Me;jpuhtpy; mf];l]; ilgP]; vd;w Nuhkhdpa kd;ddpd; fp.K.40-y; ntspte;j
ehzaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
ehzaj;jpy; gpuhkp vOj;Jfs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrk;G cNyhfq;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l
ehzaq;fspy; jpz;zd;> vjpuhd;> Nre;jd; vd;w gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fNshL fpilj;Js;sd.
Nre;jd; vd;gtiug; gw;wp mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
ehzaq;fspd; tiffs;
i) Kj;jpiuf; fhR
 jkpofj;jpy; Kj;jpiuf; fhRfs; fp.K. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.K.2-Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
 Kjy;Kjypy; Kj;jpiu ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ltu;fs; ghz;bau;fs;.
 jkpofj;jpy; Kj;jpiuf; fhRfs; ntspaplg; gad;gLj;jpa thu;g;Gf; $Lfs;
fpilj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ii)ghz;bau; ehzaq;fs;
 Kj;jpiu ehzaq;fisj; njhlu;e;J nrg;G ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ltu;fs;
ghz;bau;fs;.
 ,e;jr; nrg;G ehzak; rJu tbtkhdJ. Kd;gf;fj;jpy; ,lJgf;fk; Nehf;fp epw;Fk;
Fjpiu> mjd; jiyapd;fo P ; Mikfs; ,Unjhl;bfspy; cs;sd. gpd;gf;fj;jpy; kPd;
cs;sJ.
 jkpo;-gpuhkp tup tbtj;jpy; ngUtOjp vd;w ngau; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fp.K.3-
Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jnjd;Wk;> ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; Mik ghz;bau;fs; Nts;tp
kPJ nfhz;bUe;j <Lghl;bid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
iii) ngUtOjp ehzak;
 ngUtOjp ehzak; vd;gJ rq;ffhy ghz;ba kd;du;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l nrg;G
ehzakhFk;. ,jpy; ghz;bau;fspd; gl;lg;ngauhd ngUtOjp vd;gJ
,e;ehzaq;fspy; nghwpf;fg; gl;bUg;gijAk; ,J 2300 Mz;Lfs; goik tha;e;jit
vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
iv) Nrhou; ehzaq;fs;
 jkpofj;jpy; jw;NghJ mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; njhd;ikahd ehzaq;fs; uh[uh[d;
fhyj;J ehzaq;fs;jhd;.
 rq;ffhy Nrhou; ehzaq;fspy; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; fhis cUtk; epd;w epiyapYk;
gpd;gf;fj;jpy; Gyp cUtk; NfhLfspdhy; tiuag;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,it ePs;
rJutbtr; nrg;Gf; fhrpy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
 ,f;fhR thu;g;G KiwAk;> Kj;jpiu KiwAk; fye;J nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fp.K.3-
Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; thu;g;G Kiwapy; fhirj; jahupf;fTk;> gad;gLj;jTk;
jkpou;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
 mkuhtjp Mw;Wg;gLifapy; rq;ffhyr; Nrhou; fhR xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; fhyk; fp.K.3-Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpd;gFjp vd MWKf rPjhuhkd; Nghd;w
njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
v)rq;ffhy Nruu; ehzaq;fs;
 rq;ffhy Nruu; ehzaq;fs; tpw;nghwp nghwpj;jitAk;> rpy ehzaq;fspy; kd;dupd;
jiytbtk;> mtw;wpd; Nky; mtupd; ngau; nghwpj;Jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 "Nrukhd; Nfhl;lk; gyj;Jj; JQ;rpa khf;Nfhij kw;Wk; Fl;Ltd; Nfhij Nghd;w
rq;ffhy Nru kd;du;fspd; ehzaq;fs;”
vi) kiyakhd; fhRfs;
 jpUf;NfhtpY}u; kiyakhd; vd;gtd; fp.gp.100-300-Mk; Mz;L tho;e;j FWepy kd;dh;.
,th;fs; ntspapl;l nrg;G kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gf; fhRfspy;> ,tu;fs; Mz;l
jpUf;NfhtpY}u;> MW> %d;W kiyfs; kw;Wk; xU ghijAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vii)Fj;J ehzaq;fs; (m) gQ;r; ehzaq;fs;
 nts;spahYk;> nrk;gpdhYk; nra;ag;gl;L gQ;r; Fwpaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; tof;fkhd
ehza Kiwahf cUthdJ. ,e;j Fj;J ehzaq;fs; rJukhfNth (m)
tl;lkhfNth (m) nrt;tf tbtpNyh ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,tw;wpy; cs;s rpd;dq;fs; Fj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,wf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
mbf;fg;gl;ld.
  xU gQ;r; Fwpaplg;gl;l ehzak; Rkhu; 52 jhdpaq;fs; (1 jhdpak; = 64.79 kp.fp.)
vilAs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
viii)nksupau;fspd; ehzak;
 nksupau;fs; nts;sp kw;Wk; nrk;G cNyhfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gQ;r; (m) Fj;J
Fwpaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpajhfr; rq;ffhy tuyhw;W rhd;Wfs;
$Wfpd;wd.
ix) ,e;Njh-fpNuf;fu;fspd; ehzaq;fs;
 ,e;j ehzaq;fs; fp.K.2 kw;Wk; 1-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntspaplg;gl;litahFk;.
 ngUk;ghYk; ,itfs; nts;spahy; nra;ag;gl;lit. nghJthf rpy nrt;tf (m)
tl;ltbtkhfTk;> Guhzq;fisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; Ml;rpahsupd; ngaiuAk;
nfhz;bUe;jd.
 ,jpy; cs;s nkhop gpuhfpUjk;> vOj;J fNuh~;b.
x) F~hdh tif ehzaq;fs;
 F~hdu;fs; 1Kjy; 4-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; mjpf mstpy; jq;f ehzaq;fis
ntspapl;l Kjy; tk;rkhFk;. Fiwe;j kjpg;G nrg;G ehzaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ehzaq;fspd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; cUtKk; ngaUk; gpd;Gwj;jpy; nja;tq;fisAk;
nfhz;bUe;jd. fpNuf;f nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
xi)Fg;ju;fspd; ehzaq;fs;
 Fg;ju;fs; ed;F mr;rplg;gl;l jq;f ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ldu;. Nkw;Gwj;jpy;
kd;du;fs; gy;NtW Njhw;wq;fspy; cs;sdu;.
 rpy ehzaq;fspy; tpisahLtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

ehzaq;fs; mr;rbj;jy;
mr;Rf;fiyapd; tuyhW
rq;f fhyj;jpy; fy;ypYk;> gyifapYk;> jkf;F Ntz;ba tbtj;ijNah> cUtj;ijNah>
vOj;ijNah> Kj;jpiufisNah> FwpfisNah nrJf;fpdu;. mtw;wpd; kPJ ikiaj; jltp
efy; vLf;Fk; gof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. NkL gs;sq;fisf; nfhz;l gug;G xd;wpd; Nky; ikiaj;
jltpf; fhfpjj;jpNyh> jfuj;jpNyh (m) jplkhd cNyhfj;jpd; kPNjh (m) NtW xU
nghUspd; kPNjh mOj;jpg; gjpntLf;Fk; Kiw mLj;Jf; ifahsg;gl;lJ. gpwF fspkz;
(m) nkOfpy; ,t;tifahd mr;Rg;gjpTfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
gzk; kpd;bq; (m) gzk; nghwpj;jy; (m) ehzaq;fs; mr;rbj;jy;
gzk; nghwpj;jy; vd;gJ ehzaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nray;Kiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Gjpdh
xU Gjpdh vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; ehzakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ehzaq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; cw;gj;jp trjpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehzak; jahupj;jJ
ehzaq;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G rq;ffhyj;jpy; ypbahtpy; (JUf;fp)
mr;rplg;gl;ld. rq;f fhy ehzaq;fs; jq;fk;> nts;sp (m) nrk;G Nghd;w cNyhfj;
Jz;Lfs; %yk; Rj;jpaiyg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;W ifahy; mr;rplg;gl;ld.
cNyhfq;fs; xU jplkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; nghUj;jg;gl;l xU ilapy; itf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;
xU nrhk;G kPJ Rj;jpayhy; jhf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ehzak; il itf;fg;gl;L
mjd;Nky; Rj;jpayhy; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; muz;kidapy; cs;stu;fSf;F mzpfyd;fs; nra;Ak; jl;lhNu
nghw;fhRfisAk; mbj;Jj; je;jdu;.
,ilf;fhy ehzak; jahupj;jJ
,ilf;fhy ehzak; jahupg;gJ rq;ffhy ehzak; jahupj;jiytpl Nkk;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
cNyhfj;jpd; Kd; tbtkhd tl;l tl;Lfs; kw;Wk; xU jpUF mOj;jj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j nray;KiwahdJ rq;ffhy JUty; nray;Kiwiatpl epiyahd jukhd
ehzaq;fis cUthf;fpaJ.
etPd ehzaq;fs; jahupj;jJ
etPd ehzaq;fs; i`l;uhypf; ehza ,ae;jpuq;fSld; 6 mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd. mit
,ae;jpuj; jdkhf mtw;wpd; cs;Ns ntw;wplq;fis Vw;Wfpd;wd. ,ae;jpuq;fs; 100 Kjy;
300 ld; ehzaq;fisf; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; Kj;jpiuapl KbAk;.

4. kzpfspd; tiffisf; $wp tptupj;J vOJf.

kzpfs;
jkpo;ehl;by; eilngw;w mfo;thuha;r;rpfspy; ntl;lg;gl;l> JisapLtjw;Fj; jahuhf
kw;Wk; gsgsg;ghd epiyapy; Vuhskhd kzpfs; kw;Wk; gtsf; fw;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
vdNt> rq;f fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW kzp jahupf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij rhd;Wfs; gyTk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
kzpfw;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;
FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; kiyfspy; nghd;idj; Njhz;b Nrfhpf;Fk; NghNj kzpfisAk;
Nrfhpj;Js;sdh;. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; kzp Nrfhpg;gpy; G+opah;> Fl;lehl;by; Fl;Lthh;> kUj
epyj;jpy; coth;fSk; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; kzpfs; nra;jy;
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpou;fs; kiy kw;Wk; fhLfspy; fpilf;Fk; kzpfspd;
%yg;nghUl;fis rpW fl;bfshfTk;> rpW Jz;LfshfTk; cilj;Jk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
 mjpypUe;J kpfr; rpwpa kzpfs; fl;bfshfr; Rj;jpay; nfhz;L cilj;njLj;J rpW
rpy;Yfshf khw;Wfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa rpy;Yfspy; gy mjd; xOq;fw;w tbtk;>
fdk; mbg;gilapy; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Neh;j;jpahd rpy;YfspypUe;J kl;LNk kzpfs;
Njitahd tbt mikg;gpy; cUfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghidapy; #LgLj;Jjy;
 fuLKulhd rpy;Yfshy; nra;ag;gLk; kzpfs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; xU ghidapy;
itf;fg;gl;L> mjd; thia ,NjNghd;w fy;yhy; ,Wf;fkhf %b> #lhd mLg;gpy;
itf;fg;gLk;.
 kzpfspd; %yg;nghUshd 'fhy;rpl;dp ];Nlhd;' %yk; ghidapd; thia ,Wf;fkhf
%bapUg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;> ghidapd; thapy; cs;s ,ilntsp topahf ghidapd;
cs;Ns cs;s ntg;gk; ntspNawhky; ,Uf;f> cs;Ns rPuhd epwk; fpilf;Fk;.
kzpj;njhopy; GhpNthh;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; kzpfisr; rhpahf Njh;T nra;Nthh; tz;zhf;fd; Fapdh; vd;Wk;>
mk;kzpfSf;Fj; JisapLNthiu jpUkzpf;Fapdh; vd;Wk;> muf;F nfhz;L ,Wjpapy;
kzpfSf;F nkUNfw;Wk; njhopiyr; nra;Nthh; rpWfhNuhlh; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
kzpfspd; tbtq;fs;
 nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j kzpfis Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ> fPo;f;fz;l ehd;F
tbtq;fspy; kzpfs; nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W njupfpwJ.
(i)tl;l tbtk;
(ii)gPg;gha; tbtk;
(iii) ,UNfhz tbtk;
(iv) Nfhs tbtk;

gy;tif kzpfs;
mhpf;fNkL mfo;tha;tpy; gy;NtW tbtq;fspYk; gy;NtW epwq;fspYk; gytpj kzpfs;
fpilj;Js;sd.
(i) fly;ePyg; gr;ir kzpfs;>
(ii) NfhNkjfk;
(iii) rptg;Gf;fy;
(iv) Cjh epwf;fy;
(v) khzpf;fk;
(vi) ePyf;fy;
(vii) gspq;F fy;
(viii) gbf;fy;

kzpfspd; tiffs;:
m) fz;zhb kzpfs;
 etPd gPq;fhd; tz;zg;G+r;Rfs;> ed;whf miuf;fg;gl;l cile;j kzpfs; (m)
fz;zhb kzpfs; gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J fpilj;j ntt;NtW tz;zf; fz;zhb
Jz;Lfisr; Nru;j;J gy;NtW tz;zq;fspy; gytpj ghzpfs;> tbtikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
myq;fhu tbtq;fspy; fz;zhb kzpfis cUthf;fyhk;.
fz;zhb kzpfspd; tiffs;
i) f;NuhNgh kzpfs;: FNuhNgh kzpfs; cs;ehl;by; ntl;lg;gl;l fspkz;zpypUe;J
tbtikf;fg;gl;l nrq;Fj;J mr;Rfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ii) mNfhNrh kzpfs;: mNfhNrh kzpfs; gioa fhdh cyu; Nfhu; J}s;> fz;zhb
kzpfs;. nghJthf kQ;rs; kw;Wk; gr;ir epwq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
iii) nkl;Nlap kzpfs;: nkl;Nlap kzpfs; fpilkl;l mr;Rfspy; nra;ag;gl;ld vd;gjw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,it xspGfh kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
iv) mNlAd; kzpfs;: mNlAd; kzpfs; mr;Rfs; kw;Wk; <ukhd ika El;gj;jpy;
nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. ed;whf nehWf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb jz;zuP py; <ug;gLj;jg;gl;L ifahy;
tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ. kzpfs; Rlg;gLtjw;F Kd; Jisfs; Jisaplg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
rptg;G epwj;jpy; cs;sd.
v) Nfl;lh mTrp kzpfs;: Nfl;lh mTrp kzpfs; fpilkl;l mr;Rfspy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,it cUis tbtj;jpYk; ePy epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
vi) fp/gh kzpfs;: fp/gh kzpfs; nehWf;fg;gl;l fz;zhbia xU igz;lUld; fye;J
xU $u;ikahd Crp Nghd;w fUtpiaf; nfhz;L ifahy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd>
M) RLkz;kzpfs; (my;yJ) nluNfhl;lh kzpfs;
 kdpj Fyj;jpd; kpfg; goikahd fiy tbtk; RLkz; cUtq;fshFk;.
,f;fiyahdJ fy;> kuk;> je;jk;> cNyhfk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fiy tbtq;fis
thu;g;gjw;F Kd; Njhd;wpaJ.
 ,e;j RLkz; cUtq;fis cUthf;f mjpf njhopy;El;gk; my;yJ rpwe;j fUtpfs;
Njitapy;iy. if tpuy;fNs fUtpahFk;.
 rq;f kdpju; jhd; czTf;fhf Ntl;ilahl; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisf; fy;ypy;
nrJf;fpdhd;. gpd;du; mtu; jdJ vz;zq;fis ghiwfspy; Xtpaq;fshf
tiue;jhd;. gpd;du; fspkz;zhy; cUtq;fis cUthf;fpdhd;.
nra;Kiw-
fspkz; my;yJ tz;ly; kz; kw;Wk; jz;zuP ; Nrh;j;J xU mofhd cUtk; nra;J>
gpd;du;> mJ jFe;j ntg;gepiyapy; xU #isapy; itj;J Rl;L cUtk;
fbdkhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> rptg;G> Fq;Fkg;G+ kw;Wk; MuQ;R epwg;
RLkz; ghz;lq;fs;;> XLfs;> nrq;fy;fs;> G+e;njhl;bfs; kw;Wk; kzpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
,) rq;F kzpfs;
 rq;F eiffs; fly; XLfspypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rq;F eiffs; vd;gJ xU
tif n~y; fpuhg;/l; MFk;. rq;F eiffspd; kpfTk; nghJthd tbtq;fspy; xd;W
nef;y]; MFk;.
 mit Vuhskhd kzpfshy; Mdit. xt;nthU kzpAk; xU rpwpa fly; ej;ijapd;
KO XL MFk;. tisay;fs;> fhjzpfs; cs;spl;l gy;NtW tifahd rq;F
eiffs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; kzp Ntiyg;ghL mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 rq;F eiffs; ngUk;ghYk; ntg;gkz;ly flNyhu ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mq;F Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F Milfs; my;yJ epidTg; gupRfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> rq;F eiffSf;F kpfTk; goikahd fle;j
fhyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
<)vYk;G kzpfs;
 khiyfs;: kzp> vYk;G> rq;F kw;Wk; rptg;G fw;fshy; Md kzpfs; gy
Nfhh;f;fg;gl;L khiyahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mk;khiyfspy; cs;s kzpfs; Gd;idf;fha;
mstpypUe;J Rz;ilf;fha; msT tiu nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. midj;J kzpfSk;
Kbe;jtiu gsgsg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
  rPg;Gfs;: je;jk;> khl;L nfhk;G> vYk;G kw;Wk; kuj;jhy; rPg;Gfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
Kf;fpakhf rPg;Gfs; Kbia rPTtjw;Fk;> $e;jypy; nrUfpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; kzpfspd; tiffs;

1. ituf; fw;fs;
gd;dpuz;L Fw;wq;fspy; kpfTk; jPadthfpa fhfghjk;> fsq;fk;> Gs;sp> ,Nuif vdg;gLk;
ehd;F tifahd Fiwfs; ,y;yh ey;y epwKk; xspAk; $ba ituf; fw;fs;
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
2. kufjf; fw;fs;
ePNuhl;lk;> ,Us; vd;Dk; Fw;wq;fs; ePq;fpa gr;ir epw xspia ckpo;fpd;w kufjf; fw;fs;
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
3. khzpf;f fw;fs;
Fiwapy;yhj gJkk;> ePyk;> tpe;jk;> gbjk; vdg;gLk; ehd;F tifahd khzpf;f tiffSk;
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
4. G~;guhff; fw;fs;
G+r el;rj;jpuk; NghyTk;> G+idf; fz; NghyTk;> nghd; Nuif NghyTk; njupAk; G~;guhff;
fw;fs; tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
5. it^upa fw;fs;
Fw;wkw;w #upa xspAk;> njspe;j Njdpd; epwKk; cila it^upa fw;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
6. ePykzp fw;fs;
,Us; njspe;jJ Nghd;w xspia ckpOk; ePykzpf; fw;fs; tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
7.NfhNkjff; fw;fs;
kQ;rSk;>rptg;Gk; fye;j epwj;jpy; ,Ue;j NfhNkjff; fw;fs;
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
8. Kj;Jf;fs;
fhw;W> kzy;> fy;> ePu;> Mfpatw;why; cz;lhd mOf;Ffs; ePf;fg; ngw;w njspe;j
xspAilaitAk; nts;spAk;> nrt;thAk; Nghy; ntz;ik> nrk;ik epwq;fspy; cs;s
Kj;Jf;fs; fhl;rpaspj;jjhfTk;>
9.gtsq;fs;
Jisfs;> tisTfs;> KWf;F vd;Dk; Fw;wq;fs; ,y;yhj rpte;j epw gtsq;fs; filfspy;
tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>

NkYk; xNu fy;yhf ,Ug;gpDk;> Ie;J tpjkhd xspia ckpOk; khzpf;fk;> G~;guhfk;>
it^upak;> ePyk;> NfhNkjfk; vd;Dk; kzpfSk; mf;filtPjpfspy; tpw;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; kzpfspd; tiffs; gw;wp tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.